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FIG. 4. — A, B in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 4. — A, B, Pseudopus laurillardi (Lartet, 1851); A, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 39); B, posterior part of a braincase (Béon 2004 LT 38); C, Ophisaurus sp., left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 49). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), medial (m), and right lateral (r) views. Abbreviations: dr, dorsal ridge; pms, posteromedial surface of paroccipital process; vb, ventral border of trigeminal notch. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 2 mm.
FIG. 2 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 2. — Latonia cf. L. ragei Hossini, 1993; A, left premaxilla (Béon 2004 LT 11); B, right maxilla (Béon 2004 LT 12); C, right oticoccipital (Béon 2004 LT 14); D, sacral vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 16); E, left humerus of a male (Béon 2004 LT 18); F, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 20). Anterior (a), dorsal (d), medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 1 in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 1. — Caudata; A, cf. Chelotriton sp., trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 1); B, Triturus aff. T. helveticus (Razoumowsky, 1789), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 2); C, Triturus cf. T. marmoratus (Latreille, 1800), trunk vertebra (Béon 2004 LT 5). Dorsal (d), left lateral (l), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 3. — A-C in Amphibians and squamate reptiles from the late early Miocene (MN 4) of Béon 1 (Montréal-du-Gers, southwestern France)
FIG. 3. — A-C, Rana sp. synkl. R. esculenta Linnaeus, 1758; A, left humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 24); B, right humerus of a female (Béon 2004 LT 25); C, right ilium (Béon 2004 LT 27); D, gekkonid lizard, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 28); E, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 1, left dentary (Béon 2004 LT 30); F, lacertid lizard, unidentified genus and species 2, right dentary (Béon 2004 LT 32). Medial (m), posterior (p), right lateral (r), and ventral (v) views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 10 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 10. — Percentages of the amphibians and squamate reptiles from Almenara-Casablanca-3 grouped together by climatic and environmental affinities. We have considered here some typical Mediterranean species suggesting "warm" climatic conditions (Blanus cinereus and Chalcides bedriagai), high-lying areas species suggesting "fresher" climatic conditions (cf. Discoglossus, Bufo bufo, Natrix natrix, Vipera latasti), some aquatic or water edges species (cf. Discoglossus and Pelophylax perezi), species suggesting a some environmental humidity (cf. Discoglossus, Pelodytes punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai, N. natrix), species suggesting a dry (small lacertids, Rhinechis scalaris, Malpolon monspessulanus and V. latasti) or arid environment (Pelobates cultripes), species suggesting a wooded landscape (cf. Discoglossus, P. punctatus, B. bufo, B. cinereus, Ch. bedriagai and N. natrix) and finally species suggesting a more open landscape (P. cultripes and V. latasti).
FIG. 7. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 7. — A-E, Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior,left-lateral and posterior views; F-J, Rhinechis scalaris (Schinz, 1822), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 4. — A-D in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 4. — A-D, Blanus cinereus (Vandelli, 1797); A, right dentary, medial view; B-D, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and right-lateral views; E-I, Chalcides cf. Ch. bedriagai (Boscá, 1880); E, F, right dentary, medial and lateral views; G-I, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and anterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 3. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 3. — A, Bufo sp., left ilium, lateral view; B, C, Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758); B, left scapula, dorso-lateral view; C, right humerus of a male, ventral view; D-G, Pelophylax cf. P. perezi Seoane, 1885; D, E, right frontoparietal, ventral and dorsal views; F, G, left ilium, lateral and distal views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 9 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 9. — Measurements of "colubrine" trunk vertebrae (from Szyndlar 1984; modified), and comparison of biometrical ratios between the Almenara-Casablanca-3 material (in black) and modern specimens (in grey) for Coronella girondica (Cg), Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Hh), Rhinechis scalaris (Rs) and Malpolon monspessulanus (Mm). Abbreviations: CL, centrum length; CNW, condyle neck width; NAW, centrum width; PO-PO, width between the outer edges of postzygapophyseal articular surfaces; PR-PO, length from the anterior edge of prezygapophyseal articular surface to the posterior edge of postzygapophyseal articular surface; PR-PR, width between the outer edges of prezygapophyseal articular surfaces. Data on recent specimens from Blain (2005).
FIG. 6. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 6. — A-E, Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views; F, G, Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803); F, supraoccipital, dorsal view; G, left exoccipital, lateral view; H, I, Rhinechis cf. Rh. scalaris (Schinz, 1822), right articular, lateral and medial views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 5. — A-L in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 5. — A-L, small lacertids; A-F, frontals, ventral and dorsal views; G, H, parietal, ventral and dorsal views; I, premaxilla, posterior view; J, K, jugal, dorsal and lateral views; L, "Psammodromus-Acanthodactylus" type, right dentary, medial view; M, "Podarcis" type, left dentary, medial view. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 2. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 2. — A, cf. Discoglossus, left ilium, lateral view; B-E, Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829); B, left squamosal, lateral view; C, right part of frontoparietal, dorsal view; D, E, left ilium, lateral and medial views; F-J, Pelodytes cf. P. punctatus (Daudin, 1802); F, G, left ilium, lateral and medial views; H, left humerus of a female, ventral view; I, J, trunk vertebra, dorsal and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
FIG. 8. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations
FIG. 8. — A-E, Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann, 1804), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views; F-J, Vipera latasti Boscá, 1878, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 2. Phylogenetic reconstruction of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the molecular tree according to Townsend et al. (2004). For details see legend to Figure 1.
Figure 3 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 3. Phylogenetic reconstruction of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the molecular tree according to Vidal & Hedges (2005). For details see legend to Figure 1.
Figure 1 in Phylogeny of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles: are sex chromosomes an evolutionary trap?
Figure 1. Parsimony analysis of sex-determining mechanisms in squamate reptiles based on the 'morphological' tree. Circles indicate maximum-likelihood reconstructions of ancestral states, only nodes with significant reconstruction are shown (tested by likelihood-ratio test). Numbers in parentheses indicate the counts of species within a genus that share
Figure 11 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 11. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Amphisbaena fuliginosa Linnaeus (1758), ventral view; B, A. fuliginosa, transverse cutaway slice 118; C, Rhineura floridana, ventral view; D, R. floridana, transverse cutaway slice 169. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 12 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 12. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Acontias percivali, ventral view; B, A. percivali, transverse cutaway slice 107; C, Dibamus novaeguineae, ventral view; D, D. novaeguineae, transverse cutaway slice 081; E, Anniella pulchra, ventral view; F, A. pulchra, transverse cutaway slice 152. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 8 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 8. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Varanus exanthematicus (Bosc, 1792), ventral view; B, V. exanthematicus, transverse cutaway slice 106; C, Feylinia polylepis, ventral view; D, F. polylepis, transverse cutaway slice 100. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 5 in Comparative morphology of the dermal palate in squamate reptiles, with comments on phylogenetic implications
Figure 5. Three-dimensional high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (HRXCT) reconstructions. A, Rhacodactylus auriculatus, ventral view; B, R. auriculatus, transverse cutaway slice 038; C, Saltuarius cornutus, sagittal cutaway slice 176; D, R. auriculatus, sagittal cutaway slice 184. Scale bars = 5 mm.
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