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FIG. 5 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 5. Equus caballus, principal vasculature of brain and endocranium (on this and facing page). After Leisering (1888: pl. 30, figs. 1, 3; pl. 31, figs. 1, 2). A, Arterial network of brain, ventral aspect; B, deep dissection of right basicranium and infratemporal fossa in oblique lateral aspect, showing preendocranial course of internal carotid artery and principal nerves. C, deep dissection of ventral aspect of head and rostral cervicals,

FIG. 4 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 4. Astrapotherium magnum AMNH VP-9278: A, ventral, B, dorsal, C, caudal, and D, right lateral views. Specimen is somewhat distorted and partly restored (see text). Apart from size, most noticeable external differences between Astrapotherium and Trigonostylops are concentrated in facial region (relative size of nasals and nasal cavity, rostral dentition, scale of pneumatization). Basicranial regions are also markedly different, but they share unusual derived features not found in non-astrapothere SANUs (see figs. 13–15, 27).

FIG. 1 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 1. Trigonostylops wortmani AMNH VP-28700, skull: A, ventral; B, dorsal; C, right lateral; D, left lateral; and E, caudal views (on this and facing page). In A, rectangle encloses palatal alate process (see fig. 20). For details of orbital and basicranial regions, see figures 25 and 26.

FIG. 3 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate

FIG. 3. Trigonostylops wortmani. Top: Mandible (MPEF PV 5483) with dentition: A, occlusal, B, rostral (mesial), and C, right lateral views. D, Reconstructed skull in right lateral aspect, chiefly based on AMNH 28700, MLP 52-X-5-98, and MPEF PV 5483.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates

South America was isolated during most of the Cenozoic, and it was home to an endemic fauna. The South American Native Ungulates (SANUs) exhibited high taxonomical, morphological, and ecological diversity and were widely distributed on the continent. However, most SANU fossil records come from high latitudes. This sampling bias challenges the study of their diversity dynamics and biogeography during important tectonic and biotic events, such as the Great American Biotic Interchange, the faunal exchange between North and South America after the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. We describe new SANU remains from the Neogene of the Cocinetas (northern Colombia) and Falcón (northwestern Venezuela) Basins. In the Cocinetas Basin, the middle Miocene fauna of the Castilletes Formation includes Hilarcotherium miyou sp. nov. (Astrapotheriidae), cf. Huilatherium (Leontiniidae), and Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus (Proterotheriidae). The late Pliocene fauna of the Ware Formation includes a Toxodontinae indet. and the putative oldest record of Camelidae in South America. In the Falcón Basin, the Pliocene/Pleistocene faunas of the Codore and San Gregorio Formations include Falcontoxodon aguilerai gen. et sp. nov. and Proterotheriidae indet. We provide a phylogenetic analysis for Astrapotheriidae and Toxodontidae. The new data document a low-latitude provinciality within some SANU clades (e.g., Astrapotheriidae, Leontiniidae) during the middle Miocene. This contrasts with the wide latitudinal distribution of clades of other mammals recorded in the fauna, including the sparassodont Lycopsis padillai, the sloth Hyperleptus, and the proterotheriid Lambdaconus cf. L. colombianus.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

Fig. 9 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 9 (See legend on previous page.)

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Fig. 8 in Pleistocene South American native ungulates (Notoungulata and Litopterna) of the historical Roth collections in Switzerland, from the Pampean Region of Argentina

Fig. 8 (See legend on previous page.)

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2024View details →

Supporting Information and Data from: A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

This is the Supporting Information and Data from: H. P. Püschel, S. L. Shelley, T. E. Williamson, F. A. Perini, J. R. Wible, S. L. Brusatte. 2024. A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and ‘archaic’ South American ungulates. It contains the following files: Table S1: OCCURENCES OF LITOPTERNS BY SALMAS Supplementary Information File S1: OTHER EARLY UNGULATES OF INTEREST Supplementary Information File S2: TAXON SAMPLING AND TAXONOMIC COMMENTS Supplementary Information File S3: CHARACTER LIST Supplementary Information File S4: NEXUS FILE WITH H1 MATRIX AND SCRIPTS FOR REPLICATING THE ANALYSES IN MRBAYES Supplementary Information File S5: NEXUS FILE WITH H2 MATRIX AND SCRIPTS FOR REPLICATING THE ANALYSES IN MRBAYES Supplementary Information File S6: SALMAS’/STAGES’ LOWER AND UPPER LIMITS IN MA  Supplementary Information File S7: LIST OF SYNAPOMORPHIES AND AUTAPOMORPHIES Supplementary Information File S8: ADDITIONAL TIP-DATED BAYESIAN PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSES RESULTS

