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FIGURE 14 in A new species of habitat – forming Suberites (Porifera, Demospongiae, Suberitida) in the Benguela upwelling region (South Africa)

FIGURE 14. Percentage frequency of occurrence for the various groups found in S. dandelenae sp. nov.

FIGURE 6. Comparative skeletal morphology for west coast specimens, S. tylobtusus and S in A new species of habitat – forming Suberites (Porifera, Demospongiae, Suberitida) in the Benguela upwelling region (South Africa)

FIGURE 6. Comparative skeletal morphology for west coast specimens, S. tylobtusus and S. ficus type species.

FIGURE 11 in A new species of habitat – forming Suberites (Porifera, Demospongiae, Suberitida) in the Benguela upwelling region (South Africa)

FIGURE 11. Type specimens of S. dandelenae sp. nov.; a. habitus; b. Various sizes of tylostyles; c. Large tylostrongyles; c & d. Small & medium tylostrongyles; e. Microspined microcentrostrongyles; f. Skeletal architecture of Suberites dandelenae sp. nov.

FIGURE 4. Cladogram constructed from cox1 in A new species of habitat – forming Suberites (Porifera, Demospongiae, Suberitida) in the Benguela upwelling region (South Africa)

FIGURE 4. Cladogram constructed from cox1 sequences. Tree topology is based on the neighbour–joining method. Numbers next to nodes are bootstrap support values. The cox1 sequences of the Suberites specimens from the South African west coast formed a distinct but weakly supported (bootstrap support: 62%) phylogenetic cluster (red line).

FIGURE 9 in A new species of habitat – forming Suberites (Porifera, Demospongiae, Suberitida) in the Benguela upwelling region (South Africa)

FIGURE 9. Type specimen of S. tylobtusus Lévi, 1958. a. Habitus; b. Large tylostyles; c & d. Tylostyles smooth, slightly curved sometimes polytylote; head either well formed or pear shaped or reduced like in styles; e. Tylostrongyles short and stocky; f. Skeletal architecture.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of habitat – forming Suberites (Porifera, Demospongiae, Suberitida) in the Benguela upwelling region (South Africa)

FIGURE 8. Geographical distribution of the various groups within S. dandelenae sp. nov. along the west coast of South Africa.

FIGURE 4. Spongosorites beringensis n in Two new species of Suberitida (Porifera, Heteroscleromorpha) from the Bering Sea

FIGURE 4. Spongosorites beringensis n. sp. A, Holotype. Grid marks are 1 cm. B, Several oxeas of the small category next to the tip of a large oxea. Scale bar is 10 µm. C, Several oxeas of the large category, in between small oxeas. Scale bar is 100 µm.

FIGURE 2. Plicatellopsis borealis n in Two new species of Suberitida (Porifera, Heteroscleromorpha) from the Bering Sea

FIGURE 2. Plicatellopsis borealis n. sp. A, Holotype (specimen AB13–0339A) at left and paratype, AB13–0339B) at right, both growing on the carapace of the crab Hyas coarctatus. Note the orange coloured eggs under the abdominal flap of the ovigerous female of the living crab. B, Paratype (specimen AB–0042) with a relatively long, thin stalk with root-like processes at the base. C, Paratype (specimen AB13–0343), a large, massive specimen. D, Paratype (specimen AB15–0045) starting from a plated-holdfast and a very short stalk branching into two large funnels.

FIGURE 3. Plicatellopsis borealis n in Two new species of Suberitida (Porifera, Heteroscleromorpha) from the Bering Sea

FIGURE 3. Plicatellopsis borealis n. sp. A, Section perpendicular to the surface. Dark band on the left consists of a palisade of the smaller tylostyle category. This ectosomal palisade is supported by ascending polyspicular tracts which are rising from polyspicular tracts running parallel to the surface through the center of the funnel walls (slightly oblique on the right side). Scale bar is 100 µm. B, Ascending polyspicular tracts of large tylostyles and ectosomal palisade of smaller tylostyles. Scale bar is 100 µm. C, Large and small tylostyles in spicule preparation. Scale bar is 100 µm. D, Blunt ends of large and small (subtylo)styles. Scale bar is 100µm. E, Large choanosomal tylostyles. Complete tylostyle from upper right to lower left. Scale bar is 100 µm. F, Two small ectosomal tylostyles. Blunt end of large tylostyle at upper left. Scale bar is 100 µm.

