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Figure 6 in Phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography and the oldest damselflies in amber (Odonata: Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae)

Figure 6. Electrohemiphlebia barucheli gen. et sp. nov., holotype ARC 372.1, detail of fore legs white arrow for tibia).

Figure 1 in Phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography and the oldest damselflies in amber (Odonata: Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae)

Figure 1. Electrohemiphlebia barucheli gen. et sp. nov., holotype ARC 372.1, habitus left lateral view.

Figure 3 in Phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography and the oldest damselflies in amber (Odonata: Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae)

Figure 3. Electrohemiphlebia barucheli gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype ARC 372.1, habitus frontal view.

Figure 19 in Phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography and the oldest damselflies in amber (Odonata: Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae)

Figure 19. Jordanhemiphlebia electronica Kaddumi gen. et sp. nov., holotype, basal half of wing. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 2 in Phase contrast X-ray synchrotron microtomography and the oldest damselflies in amber (Odonata: Zygoptera: Hemiphlebiidae)

Figure 2. Electrohemiphlebia barucheli gen. et sp. nov., holotype ARC 372.1, habitus right lateral view.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2022View details →

Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Results - Measuring Bulk Crystallographic Texture from Differently-Orientated Ti-6Al-4V Samples

A dataset of crystallographic texture results for both α (hexagonal close packed, hcp) and β (body-centred cubic, bcc) phases, measured from six differently orientated Ti-6Al-4V (Ti-64) samples, using two different analysis techniques of synchrotron X-ray diffraction (SXRD) data. The texture results are produced from two refinement methods for fitting intensities from SXRD pattern images; an established Rietveld refinement method using the software package <a href="http://maud.radiographema.eu">MAUD (Materials Analysis Using Diffraction)</a> and a new Fourier-based peak fitting method from the <a href="https://pypi.org/project/continuous-peak-fit/">Continuous-Peak-Fit</a> Python package. The texture results were also compared with electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) measurements from a single sample orientation. The SXRD and EBSD textures were analysed using <a href="https://mtex-toolbox.github.io">MTEX</a> to enable a direct comparison of the pole figures, orientation distribution functions (ODFs) and numerical values for the texture indices. The SXRD texture is calculated from each of the six different sample orientations, a combination of the six sample orientations, and in a batch processing method for calculating spatially-resolved texture variation from 387 individual X-Y stage-scan SXRD measurements across one of the samples. The texture variation measured using stage-scan SXRD is directly compared with EBSD, by splitting up the EBSD map into an equivalent grid matrix using an automated script in MTEX. Material The Ti-64 material used in this study was pre-rolled to 87.5% reduction at 915ºC and then air-cooled to develop a characteristic texture. The run numbers from the experiment reference six different sample orientations, according to their alignment with the original rolling directions (RD – rolling direction, TD – transverse direction, ND – normal direction), and alignment with the horizontal (X) and vertical (Y) axes of the synchrotron detector. MAUD / MTEX Analysis The α and β phase texture for each of the six different sample orientations was calculated using MAUD, included in this <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7311323">analysis dataset</a>, which produced ODFs in the form of text files. The texture files were analysed in MTEX using scripts from the <a href="https://github.com/LightForm-group/MAUD-batch-analysis">MAUD-batch-analysis</a> package, for plotting of the pole figures and ODF slices, along with calculation of pole figure maxima, ODF maxima and texture indices. The same procedure was used to analyse texture from all six orientations together; using MTEX to fit a single ODF text file. And a series of ODF text files were analysed to calculate texture variation from an X-Y stage scan of Sample 1 (103845). Two different ODF resolutions of 5º and 15º were initially used to fit the texture in MAUD, with the same ODF resolution applied to analyse the data in MTEX. However, an ODF resolution of 15° was found to reproduce the most reasonable texture strength intensity values, with the closest match to the EBSD results. Continuous-Peak-Fit / MTEX Analysis The lattice plane intensities for 21 α and 4 β phase peaks were extracted from the Continuous-Peak-Fit analysis, included in this <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7311323">analysis dataset</a>, and saved as text files in the form of pole figures. The lattice intensity text files were analysed in MTEX using scripts from the <a href="https://github.com/LightForm-group/continuous-peak-fit-analysis">continuous-peak-fit-analysis</a> package, to plot pole figures and ODF slices, and to calculate pole figure maxima, ODF maxima and texture indices. The same procedure was used to analyse texture from all six orientations together, along with combinations of different sample orientations, by fitting combined lattice intensity text files in MTEX. And a series of lattice intensity text files were analysed to calculate texture variation from the X-Y stage scan of Sample 1 (103845). Lattice plane intensity distributions which had been normalised to a Ti-64 powder sample measurement were also analysed, to see if this had any effect on the texture intensities. Nevertheless, the powder-corrected texture was found to exactly match the raw intensity measurements. Three different ODF resolutions of 5º, 10º and 15º were initially used to fit the texture in MTEX. However, a kernel half-width of 10° was found to produce optimal data fitting, for highly accurate texture strength intensity values. EBSD / MTEX Analysis The indexed α-phase EBSD measurements were recorded over an area of around 100 mm2, with an equivalent sized map of β-phase orientations reconstructed from the data. Both the α and the β phase maps were analysed using the <a href="https://github.com/LightForm-group/MTEX-texture-block-analysis">MTEX-texture-block-analysis</a> package, which was used to split up the map into 387 individual square sections, with equivalent dimensions to the SXRD stage-scan measurement grid. For each of the 387 sections, MTEX was used to plot pole figures and ODF slices, and to calculate pole figure maxima, ODF maxima and texture indices. Texture Variation Comparison The texture values calculated from the SXRD stage scan measurements, with the two analysis methods, were used for a direct comparison with the texture variation recorded using EBSD. This analysis was recorded in the <a href="https://github.com/LightForm-group/texture-strength-comparison">texture-strength-comparison</a> package. The results show differences in texture variation across the piece depending on the method used to analyse the SXRD data. The Continuous-Peak-Fit analysis method shows the closest match with EBSD, producing clear texture intensity spikes for the different α and β lattice plane pole figure intensities, ODF maxima and texture indices, at the centre of the piece. The results were also used to develop SXRD maps showing the distribution of texture intensities across the sample. Metadata An accompanying YAML text file contains associated processing metadata for the SXRD and EBSD analyses, recording information about the different packages used to process the data, along with details about the different files contained within this results dataset.

Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–f) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and apical (b) views of seed showing the coarsely foveolate surface; note the truncate apex and the slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices xz0740 and xz0840) through the middle of seed showing the truncate apex with slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region and basal rounded chalazal region; note thick outer integument (oi) composed of an exotesta of thickwalled palisade-like cells and a thin inner integument (ii); d, e, f) Transverse (d, orthoslice xy0800) and longitudinal sections (e, orthoslice xz1100, f, orthoslice yz0800) through seed hilar-micropylar region, showing the exotesta comprised of the thick-walled palisade-like cells of the outer integument (oi), small, thin-walled meso- endotestal cells of the outer integument (arrows) and thin inner integument (ii). Specimen, Catefica 153-S172332 (a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–f) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and apical (b) views of seed showing the coarsely foveolate surface; note the truncate apex and the slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices xz0740 and xz0840) through the middle of seed showing the truncate apex with slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region and basal rounded chalazal region; note thick outer integument (oi) composed of an exotesta of thickwalled palisade-like cells and a thin inner integument (ii); d, e, f) Transverse (d, orthoslice xy0800) and longitudinal sections (e, orthoslice xz1100, f, orthoslice yz0800) through seed hilar-micropylar region, showing the exotesta comprised of the thick-walled palisade-like cells of the outer integument (oi), small, thin-walled meso- endotestal cells of the outer integument (arrows) and thin inner integument (ii). Specimen, Catefica 153-S172332 (a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–f).

