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558 results for “Species interactions”
Gut microbiota inter-species interactions shape the response of Clostridioides difficile to clinically relevant antibiotics
<p>In the human gut, the growth of <em>Clostridioides difficile </em>is impacted by a complex web of inter-species interactions with members of human gut microbiota. We investigate the contribution of inter-species interactions on the antibiotic response of <em>C. difficile </em>to clinically relevant antibiotics using bottom-up assembly of human gut communities. We discover two classes of microbial interactions that alter <em>C. </em>difficile’s antibiotic susceptibility: interactions resulting in increased <em>C. diffiicle </em>tolerance at high antibiotic concentrations (rare) and interactions resulting in <em>C. difficile </em>growth enhancement at low antibiotic concentrations (common). Based on genome-wide transcriptional profiling data, we demonstrate that metal sequestration due to hydrogen sulfide production by the prevalent gut species <em>Desulfovibrio piger </em>increases metronidazole tolerance of <em>C. difficile</em>. Competition with species that display higher sensitivity to the antibiotic than <em>C. difficile </em>leads to enhanced growth of <em>C. difficile </em>at low antibiotic concentrations. A dynamic computational model identifies the ecological design principles driving this effect. Our results provide a deeper understanding of ecological and molecular principles shaping <em>C. difficile</em>’s response to antibiotics, which could inform therapeutic interventions.In the human gut, the growth of <em>Clostridioides difficile </em>is impacted by a complex web of inter-species interactions with members of human gut microbiota. We investigate the contribution of inter-species interactions on the antibiotic response of <em>C. difficile </em>to clinically relevant antibiotics using bottom-up assembly of human gut communities. We discover two classes of microbial interactions that alter <em>C. </em>difficile’s antibiotic susceptibility: interactions resulting in increased <em>C. diffiicle </em>tolerance at high antibiotic concentrations (rare) and interactions resulting in <em>C. difficile </em>growth enhancement at low antibiotic concentrations (common). Based on genome-wide transcriptional profiling data, we demonstrate that metal sequestration due to hydrogen sulfide production by the prevalent gut species <em>Desulfovibrio piger </em>increases metronidazole tolerance of <em>C. difficile</em>. Competition with species that display higher sensitivity to the antibiotic than <em>C. difficile </em>leads to enhanced growth of <em>C. difficile </em>at low antibiotic concentrations. A dynamic computational model identifies the ecological design principles driving this effect. Our results provide a deeper understanding of ecological and molecular principles shaping <em>C. difficile</em>’s response to antibiotics, which could inform therapeutic interventions.</p>
Climate or diet? The importance of biotic interactions in determining species range size
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Species geographical range sizes play a crucial role in determining species vulnerability to extinction. Although several mechanisms affect range sizes, the number of biotic interactions and species climatic tolerance are often thought to play discernible roles, defining two dimensions of the Hutchinsonian niche. Yet, the relative importance of the trophic and the climatic niche for determining species range sizes is largely unknown.<br><br><strong>Location</strong>: Central and Northern Europe<br><strong>Time period</strong>: Present<br><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Gall-inducing sawflies and their parasitoids<br><br><strong>Methods</strong>: We use data documenting the spatial distributions and biotic interactions of 96 herbivore species, and their 125 parasitoids, across Europe and analyse the relationship between species range size and the climatic and trophic dimensions of the niche. We then compare the observed relationships with null expectations based on species occupancy to understand whether the relationships observed are an inevitable consequence of species range size or if they contain information about the importance of each dimension of the niche on species range size.<br><br><strong>Results</strong>: We find that both niche dimensions are positively correlated with species range size, with larger ranges being associated with wider climatic tolerances and larger numbers of interactions. However, diet breadth appears to more strongly limit species range size. Species with larger ranges have more interactions locally and they are also able to interact with a larger diversity of species across sites (i.e. higher beta-diversity), resulting in a larger number of interactions at continental scales.<br><br><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: We show for the first time how different aspects of species diet niche are related to their range size. Our study offers new insight into the importance of biotic interactions in determining species spatial distributions, which is critical for improving understanding and predictions of species vulnerability to extinction under the current rates of global environmental change.</p>
Host species differences in the thermal mismatch of host–parasitoid interactions
<p>Extreme high temperatures associated with climate change can affect species directly, and indirectly through temperature-mediated species interactions. In most host–parasitoid systems, parasitization inevitably kills the host, but differences in heat tolerance between host and parasitoid, and between different hosts, may alter their interactions. Here, we explored the effects of extreme high temperatures on the ecological outcomes – including, in some rare cases, escape from the developmental disruption of parasitism – of the parasitoid wasp, Cotesia congregata, and two co-occurring congeneric larval hosts, Manduca sexta and M. quinquemaculata. Both host species had higher thermal tolerance than C. congregata, resulting in a thermal mismatch characterized by parasitoid (but not host) mortality under extreme high temperatures. Despite parasitoid death at high temperatures, hosts typically remain developmentally disrupted from parasitism. However, high temperatures resulted in a partial developmental recovery from parasitism (reaching the wandering stage at the end of host larval development) in some host individuals, with a significantly higher frequency of this partial developmental recovery in M. quinquemaculata than in M. sexta. Hosts species also differed in their growth and development in the absence of parasitoids, with M. quinquemaculata developing faster and larger at high temperatures relative to M. sexta. Our results demonstrate that co-occurring congeneric species, despite shared environments and phylogenetic histories, can vary in their responses to temperature, parasitism and their interaction, resulting in altered ecological outcomes.</p>
Cetacean sightings, n T.t.ponticus 59 45 22 4 2 3 1 2 0 0 4 1 June July August September Fig. 4. Sightings per month for each species. in Vantage point surveys of cetaceans (Mammalia, Cetacea) and their interactions with marine birds
Cetacean sightings, n T.t.ponticus 59 45 22 4 2 3 1 2 0 0 4 1 June July August September Fig. 4. Sightings per month for each species.
