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104 results for “Thermal conductivity”
Homogenized anisotropic thermal conductivity on microstructure of binary composite with thermally imperfect diffuse interface
<p>This dataset contains supplementary data and utilities of the publication "A diffuse-interface model of anisotropic interface thermal conductivity and its application in thermal homogenization of composites" (<a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2022.114537">Yang, 2022</a>).</p> <p>We performed thermal homogenization on microstructures with three types of inclusion geometries, in which ones with oval-shaped and fiber-shaped inclusions were read from characterized/generated digital microstructures, and ones with irregular-shaped inclusions were imported from the phase-field additive manufacturing simulations <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/gamm.202100017">(Zhou, 2021)</a>. Si-Hf-N was chosen as the composite material system with β-Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> as the sole matrix phase and HfN as the sole inclusion phase. Direct homogenization method with the linear temperature BCs (see Supplementary Note 3 of the publication) was adopted.</p> <p>This dataset documents homogenized anisotropic thermal conductivity of corresponding microstructure as a tensor with normalized interface thermal resistance varying from 10<sup>-8</sup> to 10<sup>12</sup>. Voxelized digital microstructures and utilities for visualizing the overall thermal anisotropy are also attached.</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Properties</td> <td>Value</td> <td>Dimension</td> <td>Description</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="math-tex">\(k_\mathrm{(i)}\)</span></td> <td>90</td> <td><span class="math-tex">\(\mathrm{W~m^{-1}~K^{-1}}\)</span></td> <td>Thermal conductivity of HfN inclusion (<a href="https://10.1016/j.mtphys.2020.100256">Li, 2020</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="math-tex">\(k_\mathrm{(m)}\)</span></td> <td>180</td> <td><span class="math-tex">\(\mathrm{W~m^{-1}~K^{-1}}\)</span></td> <td>Thermal conductivity of β-Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub> matrix (<a href="https://10.1016/s0955-2219(98)00258-1">Li, 1999</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="math-tex">\(\ell\)</span></td> <td>5</td> <td><span class="math-tex">\(\mathrm{nm}\)</span></td> <td>Diffuse interface width</td> </tr> <tr> <td><span class="math-tex">\((X,Y,Z)\)</span></td> <td>(500,500,500)</td> <td><span class="math-tex">\(\mathrm{nm}\)</span></td> <td>Simulation domain size</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Notice:</strong> The digital microstructure has been voxelized, which can be loaded by default as a 200x200x200 numpy array (see utilities.ipynb). In order to perform the homogenization, interface smoothening is required, i.e., to generate diffuse interfaces. In this work, we smoothened the interface by operating transient Allen-Cahn calculation with finite timesteps. See Supplementary Note 4 of the publication for more information.</p>
Data for "Quantum-corrected thickness-dependent thermal conductivity in amorphous silicon predicted by machine learning molecular dynamics simulations"
<p>This is the data set for the preprint <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.07605">arXiv:2206.07605</a> [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], obtained by the GPUMD code.</p> <p>Here are 6 directories.<br> 1). NEMD<br> 2). NEPpotential<br> 3). PDOS<br> 4). kappa-quenchRate<br> 5). kappa-size<br> 6). kappa-temperature<br> <br> 1). NEMD directory contains calculations of ballistic conductance using NEMD method, where 6 independent cycles are run to average.</p> <p>2). NEPpotential directory is the trained NEP potential.</p> <p>3). PDOS directory contains phonon density of states of a-Si samples generated by the quench rate of 10^{11} K/s.</p> <p>4). kappa-quenchRate directory contains HNEMD calculations of a-Si samples which are prepared using melt-quench temperature protocols with the quench rates covering from 10^{11} to 5x10^{12} K/s. In each case, 3 independent cycles are run.</p> <p>5). kappa-size directory contains HNEMD calculations based on different supercells. 6 independent cycles are run.</p> <p>6). kappa-temperature directory contains HNEMD calculations of a-Si samples which are prepared for different targeted temperatures using slow quench rate of 10^{11} K/s.</p> <p> </p>
Thermal conductivity of hydrous wadsleyite determined by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics based on machine learning
<p>This repository contains data used in "Thermal conductivity of hydrous wadsleyite determined by non-equilibrium molecular dynamics based on machine learning" submitted by Dong Wang, Zhongqing Wu and Xin Deng.</p> <p>Figure S4 : "MLP test-Energy" in <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/353c5b70-3e53-4192-92af-7bf7f12328fd/Data%20for%20Figures.xlsx?versionId=96ac296c-13f9-4871-976a-d7ad087e0b62">Data for Figures.xlsx</a></strong>、<strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/353c5b70-3e53-4192-92af-7bf7f12328fd/MLP%20test-force.txt?versionId=acfeccd1-ecbf-42c8-a6a3-0d6daf72b078">MLP test-force.txt</a></strong></p> <p>Figure 1 : "MLP test-NEMD" in <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/353c5b70-3e53-4192-92af-7bf7f12328fd/Data%20for%20Figures.xlsx?versionId=96ac296c-13f9-4871-976a-d7ad087e0b62">Data for Figures.xlsx</a></strong></p> <p>Figure 3 : "Modeing" in <strong><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/353c5b70-3e53-4192-92af-7bf7f12328fd/Data%20for%20Figures.xlsx?versionId=96ac296c-13f9-4871-976a-d7ad087e0b62">Data for Figures.xlsx</a></strong></p>