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–e) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of seed showing foveolate surface; note the slightly pointed hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion (arrow) from the micropyle; b) Detail of seed surface showing shallow pitting and very faint outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices yz0450 and yz0460) through the middle of the seed showing the slightly pointed hilarmicropylar region and the rounded chalazal region; note the thick exotesta of the outer integument composed of thick-walled palisade-like cells (oi); note partial preservation of large cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and the smaller cells of the embryo (em) at the micropylar end of the seed; d, e) Longitudinal sections (d, orthoslice xz0750, e, orthoslice yz0485) through middle of the seed perpendicular to each other showing the hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion from micropyle (e, arrow), thick palisade-like cells of outer integument (oi), larger cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and remains of the smaller cells of the embryo (em). Specimen, Catefica 49-S172316 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 50 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–e) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of seed showing foveolate surface; note the slightly pointed hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion (arrow) from the micropyle; b) Detail of seed surface showing shallow pitting and very faint outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices yz0450 and yz0460) through the middle of the seed showing the slightly pointed hilarmicropylar region and the rounded chalazal region; note the thick exotesta of the outer integument composed of thick-walled palisade-like cells (oi); note partial preservation of large cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and the smaller cells of the embryo (em) at the micropylar end of the seed; d, e) Longitudinal sections (d, orthoslice xz0750, e, orthoslice yz0485) through middle of the seed perpendicular to each other showing the hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion from micropyle (e, arrow), thick palisade-like cells of outer integument (oi), larger cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and remains of the smaller cells of the embryo (em). Specimen, Catefica 49-S172316 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 50 Μm (b).

Text-fig. 48. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d–i) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 2" (a–c), "Unassigned, unnamed fruits" (d–f), Pazliopsis sp. (g, h) and "Follicular fruit with exotestal seeds" (i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of fruit showing remains of tepals (te) and a single stamen (st); b) Detail of fruit surface showing short, scale-like, peltate trichomes (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0475) of fruit containing a single seed showing tepals (te) and fruit surface with peltate trichomes (arrow); note partial preservation of internal nutritive tissue; d) Fruit in lateral view showing the almost smooth epidermis with scattered openings; e) Detail of fruit surface from (d) showing the scattered openings in the epidermis interpreted as burst secretory cells (arrows); f) Dorsi-ventral view of tiny fruit with an irregular surface; g) Lateral view of exotestal seed assigned to cf. Pazliopsis sp.; h) Detail of fruit surface of seed in (g) showing faint facets of outer palisade layer with fine jigsaw-puzzle outlines of the anticlinal walls; i) Lateral view of fragmentary follicular fruit showing two exposed exotestal seeds. Specimens, Catefica 153-S174314 (a–c), Catefica 50-S170420 (d, e), Catefica 152-S174300 (f), Catefica 49-S172319 (g, h), Catefica MM158-P0272 (i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d, f, g, i), 100 Μm (e), 50 Μm (b, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 48. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d–i) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 2" (a–c), "Unassigned, unnamed fruits" (d–f), Pazliopsis sp. (g, h) and "Follicular fruit with exotestal seeds" (i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of fruit showing remains of tepals (te) and a single stamen (st); b) Detail of fruit surface showing short, scale-like, peltate trichomes (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0475) of fruit containing a single seed showing tepals (te) and fruit surface with peltate trichomes (arrow); note partial preservation of internal nutritive tissue; d) Fruit in lateral view showing the almost smooth epidermis with scattered openings; e) Detail of fruit surface from (d) showing the scattered openings in the epidermis interpreted as burst secretory cells (arrows); f) Dorsi-ventral view of tiny fruit with an irregular surface; g) Lateral view of exotestal seed assigned to cf. Pazliopsis sp.; h) Detail of fruit surface of seed in (g) showing faint facets of outer palisade layer with fine jigsaw-puzzle outlines of the anticlinal walls; i) Lateral view of fragmentary follicular fruit showing two exposed exotestal seeds. Specimens, Catefica 153-S174314 (a–c), Catefica 50-S170420 (d, e), Catefica 152-S174300 (f), Catefica 49-S172319 (g, h), Catefica MM158-P0272 (i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d, f, g, i), 100 Μm (e), 50 Μm (b, h).