Host-enemy interactions provide limited biotic resistance for a range-expanding species via reduced apparent competition
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Aim:</span></strong><span> As species' ranges shift poleward in response to anthropogenic change, they may lose antagonistic interactions if they move into less diverse communities, fail to interact with novel populations or species effectively, or if ancestral interacting populations or species fail to shift synchronously. We leveraged a poleward range expansion in a tractable insect host-enemy community to uncover mechanisms by which altered antagonistic interactions between native and recipient communities contributed to "high niche opportunities" (limited biotic resistance) for a range-expanding insect. </span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Location:</span></strong><span> North America, Pacific Northwest</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Methods:</span></strong><span> We created quantitative insect host-enemy interaction networks by sampling oak gall wasps on 400 trees of a dominant oak species in the native and expanded range of a range-expanding gall wasp species. We compared host-enemy network structure between regions. We measured traits (phenology, morphology) of galls and interacting parasitoids, predicting greater trait divergence in the expanded range. We measured function relating to host control and explored if altered interactions and traits contributed to reduced function or biotic resistance.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Results:</span></strong><span> Interaction networks had fewer species in the expanded range and lower complementarity of parasitoid assemblages among host species. While networks were more generalized, interactions with the range-expanding species were more specialized in the expanded range. Specialist enemies effectively tracked the range-expanding host, and there was reduced apparent competition with co-occurring hosts by shared generalist enemies. Phenological divergence of enemy assemblages interacting with the range-expanding and co-occurring hosts was greater in the expanded range, potentially contributing to weak apparent competition. Biotic resistance was lower in the expanded range, where fewer parasitoids emerged from galls of the range-expanding host.</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span>Main conclusions:</span></strong><span> Changes in interactions with generalist enemies created high niche opportunities, and limited biotic resistance, suggesting weak apparent competition may be a mechanism of enemy release for range-expanding insects embedded within generalist enemy networks.</span></p>
Predator home range size mediates indirect interactions between prey species in an arctic vertebrate community
<ol> <li>Indirect interactions are widespread among prey species that share a common predator, but the underlying mechanisms driving these interactions are often unclear, and our ability to predict their outcome is limited. </li> <li>Changes in behavioural traits that impact predator space use could be a key proximal mechanism mediating indirect interactions, but there is little empirical evidence of the causes and consequences of such behavioural-numerical response in multi-species systems. </li> <li>Here, we investigate the complex ecological relationships between seven prey species sharing a common predator. We used a path analysis approach on a comprehensive 9-year dataset simultaneously tracking predator space use, prey densities, and prey mortality rate on key species of a simplified Arctic food-web. </li> <li>We show that high availability of a clumped and spatially predictable prey (goose eggs) leads to a two-fold reduction in predator (arctic fox) home range size, which increases local predator density and strongly decreases nest survival of an incidental prey (American golden plover). On the other hand, a scattered cyclic prey with potentially lower spatial predictability (lemming) had a weaker effect on fox space use and an overall positive impact on the survival of incidental prey.</li> <li>These contrasting effects underline the importance of studying behavioural responses of predators in multi-prey systems and to explicitly integrate behavioural-numerical responses in multi-species predator-prey models.</li> </ol>
Data from: Predator-prey Interactions of Terrestrial Invertebrates are Determined by Predator Body Size and Species Identity
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Data and code from: Reciprocity and interaction effectiveness in generalised mutualisms among free-living species
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Evolution in interacting species alters predator life history traits, behavior and morphology in experimental microbial communities
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Abundance-mediated species interactions between coyote, fisher, and marten in Northeastern US
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Climate or diet? The importance of biotic interactions in determining species range size
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Data from: Macro- and microclimate interactively shape species diversity of multiple taxa in mountain landscapes
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Data from: Density-dependent species interactions modulate alpine treeline shifts
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The evolution of size-dependent competitive interactions promotes species coexistence
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Data from: Fertiliser application modulates the impact of interannual climate fluctuations and plant-to-plant interactions on the dynamics of annual species in a Mediterranean grassland
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Distinguishing cophylogenetic signal from phylogenetic congruence clarifies the interplay between evolutionary history and species interactions
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Data from: Pathways to global-change effects on biodiversity: New opportunities for dynamically forecasting demography and species interactions
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Data from: Extreme fire severity interacts with seed traits to moderate post-fire species assemblages
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Data and code from: Species interactions amplify functional group responses to elevated CO2 and N enrichment in a 24-year grassland experiment
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Predator home range size mediates indirect interactions between prey species in an arctic vertebrate community
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.