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Table 1 in New Eocene South American native ungulates from the Quebrada de los Colorados Formation at Los Cardones National Park, Argentina

Table 1. Measurements (in mm) of the dental specimens. Abbreviations: *, approximate measurements due to the brakeage of the specimen; LLL, labio-lingual length; MDL, mesio-distal length.<table><tbody><tr><th>Taxon</th><th>Specimen</th><th>Locus</th><th>MDL</th><th>LLL</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Astrapotheria indet.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 66</td><td>M1 M2 M3</td><td>>22.62>30.22>35.35</td><td>>30.00>35.42 –</td></tr><tr><th>Colbertia lumbrerense</th><td>IBIGEO-P 45</td><td>P4 M3</td><td>>4.58 5.62</td><td>>4.44 7.24</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 56</td><td>M1 or M2</td><td>5.43*</td><td>5.17*</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 58a</td><td>M2 M3</td><td>7.28* 7.52*</td><td>– –</td></tr><tr><th>Colbertia sp.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 58b</td><td>P4 M1 M2 M3</td><td>5.25* 5.43* 5.45* 6.00*</td><td>7.95 8.40 8.32* 8.00*</td></tr><tr><th>? Homalostylops sp.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 57a</td><td>m1?</td><td>5.85</td><td>4.15</td></tr><tr><th>Homalostylops sp.</th><td>IBIGEO-P 57b</td><td>m2?</td><td>7.15</td><td>4.43</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 62</td><td>m1</td><td>>5.77</td><td>4.39*</td></tr><tr><th>Pampahippus secundus</th><td>IBIGEO-P 63</td><td>p3 or p4</td><td>>7.70</td><td>5.44*</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 64</td><td>m1</td><td>>7.90</td><td>5.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 55</td><td>p3 p4</td><td>4.70 5.38</td><td>3.91 4.38</td></tr><tr><th>Colbertia falui</th><td>IBIGEO-P 59 IBIGEO-P 61</td><td>m2 m3 m2 m3</td><td>6.85 7.83 7.73 9.70</td><td>5.00* 4.53 5.40 4.78</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>IBIGEO-P 67</td><td>m2 m3</td><td>>5.48 7.91</td><td>4.57* 4.30</td></tr></tbody></table>

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Data from: The Neogene record of northern South American native ungulates

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Figure 11 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 11. Bayesian phylogenies of Litopterna from the undated analyses. A, Hypothesis (H1). B, Hypothesis 2 (H2). H1 and H2 are different hypotheses for the paraconid of notoungulates (see main text). In (A) and (B), node support is indicated using Bayesian posterior probabilities. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles of different colours: blue, orders; black, families. Note that in the Discussion, we redefined the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; I, Indaleciidae; K, Kollpaniinae; L, Litopterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Np, Notopterna; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae.

Figure 8 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 8. Right upper molars of South American 'condylarths' and 'didolodontids'. A, P4–M3 of Molinodus suarezi in occlusal view [cast of MHNC 1247, P4–M2; cast of MNHN 13870, M3 (mirrored)]. B, roots of M1, M2–M3 of Escribania chubutensis in occlusal view (MLP 90–II-12–68, roots of M1 and M2 (mirrored); MLP 90–II-12–63, M3). C–D, M2 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90-II-12- 70 (mirrored)] in occlusal (C) and distoocclusal (D) views. E, P4–M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica in occlusal view [cast of DNPM 908M, P5–M3 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1461-V (mirrored)]. F, M2 of Lamegoia conodonta Paula Couto, 1952 in occlusal view (cast of MNRJ 1465-V). G, P1–M3 of Didolodus multicuspis in occlusal view [MACN 10690, P2–M3 (holotype; mirrored); MACN A 10738, P1]. H, P5–M3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides in occlusal view [DNPM LE 444I (mirrored)]. I, P4–M3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti in occlusal view [DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. J, P2, alveoli of P4–P5, and M1–M3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor in occlusal view [MNRJ 4094V (mirrored)]. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. Note that the M2 of Molinodus suarezi (A) and the M2 of Lamegoia conodonta (B) present a duplication of their protocone (pr1 and pr2); in the former, this is insipient, and in the latter, it forms a pseudohypocone. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phy, pseudohypocone; phyc, prehypocrista; pshyc, posthypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