Text-fig. 47. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing slightly sinuous ventral margin and the curved stalk; c, d) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to each other through the median part of fruit and its single seed (c, orthoslice yz0652, d, xz0739) showing the bitegmic seed closely adhering to the fruit wall (fw); the several cell layer thick outer integument (oi) and the membranous inner integument (ii); note the vascular bundle (vb) branching into a dorsal and lateral bundle near the base of the fruit; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) showing fruit wall (fw) and outer (oi) and inner (ii) integuments of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0871) through the micropylar region showing micropyle (mi) formed from membranous inner integument (ii). Specimens, Catefica 49-S174927 (a), Catefica 49-S174923 (b, f), Catefica 49-S174769 (c–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e, f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 47. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing slightly sinuous ventral margin and the curved stalk; c, d) Longitudinal sections perpendicular to each other through the median part of fruit and its single seed (c, orthoslice yz0652, d, xz0739) showing the bitegmic seed closely adhering to the fruit wall (fw); the several cell layer thick outer integument (oi) and the membranous inner integument (ii); note the vascular bundle (vb) branching into a dorsal and lateral bundle near the base of the fruit; e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) showing fruit wall (fw) and outer (oi) and inner (ii) integuments of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0871) through the micropylar region showing micropyle (mi) formed from membranous inner integument (ii). Specimens, Catefica 49-S174927 (a), Catefica 49-S174923 (b, f), Catefica 49-S174769 (c–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d), 100 Μm (e, f).

Text-fig. 43. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy SRXTM images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the apical projection of the carpels and the semiinferior organization; b) Apical view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the triangular shape of the hypanthial rim, the tricarpellate ovary with a single apical style; note that one locule is fully developed while the other two are collapsed; note also slits of unknown nature in the corners of the triangular hypanthial rim (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0712) close to the floral apex showing the locule of the one fully developed carpel with ovules borne along ventral placentae; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; d) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0858) through the locule of the one fully developed carpel showing the semi-inferior organization and ovules arranged along the full length of the carpel; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; e) Tangential longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1019) through the one fully developed locule, showing the densely packed ovules and the amorphous substance (asterisk) with which they are associated. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174901 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 43. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy SRXTM images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the apical projection of the carpels and the semiinferior organization; b) Apical view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the triangular shape of the hypanthial rim, the tricarpellate ovary with a single apical style; note that one locule is fully developed while the other two are collapsed; note also slits of unknown nature in the corners of the triangular hypanthial rim (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0712) close to the floral apex showing the locule of the one fully developed carpel with ovules borne along ventral placentae; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; d) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0858) through the locule of the one fully developed carpel showing the semi-inferior organization and ovules arranged along the full length of the carpel; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; e) Tangential longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1019) through the one fully developed locule, showing the densely packed ovules and the amorphous substance (asterisk) with which they are associated. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174901 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e).

