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FIGURE 7 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 7 (A–D). Dorsal head views of four species of Stegonotus, shown to illustrate the position of measurements, sutures, and angles as explained in Fig. 2. The placement of AE in A'–H' documents the position of the eyes relative to the anterior border of the frontal. The yellow line in A'–H' shows the lateral ray of AP /. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199). (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36). (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing a forward extension of the anterior border of the frontal.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 5. Head of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH 31199) in both photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A'), right lateral (B, B'), left lateral (C, C'), and ventral (D, D') views. Scale abbreviations are as in Fig. 2, with the addition of rostral (R), nasals (N), loreals (L), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), supralabials (SL), infralabials (IL), mental (M), anterior genials (AG), posterior genials (PG), and ventrals (V).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 4. Holotype of Stegonotus ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199) in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. (C) Enlargement of the subcaudal region to show the extent of dark patterning.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 3. Six conditions of the rostral scale when viewed from above in species of Stegonotus. (A) Not visible. The body of the scale is not visible, and only its tip may show. Pictured is the holotype of S. aruensis (MSNG 30186). (B) Gull wing. The rostral scale is barely visible, and its suture with the internasals forms slightly curved edges that come to a medial point. Pictured is the holotype of S. sutteri (NMBA 14872). (C) Gull wing +. The rostral scale is more visible than in (B). Pictured is the holotype of S. ayamaru sp. nov. (RMNH.RENA 31199). (D) Shallow V. The suture between rostral and internasals forms an obtuse angle (>> 90°) with straight or nearly straight rays (i.e., not curved into a gull-wing shape). Pictured is the holotype of S. florensis (ZMA 11080). (E) Deep V. The point of the rostral comes up far onto the dorsal surface of the head and lies between the nostrils. It forms an angle close to 90°. Pictured is a specimen of S. cucullatus (RMNH.RENA 47736). (F) U-shaped. The rostral does not have a point on the dorsal surface of the head but the edge of the suture is rounded. Pictured is the holotype of S. poechi (NMW 23406).

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Indo-Papuan groundsnake, genus Stegonotus Duméril et al., 1854 (Serpentes, Colubridae), from the Bird's Head Peninsula of West Papua, Indonesia, with comments on differentiating morphological characters

FIGURE 6 (A–D). Right lateral views of four species of Stegonotus as photographs (upper images) and line drawings (lower images), illustrating the position of supralabial scales (SL) and the eye. (A, A') S. ayamaru sp. nov. (holotype, RMNH.RENA 31199), showing SL = 7 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL5 projecting forward from a position behind the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (B, B') S. batjanensis (holotype, BMNH 1946.1.11.36), showing SL = 8 and a 3+4+5 pattern with SL3 projection backwards from a position in front of the eye to form a narrow contact zone with the eye. (C, C') S. florensis (holotype, ZMA 11080), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis. In this specimen, SL5 displays a developmental aberration on both sides of the head by being divided into two scales (as indicated by red stippling). (D, D') S. sutteri (holotype, NMBA 14872), showing SL = 9 and a 3+4+5 pattern similar to S. batjanensis and S. florensis.

Figure 3 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 3. Map of New Guinea sampling localities for Stegonotus (a) and mtDNA + nucDNA maximum likelihood gene tree (b). Symbols for species/clades match those on the map; * indicates bootstrap values ≥ 70. For some localities, symbols were adjusted for better visibility and so localities are approximate; see Appendix 1. for exact locality information.

Figure 2 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 2. Photographs of Stegonotus species with dorsal, ventral and lateral head views from left to right: (a) Stegonotus batjanensis USNM 237129, (b) Stegonotus borneensis FMNH 251054, (c) Stegonotus muelleri LSUMZ 41802, (d) Stegonotus florensis WAM 104606, (e) Stegonotus guentheri AM 129712, (f) Stegonotus heterurus BPBM 22556, (g) Stegonotus cucullatus LSUMZ 94371. Photos from SR. (h) Stegonotus modestus LSUMZ 92339, (i) Stegonotus iridis sp. nov. SJR 7514, (j) Stegonotus diehli LSUMZ 92344 (k) Stegonotus melanolabiatus sp. nov. AMS R115361 (l) Stegonotus derooijae sp. nov. SAMA R70467 (m) Stegonotus admiraltiensis sp. nov. LSUMZ 93597, (n) Stegonotus parvus LSUMZ 92333. Photos from Sara Ruane and Stephen J. Richards.