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Suberitida (Porifera, Heteroscleromorpha) from the Bering Sea

FIGURE 1. Map of the Bering Sea showing the location of Plicatellopsis borealis n. sp. (circles) collections and the Spongosorites beringensis n. sp. (cross) specimen. The isobaths are, from light to dark shade, 50 m, 100 m and 200 m. The shelf region of the Bering Sea is divided into three domains based on depth range: 1) inner shelf (0–50 m), 2) middle shelf (50– 100 m), and 3) outer shelf (100–200 m).

FIGURE 10. Protosuberites. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 10. Protosuberites. A: Protosuberites sisyrnus holotype fragment post-preservation. B: Protosuberites sp. TLT443 before preservation on day of collection. C: Long and short tylostyles from P. sisyrnus. D: Example tylostyle head from Protosuberites sp. TLT443.

FIGURE 9. Pseudosuberites latke. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 9. Pseudosuberites latke. A: Field photo of holotype. B: Field photo of encrusting sample CASIZ 236791. C: Tangential spicules in ectosomal section. D: Dense spiculation of confused reticulation. E: Example tylostyles. F: Partially digested cross-section showing plumose spicules emerging from dense reticulation (which is obscured by remaining tissue).

FIGURE 7. Suberites agaricus. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 7. Suberites agaricus. A: Field photo. B: Underside, post-preservation. C: Tylostyle. D: Cross-section, postpreservation. E: Skeletal structure in cross-section. All photos of holotype.

FIGURE 6. Suberites lambei. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 6. Suberites lambei. A: Field photo of BULA0547. B: Field photo of CASIZ 236795. C: Cross-section of SBMNH 714739 showing ectosomal brushes and confused choanosomal skeleton. D: Tangential section of SBMNH 714739 showing ecotosomal skeleton at surface. E: Variation in spicule width and head shape; thick tylostyle with well-formed head from SBMNH 714745, thin spicules with lumpy heads from SBMNH 714980.

FIGURE 4 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 4. Suberites californiana. Holotype, post-preservation, from above (A) and the side (B), the latter sectioned to show hermit crab cavity. C: Cross-section showing ectosomal brushes. D: Cross-section showing ecotosomal brushes and confused interior. E: Tylostyle. F: Centotylote microsontrongyles. All photos of holotype.

FIGURE 2 in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the cox1 locus. Genbank accession numbers and collection locations (when known) are shown; bold indicates new sequences. Asterisks at nodes indicate SH-aLRT ≥ 80% and UFbootstrap ≥ 95%. Scale bar indicates substitutions per site. Asterisks in node names indicate type species of a genus.

FIGURE 5. Suberites kumeyaay. A–B in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 5. Suberites kumeyaay. A–B: Field photos of San Diego Bay sponges before preservation. C: centrotylote microstrongyles. D: Cross-section showing ecotosomal brushes and confused interior. E: example tylostyles, including one with slightly off-center head (left), slightly non-terminal head (center) and rare centrotylote strongyle modification (bottom). C–E from holotype.

FIGURE 3. Suberites latus. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 3. Suberites latus. A: BHAK-02611 before preservation. B: BHAK-02603 before preservation. C: Tylostyle and centrotylote microstrongyle. D: Cross-section showing ecotosomal brushes and confused inteorior. E–F: centrotylote microstrongyles. C–F from Rattenbury Pinnacle sample.

FIGURE 11. Homaxinella amphispicula. A in Taxonomy and phylogeny of the family Suberitidae (Porifera: Demospongiae) in California

FIGURE 11. Homaxinella amphispicula. A: Field photo of CASIZ 236789. B: Sample UCSB-IZC00063169 before preservation on day of collection. C: Cross section of UCSB-IZC00063169. D: Style from UCSB-IZC00063169. E: Oxea from UCSBIZC00063169.