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The Economic Integration of Wind Energy: An Analysis of the ECOWAS Subregion
<p>This study evaluates the economic integration of wind energy in the <br>Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) between 2010 <br>and 2020. Wind energy is the energy source that can cost-effectively <br>meet the energy needs of the sub-regions due to the theoretical and <br>economic potential of the sub-regions. For this reason, the study uses data <br>from the World Bank Development Indicators using Panel Vector Auto <br>Regression to analyze the determinants underpinning the economic <br>integration of wind energy. The Panel VAR estimate shows a significant <br>direct link between fossil fuel consumption and private sector investment <br>in renewable energy. This implies that the sub-region consumes a <br>significant amount of fossil fuels, hence the need to increase clean energy <br>investments to move the sub-region towards a low-carbon future. <br>Another significant lag variable is the power consumption per capita in <br>the subregion. Per capita electricity consumption in the sub-region is <br>woefully insufficient. Therefore, wind energy can ensure access via the <br>development of small community wind farms where the national power <br>grid cannot be extended to. When assessing the economic justification of <br>wind integration, the LCOE for wind power is 2.98 cents per kilowatt for <br>the lowest cost scenario compared to nuclear power’s 2.26 per kilowatt <br>hour. The FEVD shows that 13.4% of renewable energy investments are <br>self-explanatory within the first and last periods. The FEVD for wind <br>energy illustrates the short-term variance of 16.4 percent and increases to <br>51.1 percent in the following years after system shocks. This implies that <br>the expansion of wind capacity in the sub-region is expected to increase <br>in the long-term. This serves as a blueprint for integrating wind energy <br>into the sub-region.</p>
Data from: Comparison of dopamine release and uptake parameters across sex, species and striatal subregions
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FIG. 12 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
FIG. 12. Distribution of COI clades of R. affinis in the Sundaic subregion. The shape of the symbols corresponds to clades defined in Fig. 11. Black symbols are sequences from the current study and Ith et al. (in review) whereas grey symbols are sequences from GenBank. Localities of the sequences not listed in the methods and materials of the current study are listed for the first time as following, ER = Endau Rompin National Park, Peninsular Malaysia; KL = Kuala Lompat, Pahang; NS = Negeri-Sembilan; TT = Thaninthary Div, Myanmar. Dashed arrows indicate the type localities of subspecies. Black solid arrows indicate the transition zones of biota in the peninsula
FIG. 11 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
FIG. 11. Maximum likelihood tree based on COI. Scores on the branches refer to bootstrap support values (1,000 iterations) derived from maximum likelihood (1st score) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (2nd score); -- = no support value. Specimens are labeled by specimen codes (IS, HM, HZM and MZB) and collecting localities. The symbols of clades correspond to the genetic distribution map, Fig. 12
FIG. 9 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
FIG. 9. Baysian phylogenetic tree based on Cytb gene. Scores on the branches refer to bootstrap support values (1,000 iterations) derived from maximum likelihood (1st score) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (2nd score); -- = no support value. The horizontal bars on the tree branches represent the 95% highest posterior density intervals for the divergence estimates. Specimens are labeled by specimen codes (CHGTK, EF, EU, JN, IS, MZB, PS and TK) and collecting localities. The symbols of clades correspond to the genetic distribution map, Fig. 10
FIG. 10 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
FIG. 10. Distribution of Cytb clades of R. affinis within the Sundaic subregion. The shape of the symbols corresponds to clades defined in Fig. 9. Black symbols are sequences from the current study whereas grey symbols are sequences from GenBank. Localities of sequences not listed in the methods and materials of the current study are listed for the first time as following, BA = Jambusan Cave, Bau, Sarawak; GB = Gunung Berumput, Sarawak; GG = Gunung Gading NP, Sarawak; KM = Kabumen, Central Java and PC = Prachuap Kiri Khan. unK = unknown specific locality from Borneo (sequences from GenBank). Dashed arrows indicate the type localities of subspecies. Black solid arrows indicate the transition zones of biota in the peninsula
FIG. 6 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
FIG. 6. Dorsal view of R. affinis skulls from Borneo (A — TK168483, ♀), Sumatra (B — MZB35882, ♀), Java (C — MZB34475, ♀), Malay Peninsula (D — IS110823.10, ♂; E — IS120122.1, ♂) and India (F — HZM4.28148, ♂). Scale = 5 mm
FIG. 4 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
FIG. 4. Noseleaf variation of R. affinis in the Sundaic subregion (specimen from northern India included for comparison). Kabumen, Central Java (A — MZB34475, ♀); Musoorie, northern India (B — HZM.4.28148, ♂); Sarawak, northwest Borneo (C — TK152216, ♀); Lampung, southwestern Sumatra (D — MZB34965, ♀); Narathiwat, southern Malay Peninsula (E — IS120122.1, ♂); Songkhla, southern Malay Peninsula (F — IS110823.10, ♂). Scale = 5 mm
FIG. 2 in Geographical variation of Rhinolophus affinis (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) in the Sundaic subregion of Southeast Asia, including the Malay Peninsula, Borneo and Sumatra
FIG. 2. PCA of 12 external and cranial characters for R. affinis specimens from Borneo (black squares), Sumatra (black diamonds), southern Malay Peninsula (black circles) and northern Malay Peninsula (open circles)
Immigration of Sogatella furcifera from the Greater Mekong Subregion into northern China revealed by 2b-RAD sequencing
Background The white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) (Hemiptera, Delphacidae), is a migratory pest of rice in Asia. Shandong Province, in northern China, is located on the migration pathway of WBPH between southern and northeast China. The potential sources of WBPH in northern China are poorly understood. We studied the sources of WBPH in Shandong Province by determining the population genetic structure of WBPH in 18 sites distributed in Shandong and in six regions of the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS). We used mitochondrial gene and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers (2b-RAD sequencing) for analysis. Results All of the WBPH populations studied in the seven regions had low genetic diversity. Pairwise F ST values ranged from -0.061 to 0.285, while F ST based on SNP data ranged from -0.007 to 0.009. These two molecular markers revealed that 4.40% (mtDNA) and 0.19% (SNP) genetic variation could be explained by the interpopulation variation, while the rest came from intrapopulation variation. The populations in the seven geographic regions comprised four hypothetical genetic clusters (K = 4) not associated with geographic location. Eighty-four of 129 individuals distributed across the given area were designated as recent migrants or of admixed ancestry. Although the substantial migration presented, a weak but significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances was found (r = 0.083, P = 0.004). Conclusion GMS was the main source of WBPH in Shandong, while other source populations may also exist. The genetic structure of WBPH is shaped by both migration and geographic barriers. These results help clarify the migration route and the source of WBPH in northern China.