Figure 6 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 6. Photographs of paratype Stegonotus derooijae sp. nov. MZB.Ophi.3293 showing (clockwise from top left) dorsal of body, ventral of body, dorsal of head, lateral of head. Photos from Stephen J. Richards.

Figure 4 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 4. Photographs of three Stegonotus species described here in life; (a) Stegonotus iridis sp. nov. SAMA R70466 (b) Stegonotus derooijae sp. nov. MZB.Ophi.3288 (c) Stegonotus admiraltiensis sp. nov. from Manus Island, unregistered. Photos from Stephen J. Richards.

Figure 8 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 8. Photographs of holotype Stegonotus admiraltiensis sp. nov. LSUMZ 93598 showing (clockwise from top left) dorsal of body, ventral of body, dorsal of head, lateral of head. Photos from Sara Ruane.

Figure 5 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 5. Photographs of holotype Stegonotus iridis sp. nov. MZB.Ophi.3306 showing (clockwise from top left) dorsal of body, ventral of body, dorsal of head, lateral of head. Photos from Stephen J. Richards.

Figure 7 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 7. Photographs of holotype Stegonotus melanolabiatus sp. nov. AMS 115343 showing (clockwise from top left) dorsal of body, ventral of body, dorsal of head, lateral of head. Photos from Sara Ruane.

Figure 1 in Cryptic and non-cryptic diversity in New Guinea ground snakes of the genus Stegonotus Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854: a description of four new species (Squamata: Colubridae)

Figure 1. Photographs of six New Guinea Stegonotus species in life including voucher numbers: (a) Stegonotus cucullatus LSUMZ 94371, (b) Stegonotus diehli LSUMZ 92345, (c) Stegonotus modestus LSUMZ 92327, (d) Stegonotus heterurus BPBM 22556, (e) Stegonotus parvus LSUMZ 92335, (f) Stegonotus guentheri LSUMZ 94386. Photos from Christopher C. Austin (a, b, c, e, f) and F. Kraus (d).

FIGURE 9 in A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste

FIGURE 9. Photographs of four live individuals of Stegonotus nancuro sp. nov. to show color variation. Each snake is shown in full body view (left column) with a close-up of the anterior body (right column). The unusual color scheme, in which there is a gradation of brown to cream in both individual scales as well as along the lateral side of the body, is clearly visible. Shown are the holotype, USNM 580549 (A, B), the two adult paratypes, USNM 579383 (C, D) and MCZ R-192767 (E, F), and the juvenile paratype, USNM 580550 (G, H). It is noteworthy that the juvenile shows differences in both head morphology (by the large eyes relative to overall head size) and coloration (a slightly darker, grayer overall color regimen).

FIGURE 8 in A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste

FIGURE 8. Lateral head views of the paratypes of Stegonotus nancuro sp. nov., shown as both photographs and line drawings in left and right aspects, in the left and right image columns, respectively. Shown are USNM 579383 (A, A', B, B'), MCZ R- 192767 (C, C', D, D'), and USNM 580550 (E, E', F, F'). The juvenile paratype has a noticeably different head shape from the eyes forward, with a snout that is shorter relative to eye size than in the other specimens. Images not to scale.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste

FIGURE 2. Schematic dorsal head views of USNM 580549, the holotype of Stegonotus nancuro sp. nov., shown to illustrate the pattern of head scales and other important characters. Scale labels in (A) include internasals (IN), internasal suture (InS – distance between Points 1 and 2), prefrontals (PF), prefrontal suture (PfS – distance between Points 3 and 4), frontal (F), frontal length (FL – distance between Points 4 and 5), frontal width (FW), supraoculars (SO), postoculars (PO), parietals (P), external skull length (ESL – distance between Points 3 and 8), and parietal suture (ParS – distance between Points 5 and 8). The numbers 1–8 in (B) represent key reference points for measurements and angles as follows: (1) anteriormost internasal contact point; (2) posteriormost internasal contact point; (3) anteriormost prefrontal contact point; (4) posteriormost prefrontal contact point and anteriormost point on the frontal; (5) point on the frontal, where the posterior edge of the frontal meets the parietal suture; (6) the two points on either side of the head where frontal, parietal, and supraocular meet; (7) the two points on either side of the head where parietal, supraocular, and postocular meet; and (8) posteriormost parietal contact point. The posterior frontal angle (PF∠) is produced by a vertex at Point 5 with rays extending from Point 5 through Point 6 on either side of the head. The anterior parietal angle (AP∠) is produced by a vertex at Point 6 and two rays, one extending from Point 6 through Point 5 and the other from Point 6 through Point 7. The ray including Points 6 and 7 is the lateral ray, and its orientation relative to the midline of the head is of diagnostic value. The yellow line in (B) shows our method of evaluating the lateral ray, which can be oriented laterally (angle of the yellow line with the midline of the head = 90° ± 10°) or posterolaterally (the angle of the red line with the midline of the head <80°). The white anterior eye line (AE) intersects the anteriormost points of the eyes and is assessed by its position in relation to the anterior frontal suture ("behind," "same level," or "in front of").

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste

FIGURE 6. Dorsal head views of the paratypes of Stegonotus nancuro sp. nov., shown as both photographs and line drawings. Shown are USNM 579383 (A, A'), MCZ R-192767 (B, B'), and USNM 580550 (C, C'). The juvenile paratype (C, C') shows noticeable differences in head proportions, with eyes larger and more protruding relative to head size than in the other specimens. Scale proportions appear almost identical to those of the adults. Images not to scale.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste

FIGURE 1. Distribution of Stegonotus species in south-central Wallacea. Islands relevant to this study occupy a geographic area that stretches from some of the northern Moluccas in the northeast to Timor and Sumba Islands in the southwest. Species distribution is color-coded and islands with confirmed species records are numbered. These include S. batjanensis (encircled in yellow), found on Morotai (1), Halmahera (2), Ternate (3), Tidore (4), Kasiruta (5), Bacan (6), and Obi (7); S. modestus (green), on Seram (8), Buru (9), and Ambon (10); S. keyensis (blue), endemic to the Kei Islands (11); S. aruensis (purple), endemic to the Aru Islands (12); S. florensis (orange), endemic to Flores Island (13); S. sutteri (brown), endemic to Sumba Island (14); and S. lividus (teal), with its type locality on Semau Island (15). In the map of Timor-Leste (inset), the two localities from where S. nancuro sp. nov. is known include the type locality (red star) and a coastal forest near Betano, Samé Municipality (red circle). The globe shows the position of the depicted region relative to Australia and mainland Asia.

FIGURE 10 in A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste

FIGURE 10. Habitat of Stegonotus nancuro sp. nov. in the Nancuro area, Manatuto Municipality, Timor-Leste. (A) Typical tropical moist forest habitat, showing a humus substrate, dense growth, and decaying logs. (B) Near the beach (the bright area at right in the image), there are few larger trees and a thick, shrubby undergrowth. (C) Access road into the Nancuro area, showing the dense vegetation and undergrowth. (D) The edge of the grassland, showing the height of the grasses against one of the expedition vehicles.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Stegonotus (Serpentes: Colubridae) from the remnant coastal forests of southern Timor-Leste

FIGURE 3. Head of USNM 580549, the holotype of Stegonotus nancuro sp. nov., displayed as photographs (left column) and line drawings (right column). Shown are dorsal (A, A'), right lateral (B, B'), left lateral (C, C'), and ventral (D, D') views. Scales shown in (A') include internasals (IN), prefrontals (PF), frontal (F), supraoculars (SO), and parietals (P). Scales in (B') include rostral (R), internasal (IN), prefrontal (PF), nasals (N), loreal (L), preoculars (PR), postoculars (PO), frontal (F), supraocular (SO), parietal (P), anterior temporals (AT), posterior temporals (PT), numbered supralabials (SL), mental (M), and numbered infralabials (IL). Scales in (D') include rostral (R), numbered supralabials (SL), mental (M), numbered infralabials (IL), anterior genials (AG), posterior genials (PG), gulars (G) with Roman numerals, and ventrals (V).