Text-fig. 42. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, d, f–g) images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Flower bud in two different lateral views showing semiinferior ovary and perianth; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0340) through flower bud in (a and b) showing the semi-inferior gynoecium and perigynous insertion of other floral parts; d) Volume rendering of flower bud with pedicel preserved; note the depression/split in one of the corner apparently separating two perianth lobes of the outer perianth whorl (t-o) and exposing one tepal of the inner whorl (t-i); e) Flower bud with pedicel preserved; note broad tepals of the outer whorl (t-o) and tepal of the inner whorl abraded exposing a broad stamen (st); f, g) Transverse sections through flower bud in (a and b) at two different levels above the insertion of the perianth (f, rec-file 1310; g, xy0280) showing the trimerous organization of the flower and the free, laterally flattened carpels; yellow indicates the two whorls of the androecium, each with three stamens. Specimens, Catefica 50-S171520 (a–c, f), Catefica 50-S174902 (d), Catefica MM154-P0271 (e), Catefica 49-S175354 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 42. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, d, f–g) images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Flower bud in two different lateral views showing semiinferior ovary and perianth; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0340) through flower bud in (a and b) showing the semi-inferior gynoecium and perigynous insertion of other floral parts; d) Volume rendering of flower bud with pedicel preserved; note the depression/split in one of the corner apparently separating two perianth lobes of the outer perianth whorl (t-o) and exposing one tepal of the inner whorl (t-i); e) Flower bud with pedicel preserved; note broad tepals of the outer whorl (t-o) and tepal of the inner whorl abraded exposing a broad stamen (st); f, g) Transverse sections through flower bud in (a and b) at two different levels above the insertion of the perianth (f, rec-file 1310; g, xy0280) showing the trimerous organization of the flower and the free, laterally flattened carpels; yellow indicates the two whorls of the androecium, each with three stamens. Specimens, Catefica 50-S171520 (a–c, f), Catefica 50-S174902 (d), Catefica MM154-P0271 (e), Catefica 49-S175354 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e).

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, d) images of "Hexacarpellate flower". a) Lateral view of flower showing epigynous organization with remains of tepals inserted at top of the hypanthium; b) Detail of apical part of flower showing laminar structures (arrows) that may be stamen bases, adhering to, or fused with, the tepals; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0540) of flower through the median plane showing the epigynous organization and central axis with ovules (arrows); d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1250) through the ovary of the flower showing the hexagonal outline, the six locules and ovules (arrows) borne near the center of the gynoecium. Specimen, Catefica 153-S174313 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c), 100 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, d) images of "Hexacarpellate flower". a) Lateral view of flower showing epigynous organization with remains of tepals inserted at top of the hypanthium; b) Detail of apical part of flower showing laminar structures (arrows) that may be stamen bases, adhering to, or fused with, the tepals; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0540) of flower through the median plane showing the epigynous organization and central axis with ovules (arrows); d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1250) through the ovary of the flower showing the hexagonal outline, the six locules and ovules (arrows) borne near the center of the gynoecium. Specimen, Catefica 153-S174313 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c), 100 Μm (b, d).

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c, e, f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of fruits and pollen grains of Hedyflora crystallifera; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral view of fruits showing the remains of apical tepals and remains of the hypanthium, which is thicker on the edges of the fruit in (b) (arrows); c) Detail of hypanthium surface between the thickenings on the edges of the fruit showing polygonal cells with a central papilla; d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0600) of fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (arrowhead) and sclerified outer tegmen (asterisk); e) Distal view of pollen grain from surface of fruit showing the poorly defined tetrachotomocolpate aperture (daggers indicating the four arms of the aperture) and semi-tectate, reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall showing narrow muri with indistinctly beaded surface ornamentation of minute verrucae in poorly defined rows and supported by long columellae. Specimens, Catefica 49-S172313 (a), Catefica 49-S153159 (b), Catefica 49-S172324 (c), Catefica 49-S172325 (d), Catefica 50-S170453 (e, f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (d), 50 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e), 1.5 Μm (f).

