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Figure 2 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts

Figure 2. Endotokia matricida stage of an entomopathogenic nematode.

Figure 12 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts

Figure 12. Setup of infectivity bioassay in 24-well plates with tape to prevent escape of insects.

Figure 1 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts

Figure 1. Life cycle of entomopathogenic nematode/bacteria complex in a lepidopteran insect.

Figure 10 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts

Figure 10. Isolation of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus from Galleria mellonella hemolymph.

Figure 4 in Basic laboratory and field manual for conducting research with the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, and their bacterial symbionts

Figure 4. Steps in isolating entomopathogenic nematodes from soil.

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships between 22 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships between 22 species of Steinernema with bootstrap analysis (500 replicates) of D2/D3 regions. A heuristic search was conducted using maximum parsimony analysis (PAUP). Note that the four species with hornlike structures (S. abbasi, S. bicornutum, S. ceratophorum, S. riobrave) comprise a monophyletic group. The numbers represent bootstrap proportions.

FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic relationships between 15 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic relationships between 15 species of Steinernema with bootstrap analysis (500 replicates) of ITS regions. Note that the four species with hornlike structures (S. abbasi, S. bicornutum, S. ceratophorum, S. riobrave) form a monophyletic group. The numbers represent bootstrap proportions.

FIGURE 3 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 3. SEM of lateral field of infective juveniles of S. abbasi. A, anterior region of an infective juvenile showing the beginning of lateral field. B, anterior region of an infective juvenile showing the changes of lateral field from 2 to 6 then to 8 ridges. C, lateral field with 8 ridges but the second ridge from the left is fainted. D, lateral field with 8 ridges. E, lateral field with 8 ridges then 7. F, posterior part of lateral field showing phasmid (p) and the change of ridge number from 6 to 2. Scales: A=7.5 m; B=5 m; C=7.5 m; D=6.6 m; E,F=6.7 m.

FIGURE 5 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 5. SEM of anterior region of exsheathed and ensheathed infective juveniles of S. riobrave. A,B, labial region of exsheathed IJ showing 2 hornlike structures in labial region. C,D, labial region of ensheathed infective juveniles showing labial region without 2 hornlike structures. Scales: A D = 4.3 m.

FIGURE 2 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 2. SEM of anterior region of infective juveniles (IJ) of S. abbasi. A,B, labial region of exsheathed IJ showing 2 hornlike structures in labial region. C,D, labial region of ensheathed infective juveniles showing labial region without 2 hornlike structures. Scales: A = 4.3 m; B = 5.0

FIGURE 4 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 4. SEM of female and males of S. riobrave. A, labial region showing the mouth, labial papillae (l), amphid (a), and cephalic papillae (c). B, posterior region of S. riobrave showing 12 pairs (arrows) and a single (s) genital papillae. CD posterior region of males showing the presence of a special pair of genital papillae at the edge of the cloaca (arrow). Scales: A = 7.5 m; B = 60

FIGURE 6 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 6. SEM of lateral field of infective juvenile of S. riobrave. A, anterior region of an infective juvenile showing the changes of lateral field pattern from 2 to 7. B,C, anterior region of an infective juvenile showing the changes of lateral field from 7 to 8 ridges. D, lateral field changes from 8 to 6 ridges. E,F, posterior region of lateral field of infective juvenile showing phasmid (p), and the change of the ridge number from 6 to 2. Scales: AF= 4.3 m.

FIGURE 1 in SEM and systematic studies of Steinernema abbasi Elawad et al., 1997, and S. riobrave Cabanillas et al., 1994 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae)

FIGURE 1. SEM of female and male of S. abbasi. A, anterior region of a female showing mouth, labial papillae (l), amphid (a) and cephalic papillae (c); B, posterior region of a female showing postanal swelling. C, anterior region of a male showing mouth, labial papillae (l), amphid (a), and cephalic papillae (c). D, posterior region of a male showing genital papillae. E, Posterior region of a male showing preanal papillae. F,G, variation in shape of spicules. Scales: A = 10 m; B = 30 m; C = 10 m; D = 20 m; E = 37.5 m; E and F = 23 m.

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships between 17 in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 8. Phylogenetic relationships between 17 species of Steinernema with bootstrap analysis of ITS regions. The five species S. diaprepesi, S, glaseri, S. guangdongense, S. longicaudum (strains CB2B and CWL05) form a monophyletic group. Numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap proportion.

FIGURE 3 in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 3. Comparative photographs of spicule shape and spicule tips of the firstgeneration male of Steinernema guangdongense n. sp. (A, B) and S. longicaudum (C, D). Note: Spicule tip of S. longicaudum suddenly narrow to form the tip but not for S. guangdongense n. sp. Scale bars: A, B = 20 μm, C, D = 25 μm.

FIGURE 1. Steinernema guangdongense n in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 1. Steinernema guangdongense n. sp, first generation male and infective juvenile. Scale bars: A, B,C = 50 μm, D, E. = 20 μm.

FIGURE 2 in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 2. SEM photographs of the firstgeneration Steinernema guangdongense n. sp. A, head of a young female showing labial (l) and cephalic (c) papillae. B, tail of a young female. C, posterior end of a male showing genital papillae (p). E, F, spicule and gubernaculum. Scale bars: A, D = 10 μm, B = 42.9 μm, C = 42.5 μm. E, F = 20 μm.

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic relationships between 25 in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic relationships between 25 species of Steinernema with bootstrap analysis of partial 28S sequences. The eight species S. guangdongense n. sp., S. longicaudum (strains CWL05, USA and CB2B) S. glaseri, S. cubanum, S. longicaudum CH, S. arenarium, S. puertoricense and S. karii form a monophyletic group. Numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap proportion.

FIGURE 4. Steinernema guangdongense n in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 4. Steinernema guangdongense n. sp. first and second generations females. A, anterior region. B, C, variation in tail shape and mucronlike structure. D, vulva and double flapped epiptygma. E, vulva and epiptygma of the second generation female. Scale bar: AE = 50 μm.

FIGURE 5. Steinernema guangdongense n in Steinernema guangdongense sp. n. (Nematoda: Steinernematidae), a new entomopathogenic nematode from southern China with a note on S. serratum (nomen nudum)

FIGURE 5. Steinernema guangdongense n. sp. Lightmicroscope photographs. AB, epiptygma of the first generation females. CD, tails of infective juveniles showing dorsal constriction (arrows), compared to no dorsal constriction in S. longicaudum in EF. G, mature female of the first generation with prominent postanal swelling. H, second generation female with longer tail. Scales: A, B = 18 μm, C = 24 μm, D = 22 μm, E, F = 22 μm.