Thermal conductivity of air at different temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of air at different temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0002-5022-6863, E-mail address: koncjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to a particular material conduct heat. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity. For instance, metals typically have high thermal conductivity and are very efficient at conducting heat, while the opposite is true for insulating materials. Correspondingly, materials of high thermal conductivity are widely used in heat sink applications, and materials of low thermal conductivity are used as thermal insulation. The reciprocal of thermal conductivity is called thermal resistivity. There are several ways to measure thermal conductivity; each is suitable for a limited range of materials. Broadly speaking, there are two categories of measurement techniques: steady-state and transient. Steady-state techniques infer the thermal conductivity from measurements on the state of a material once a steady-state temperature profile has been reached, whereas transient techniques operate on the instantaneous state of a system during the approach to steady state. Lacking an explicit time component, steady-state techniques do not require complicated signal analysis. The disadvantage is that a well-engineered experimental setup is usually needed, and the time required to reach steady state precludes rapid measurement. In comparison with solid materials, the thermal properties of fluids are more difficult to study experimentally. This is because in addition to thermal conduction, convective and radiative energy transport are usually present unless measures are taken to limit these processes. The formation of an insulating boundary layer can also result in an apparent reduction in the thermal conductivity.</p> <p>Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin), Temperature (degrees kelvin)</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>0.00922</p> </td> <td> <p>100</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.01375</p> </td> <td> <p>150</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0181</p> </td> <td> <p>200</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.02226</p> </td> <td> <p>250</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.02614</p> </td> <td> <p>300</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0297</p> </td> <td> <p>350</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.03305</p> </td> <td> <p>400</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.03633</p> </td> <td> <p>450</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.03951</p> </td> <td> <p>500</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0456</p> </td> <td> <p>600</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0513</p> </td> <td> <p>700</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0569</p> </td> <td> <p>800</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0625</p> </td> <td> <p>900</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0672</p> </td> <td> <p>1000</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0717</p> </td> <td> <p>1100</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0759</p> </td> <td> <p>1200</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0797</p> </td> <td> <p>1300</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.0835</p> </td> <td> <p>1400</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>0.087</p> </td> <td> <p>1500</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Thermal conductivity of aluminum at different temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of aluminum at different temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0002-5022-6863, E-mail address: koncjj@gmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>The thermal conductivities of common substances span at least four orders of magnitude. Gases generally have low thermal conductivity, and pure metals have high thermal conductivity. For example, under standard conditions the thermal conductivity of copper is over ten thousand times that of air. Of all materials, allotropes of carbon, such as graphite and diamond, are usually credited with having the highest thermal conductivities at room temperature. The thermal conductivity of natural diamond at room temperature is several times higher than that of a highly conductive metal such as copper. The effect of temperature on thermal conductivity is different for metals and nonmetals. In metals, heat conductivity is primarily due to free electrons.</p> <p>Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin), Temperature (degrees