Figure 7 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 7. Right lower molars of relevant SANUs in occlusal view. A, p1–m3 of the indaleciid Indalecia grandensis [PVL 4186 (p1–p2 mirrored)]. B, p2–m3 of the notonychopid Notonychops powelli [PVL 4298 (mirrored)]. C, p1–m3 of the notoungulate Simpsonotus praecursor [MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. D, p1–m3 of the astrapothere Trigonostylops wortmani [MNHN.F.CAS188 (mirrored)]. E, p2– m3 of the xenungulate Etayoa bacatensis [cast of GM 32 (holotype; mirrored)]. F, p1–m3 of Eoastrapostylops riolorense [PVL 4216, p1–m2 (holotype; p1–p5, m2 mirrored); PVL 4216, m3. G, p4–m3 of Propyrotherium saxeum [LIEB-PV 3200 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisk is labelling either a paracristid in H1 or a very reduced paraconid in H2 in Simpsonotus praecursor, the tested hypotheses in our analyses. The question mark (?) next to the paraconid of Simpsonotus praecursor is to reflect that in the H1 matrix, this cusp was scored as a paraconid, whereas in the H2 matrix it was scored as a twinned metaconid. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid). Scale bars equal 1 cm.

Figure 6 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 6. Right upper molars of relevant SANUs. A, P1–M3 of the indaleciid Indalecia grandensis in occlusal view [PVL 4186 (mirrored)]. B, crownless P1, and P2–M3 of the notonychopid Notonychops powelli in occlusal view [PVL 4298 (M1–M3 mirrored)]. C, crownless and broken M2, broken M1, and P5–P2 of the notonychopid Requisia vidmari in occlusal view (UNPSJB PV 944, crownless and broken M2, broken parastyle of M1, and P4–P5 (holotype); UNPSJB PV 947, broken M1; UNPSJB PV 945, P2). D, P1–M3 of Eoastrapostylops riolorense in occlusal view [PVL 4216 (holotype)]. E, P1–M3 of the notoungulate Simpsonotus praecursor in occlusal view [MLP 73-VII-3-11 (holotype; mirrored)]. F–G, unworn M1 or M2 of the notoungulate Henricosbornia sp. (MACN A 10717) in occlusal (F) and distoocclusal (G) views. H, P2–M3 of the astrapothere Trigonostylops wortmani (AMNH VP-28700). I, P5–M3 of the xenungulate Carodnia vieirai [cast of DGM 335M, P5–M2 (mirrored); cast of AMNH VP-49828, M3 (mirrored)]. J, P5–M3 of Propyrotherium saxeum [AMNH unnumbered (labelled as 'O3')], right M3 (there is a mesiobuccal portion missing); MLP 55-III-10-1a, right M1 or M2 (duplicated for illustrating M1–M2); MACN A 10929 (lectotype), left P5 (lectotype; mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. The asterisks mark the hypocone and prehypocrista in notoungulates, as they could potentially not be homologous with the hypocone and prehypocrista in other SANUs, considering a different origin of the hypocone in notoungulates (see more in the Material and methods and in Supporting information, File S2). For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: efx, ectoflexus; hy, hypocone; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista (or crochet in notoungulates); pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