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana. in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, g, h) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b–f) images of fruits and pollen grains of Canrightiopsis crassitesta (a–c, g, h) and fruit of Canrightiopsis intermedia (d–f); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of fruit showing rim of hypanthium (arrowheads); b) Surface rendering of longitudinal section in the median plane of fruit (cut between orthoslices yz0440-0510) showing the thin fruit wall, thick endotesta of the seed coat (en, dark blue) and the orthotropous, pendent seed with the chalaza (ch) near the fruit apex and the micropyle (mi) at the fruit base; note the tiny embryo (emb) adjacent to the micropyle at the base of the fruit; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0511) through the seed wall showing the thick, finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) surrounding the nutritive tissue of the seed; d) Surface rendering of fruit in dorsal view showing rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and apical stigmatic region (st); e) Surface rendering of longitudinal section of fruit in (d) (cut at orthoslice xz0560) showing the crystalliferous endotesta (en, dark blue) and the inner tissues of the seed; f) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0560) through fruit and seed showing the finely crystalliferous endotesta (en) and thin fruit wall (fr); g, h) Pollen grains from apical region of fruit showing poorly defined margin of the single colpus, reticulate tectum and muri ornamented by minute verrucae. Specimens, Catefica 343-S174311 (a), Catefica 49-S174159 (b, c), Catefica 50-S174905 (d–f), Catefica 342-S122089 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, d, e), 150 Μm (c, f), 6 Μm (g), 3 Μm (h). g, h published with permission from Grana.

Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fruiting axis bearing an elongated receptacle with numerous diamond-shaped scars from detached fruitlets; note the absence of scars from bracts, tepals or stamens at the transition to the fruitlet scars and the stalk (arrow); b) Group of ten fruitlets detached from fruiting axis in (a) showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells; c) Detached fruitlet showing apical stigmatic region; d) Volume rendering of three adhering fruits showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells. Specimens, Catefica MM75-P0477 (a, b), Catefica 49-S115852 (c), Catefica 50-S174907 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 22. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a–c) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, d) images of Ibericarpus cuneiformis gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fruiting axis bearing an elongated receptacle with numerous diamond-shaped scars from detached fruitlets; note the absence of scars from bracts, tepals or stamens at the transition to the fruitlet scars and the stalk (arrow); b) Group of ten fruitlets detached from fruiting axis in (a) showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells; c) Detached fruitlet showing apical stigmatic region; d) Volume rendering of three adhering fruits showing apical stigmatic region and distinctive bulging isodiametric epidermal cells. Specimens, Catefica MM75-P0477 (a, b), Catefica 49-S115852 (c), Catefica 50-S174907 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–d).

Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b).

Text-fig. 3. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of fruits of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of fruit showing prominent rim around the middle of the fruit with reduced tepals (arrowheads) and partly abraded fruit wall exposing the pitted endotesta surface of one of two seeds (arrow); note two of the vascular bundles (vb) extending from the base of the fruit to the tepals; b) Voltex of fruit showing prominent rim around the fruit (arrowhead) and dense precipitation of crystals in the endothelium cells of one of the two seeds in the fruit; c) Longitudinal section of fruit (orthoslice yz0520) showing the inferred hypanthium rim (arrow head) and two seeds, one with a dense precipitation of crystals; note the prominent endothelium cells (asterisks) of the inner integument and the well-developed fruit wall above the seeds; d) Transverse section through basal part of fruit and seeds close to the micropyle (orthoslice xy0312) showing partly abraded fruit wall with five vascular bundles (vb) and details of the seed coat with endotesta (oi-end) surrounding the tegmen consisting of an outer epidermis (ii-o), middle layer (ii-m) and a distinct inner epidermis (endothelium) consisting of radially elongated cells (asterisk); e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1680) through apical part of the fruit close to chalaza showing the tips of two seeds; note the endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by thick-walled cells of the exotesta (oi-o); f) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1485) through fruit in the region of the hypanthium rim showing sections through the two seeds close to the chalazal region; note endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by larger cells of exotesta (oi-o) and fruit wall (fr). Specimen, Catefica 49-S174249 (holotype, a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c, e, f), 100 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 3. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of fruits of Canrightia foveolata sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Volume rendering of fruit showing prominent rim around the middle of the fruit with reduced tepals (arrowheads) and partly abraded fruit wall exposing the pitted endotesta surface of one of two seeds (arrow); note two of the vascular bundles (vb) extending from the base of the fruit to the tepals; b) Voltex of fruit showing prominent rim around the fruit (arrowhead) and dense precipitation of crystals in the endothelium cells of one of the two seeds in the fruit; c) Longitudinal section of fruit (orthoslice yz0520) showing the inferred hypanthium rim (arrow head) and two seeds, one with a dense precipitation of crystals; note the prominent endothelium cells (asterisks) of the inner integument and the well-developed fruit wall above the seeds; d) Transverse section through basal part of fruit and seeds close to the micropyle (orthoslice xy0312) showing partly abraded fruit wall with five vascular bundles (vb) and details of the seed coat with endotesta (oi-end) surrounding the tegmen consisting of an outer epidermis (ii-o), middle layer (ii-m) and a distinct inner epidermis (endothelium) consisting of radially elongated cells (asterisk); e) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1680) through apical part of the fruit close to chalaza showing the tips of two seeds; note the endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by thick-walled cells of the exotesta (oi-o); f) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1485) through fruit in the region of the hypanthium rim showing sections through the two seeds close to the chalazal region; note endotesta (oi-end) surrounded by larger cells of exotesta (oi-o) and fruit wall (fr). Specimen, Catefica 49-S174249 (holotype, a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–c, e, f), 100 Μm (d).

Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 2. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, c–f) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, b, g) images of the flower of Mugideiriflora portugallica (a, b) and fruits, seeds and pollen of Canrightia resinifera (c–g); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Oblique, apical view of flower showing multiparted organization with numerous laminar tepals, stamens that are rhomboidal and flattened in transverse section and carpels that are borne on the short conical apex of the receptacle; b) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0800) through basal part of flower showing the elongate bases of the laminar tepals and the flattened rhomboidal bases of the stamens; c) Fruit in lateral view showing irregular surface resulting from the abundant resin bodies in the fruit and hypanthium wall, scars from stamens on the rim of the hypanthium (arrowheads) and the lobed apical stigmatic region (st); d) Broken fruit with one or two seeds missing but showing three pendant, orthotropous seeds with pointed micropylar regions (mi) and a finely pitted crystalliferous endotesta; note the remains of the apical vascular bundles (vb); e) Single seed isolated from a fruit showing two distinct bundles (vb) still attached apically to the chalazal region of the seed, the pointed micropyle (mi) and the finely pitted surface of the crystalliferous endotesta; f) Monocolpate pollen from stigmatic region of fruit showing the long colpus and coarse reticulum; g) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0705) through a fruit showing four seeds all with radially elongated endothelium cells formed from the inner epidermis of the tegmen (asterisks). Specimens, Catefica 150-S174254 (a, b), Catefica 49-S170377 (c), Catefica 49-S170372 (d), Catefica 50-S170401 (e), Catefica 50-S170404 (f), Catefica 50-S174906 (g). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e, g), 6 Μm (f).

Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms

Text-fig. 20. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b–h) images of fruits of Appomattoxia sp. (a–d) and anther and pollen of Goczania rugosa (e–h); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Surface rendering of fruit in lateral view showing densely spaced hairs, some with delicate coiled tips; b) Fruit in lateral view showing short, densely spaced hairs and apical stigmatic region; c, d) Detail of fruit surface and hairs from fruit in (b); e) Fragmentary anther showing four pollen sacs; f) Proximal view of pollen grains from an abraded anther showing microechinate surface of pollen wall and clusters of small, spiny orbicules; g, h) Proximal (g) and distal (h) views of pollen grains from an isolated pollen sac, showing short colpus (h), tectate pollen wall and microechinate surface ornamentation. Specimens, Catefica 49-S174913 (a), Catefica 49-S107794 (b–d), Catefica 50-S170391 (e), Catefica 49-S170138 (f), Catefica 49-S170143 (g, h). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b, e), 100 Μm (c), 50 Μm (d), 6 Μm (f–h).