FIGURES 24–26 in Review of unreported shorefly genera of the tribe Scatellini from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of three new species
FIGURES 24–26. Structures of the male terminalia of Limnellia abbreviata (New Zealand. Snares Islands: south side of Ho Ho Bay). 24, Epandrium, cerci, and surstylus, ventral view. 25, Internal genitalic structures (aedeagus (shaded), phallapodeme, and gonite), ventral view. 26, Same, lateral view.
FIGURES 10–12 in Review of unreported shorefly genera of the tribe Scatellini from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of three new species
FIGURES 10–12. Structures of the male terminalia of Haloscatella harrisoni (New Zealand. Bounty Islands. Proclamation Island). 10, Epandrium, and cerci, ventral view. 11, Internal genitalic structures (aedeagus (shaded), phallapodeme, gonites, and hypandrium), ventral view. 12, Same, lateral view.
FIGURES 29–32 in Review of unreported shorefly genera of the tribe Scatellini from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of three new species
FIGURES 29–32. Structures of the male terminalia of Limnellia maculipennis (Australia. Queensland: Woombye (near Nambour)). 29, Epandrium, cerci, and surstylus, ventral view. 30, Ventral margin of epandrium and surstylus, lateral view. 31, Internal genitalic structures (aedeagus (shaded), phallapodeme, and gonite), ventral view. 32, Same, lateral view.
FIGURES 27–28 in Review of unreported shorefly genera of the tribe Scatellini from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of three new species
FIGURES 27–28. Wings of Limnellia species. 27, L. abbreviata (New Zealand. Snares Islands: Sinkhole). 28, L. maculipennis (New Zealand. Hamilton, McKenzies Bush, Dinsdale).
FIGURES 13–15 in Review of unreported shorefly genera of the tribe Scatellini from the New Zealand subregion (Diptera: Ephydridae) with description of three new species
FIGURES 13–15. Wings of Haloscatella species. 13, H. balioptera (New Zealand. Chatham Island: Tennants Lake). 14, H. harrisoni (New Zealand. Bounty Islands. Depot Island). 15, H. karekare (New Zealand. AK: Karekare).
FIGURE 3. Individual tracks. a in Track analysis of Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of the Subantarctic subregion of South America
FIGURE 3. Individual tracks. a) Oribatella (O.) punctata. b). Paraphauloppia morenoi, c) Pheroliodes roblensis, d) Pletzenoppia inclinata, e) Pseudoceratoppia horaki, f) Pseudotocepheus hauseri, g) Sellnickochthonius elsosneadensis, h) Subiasella (Lalmoppia) arcuata i). Suctobelbila pulchella.
FIGURE 4. Individual tracks. a in Track analysis of Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of the Subantarctic subregion of South America
FIGURE 4. Individual tracks. a) Suctobelbella (S.) variabilis, b), Trichthonius pulcherrimus, c) Zetomimus (Z.) furcatus.
FIGURE 5 in Track analysis of Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of the Subantarctic subregion of South America
FIGURE 5. Generalized tracks (1–6) and nodes (A–E). Generalized track 1, dotted black line. Generalized track 2, thick black line. Generalized track 3, thin white line with black border. Generalized track 4, dot-line black line. Generalized track 5, thin black line. Generalized track 6, thick white line with black border.
FIGURE 2. Individual tracks. a in Track analysis of Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of the Subantarctic subregion of South America
FIGURE 2. Individual tracks. a) Heminothrus (P.) skottsbergi, b) Lanceoppia (B.) bicristata, c) Lanceoppia (L.) kovacsi, d) Licnodemaeus granulates, e) Liochthonius (L.) fimbriatissimus, f) Loftacarus longicaudatus, g) Maculobates longiporosus, h) Membranoppia (P.) argentinensis, i) Neoameroppia (N.) longiclava.
FIGURE 1. Individual tracks. a in Track analysis of Oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of the Subantarctic subregion of South America
FIGURE 1. Individual tracks. a) Austrocarabodes (A.) travei, b) Austroppia crozetensis, c) Autroppia petrohuensis, d) Brachioppiella (G.) pepitensis, e) Brachioppiella periculosa, f) Gerlubia bicuspidata, g) Globoppia minor, h) Graptoppia (S.) angusta, i) Heminothrus (P.) quadristriatus.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.