Figure 5 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 5. Right lower molars of Litopterna in occlusal view. A, p1–p4 of Polymorphis lechei [holotype; MLP 12-2168 (mirrored)]. B, p1–m3 of Cramauchenia normalis [MNHN.F.COL181 (mirrored)]. C, m3 of Cramauchenia normalis (AMNH-VP 29753). D, p1–m3 of Theosodon lydekkeri [MACN A 24-90 (mirrored)]. E, m2–m3 of Proectocion sp. (MLP 59-II-28-107). F, p5–m3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus (MACN A 52-203, p5–m2 (holotype); cast of FMNH P14696, m3). G, p2–m3 of Proadiantus excavatus (MACN A 52-214). H, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A-52-199, p1, dp2–dp5 and m1–m2; MNHN.F.DES159, m3). I, p1–m3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MACN A 9180-82, p2–m3; YPM PU 15799, p1). J, m1–m3 of Anisolambda fissidens (MACN A 10668; holotype). K, m2–m3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of MNRJ 1496V, m2 (mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1859V, m3 (mirrored). L, m2 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (MNRJ 1482V). M, p1–m3 of Sparnotheriodon epsilonoides (MACN 18225; holotype). N, O, m3 of Wainka tshotshe? [AMNH VP-29101 (mirrored)]. Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: end, entoconid; hlph, hypolophid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; med, metaconid; mlph, mesolophid; pad, paraconid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

Figure 3 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 3. Dental nomenclature used in the text and the characters. A, right upper molar in occlusal view. B–D, right lower molars in occlusal view. The main cusps of the molars are highlighted in bold. The molars represent structures sometimes present in SANUs and with relevance in the character scoring of this study. The molars do not represent any particular SANU. Molars in A and B were partially based on drawings from Gelfo (2006). Abbreviations upper molar: ecg, buccal cingulum or ectocingulum; es, entostyle; hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mt, metastyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pcg, precingulum; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; ppc, preparacrista (or paracrista); pplc, preparaconular crista; pprc, preprotocrista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; pshyc, posthypocrista; psmc, postmetacrista (or metacrista); psmlc, postmetaconular crista; pspc, postparacrista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Abbreviations lower molar: co, cristid obliqua; encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; dbgd, distobuccal cingulid; dlgd, distolingual cingulid; hlph, hypolophid; hycd, hypocristid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; mbgd, mesiobuccal cingulid; med, metaconid; mlgd, mesiolingual cingulid; mlph, mesolophid; msd, mesoconid; pacd, paracristid; pad, paraconid; peld, preentoconulid; pmcd, premetacristid; prcd, protocristid; prd, protoconid; prgd, precingulid; pscd, postcristid (or postentocristid); pseld, postentoconulid; psgd, postcingulid; psmcd, postmetacristid.

Figure 4 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 4. Right upper molars of Litopterna in occlusal view. A, M3 of Polymorphis ligatus (holotype, MLP 12-2169). B, M3 of Polymorphis? (AMNH-VP 29481). C, M2? of Polyacrodon lanciformis Roth, 1899 [MLP 12-2170 (mirrored)]. D, P1–M3 of Cramauchenia normalis (MLP 85-VII-3-38a). E, P1–M3 of Theosodon garretorum (FMNH P 13175). F, P5–M3 of Proectocion precisus (holotype; MACN A 10679). G, P2– M3 of Tricoelodus bicuspidatus [cast of MLP 61-IV-11-65 (P2–P4 mirrored)]. H, M3 of Proectocion argentinus (holotype; MACN A 10673). I, M1 of Lambdaconus suinus [MNHN.F.DES162 (mirrored)]. J, P1–M3 of Diadiaphorus majusculus (MLP 12-304). K, P4–M3 of Lambdaconus suinus (MACN A 52-198; P4 was mirrored). L, M1–M3 of Victorlemoinea prototypica (AMNH-VP 111963, M1 (cast of MNRJ specimen); cast of MNRJ 1470V, M2 (holotype; mirrored); cast of MNRJ 1472V, M3 (mirrored). M, M1–M3 of Paranisolambda prodromus (cast of DGM 304M, M1; cast of DGM 310M, M2–M3). N, P4–M3 of Anisolambda sp. (MLP 59-II-28-68, P4-P5 (mirrored); MLP 59-II-24-453, M1; MNHN.F.CAS 486, M2 (mirrored); MNHN.F.CAS488, M3 (mirrored). O, P5? of Wainka tshotshe (holotype; AMNH VP-28505 (mirrored). Relevant anatomical features of the dentition are labelled. Taxa with two prehypocristae are numbered from buccal (phyc1) to lingual (phyc2). When there are two cristae originating from the same cusp, they are numbered. More information on the specimens and observations are in Supporting information, File S2. For information about the tooth position convention, check the Material and methods. Abbreviations: hy, hypocone; hys, hypostyle; me, metacone; ms, mesostyle; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; phyc, prehypocrista; pmc, premetacrista; pmlc, premetaconular crista; pplc, preparaconular crista; pr, protocone; prl, paraconule; prt, protostyle; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; psplc, postparaconular crista; psprc, postprotocrista. Scale bars equal 1 cm.

Figure 2 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 2. Diversity of litoptern and associated early SANU families expressed as the number of genera. A, pie chart expressing the relative diversity of each family. B, diversity over time of the different families of interest with colours corresponding to the families listed in (A). C, same as (B) but using a smoothing function that averages the different occurrences aiding the eye in seeing patterns. In (A) the number of genera for each family is indicated next to the name between brackets. In (C) the function geom_smooth from the R package ggplot v.3.4, method = loess and span = 0.5 was used. In (B) and (C) apart from the standard Periods, Epochs, and Ages below, the SALMAs are indicated in grey boxes crossing the plots. The Tiupampan and Peligran SALMAs and the Bonaerian and Lujanian SALMAs are taken as only two temporal units instead of four for the plots. The data on taxa and occurrences were taken from Supporting information, Table S1, and the temporal information on SALMAs were taken from Supporting information, File S6. Note that the two genera of 'amilnedwarsids' were not included in this plot. Note that in the Discussion section, we proposed to redefine the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ba, Barrancan; Bo/Lu, Bonaerian and Lujanian; Cc, Colloncuran; Cd, Carodnia Zone; Ch, Chasicoan; Co, Colhuehuapian; Cp, Chapadmalalan; De, Deseadean; En, Ensenadan; Hu, Huayquerian; It, Itaboraian; La, Laventan; Ma, Marplatan; Mo, Montehermosan; Mu, Mustersan; Ri, Riochican; Sa, Sapoan; San, Santacrucian; Tg, Tinguirirican; Ti/Pe, Tiupampan and Peligran; Va, Vacan.

Figure 1 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 1. Phylogenies of the order Litopterna illustrating its interordinal relationships (A–B) and its interfamilial relationships (C–D). A, Buckley (2015) phylogeny. B, Westbury et al. (2017) phylogeny. C, Cifelli (1993) phylogeny. D, Bonaparte and Morales (1997) phylogeny. Different colours in the branches indicate different families or orders: blue Adianthidae; brown, Notopterna; green, Proterotheriidae; red, Macraucheniidae; yellow, Sparnotheriodontidae. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles: blue, orders; orange, suborders; pink, superfamilies; black, families; green, non-defined rank. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; Di, Didolodontidae; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Lo, Lopholipterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Mo, Macrauchenoidea; Nu, Notoungulata; Pa, Panperissodactyla; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Po, Protolipternidae; S, Sparnotheriodontidae.

Figure 12. Tip-dated Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. A, unconstrained phylogeny using hypothesis 1 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates

Figure 12. Tip-dated Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. A, unconstrained phylogeny using hypothesis 1 (H1) matrix. B, tip-dated topology constrained Bayesian phylogeny using hypothesis 1 (H1) matrix and constraining the node for the common ancestor of SANUs between the K/Pg boundary and the oldest age for the kollpaniines of Tiumpampa (66–65.075 Mya). The topological constraint in (B) was based on the topology of the undated Bayesian tree for H1. The trees in (A) and (B) represent a 50% majority rule in which tree support is indicated using Bayesian posterior probabilities in the nodes, and the node bars represent the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) for the estimated node ages. In (B), node support is only indicated for the node that was unconstrained (the undated tree presented a polytomy for that node). Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles of different colours: blue, orders; black, families.