kelvin)</p> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <p>4510</p> </td> <td> <p>6</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>5150</p> </td> <td> <p>7</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>5730</p> </td> <td> <p>8</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>6220</p> </td> <td> <p>9</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>6610</p> </td> <td> <p>10</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>6900</p> </td> <td> <p>11</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>7080</p> </td> <td> <p>12</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>7150</p> </td> <td> <p>13</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>7130</p> </td> <td> <p>14</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>7020</p> </td> <td> <p>15</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>6840</p> </td> <td> <p>16</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>6350</p> </td> <td> <p>18</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>5650</p> </td> <td> <p>20</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>4000</p> </td> <td> <p>25</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>2850</p> </td> <td> <p>30</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>2100</p> </td> <td> <p>35</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>1600</p> </td> <td> <p>40</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>1250</p> </td> <td> <p>45</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>1000</p> </td> <td> <p>50</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>670</p> </td> <td> <p>60</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>500</p> </td> <td> <p>70</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>400</p> </td> <td> <p>80</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>340</p> </td> <td> <p>90</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>300</p> </td> <td> <p>100</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>247</p> </td> <td> <p>150</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>237</p> </td> <td> <p>200</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>235</p> </td> <td> <p>250</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>236</p> </td> <td> <p>273</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>237</p> </td> <td> <p>300</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>240</p> </td> <td> <p>350</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>240</p> </td> <td> <p>400</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>237</p> </td> <td> <p>500</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>232</p> </td> <td> <p>600</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>226</p> </td> <td> <p>700</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>220</p> </td> <td> <p>800</p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p>213</p> </td> <td> <p>900</p> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>
Thermal conductivity of pure tungsten at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of pure tungsten at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with the atomic number 74. Tungsten is a rare metal found naturally on Earth almost exclusively as compounds with other elements. It was identified as a new element in 1781 and first isolated as a metal in 1783. Its important ores include scheelite and wolframite, the latter lending the element its alternate name. The free element is remarkable for its robustness, especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all known elements barring carbon. It also has the highest boiling point. Its density is 19.30 grams per cubic centimetre, comparable with that of uranium and gold, and much higher than that of lead. Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material, making it difficult to work. However, pure single-crystalline tungsten is more ductile and can be cut with a hard-steel hacksaw. Tungsten occurs in many alloys, which have numerous applications, including incandescent light bulb filaments, X-ray tubes, electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding, superalloys, and radiation shielding. Tungsten's hardness and high density make it suitable for military applications in penetrating projectiles. Tungsten compounds are often used as industrial catalysts. In its raw form, tungsten is a hard steel-grey metal that is often brittle and hard to work. Purified, monocrystalline tungsten retains its hardness, and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily. It is worked by forging, drawing, or extruding but it is more commonly formed by sintering. Of all metals in pure form, tungsten has the highest melting point, lowest vapor pressure, and the highest tensile strength.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>10 9710</p> <p>100 208</p> <p>293 173</p> <p>1000 118</p> <p>2000 98</p>
Thermal conductivity of slip-cast quartz at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of</strong> <strong>slip-cast quartz at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Slip casting, or slipcasting, is a ceramic forming technique for pottery and other ceramics, especially for shapes not easily made on a wheel.[1] In this method, a liquid clay body slip is poured into plaster moulds and allowed to form a layer, the cast, on the inside walls of the mould. The process usually takes at least 24 hours per piece. It gives very precise and consistent shapes, and is now the most common technique used for commercial mass-produced pottery. The type of clay body suited for slip casting differs from that for throwing. It is essential to make a good quality casting slip to get an intended result. The behavior of the slip will depend on multiple factors, including the types and proportions of water, clay, other chemicals, and deflocculant used; temperature, humidity and other local conditions; and the amount of energy involved in mixing the ingredients together to form a suspension. The process of changing a slurry from something thick and gooey to something thin and pourable that can be used in slip casting is called deflocculation. The process by which particles come out of the suspension is called flocculation. The technique is suited to the production of complex shapes, especially if with relief decoration and thin walls. Much modern fine factory porcelain is made by the technique, very often the entire production. It is also commonly used for sanitaryware, such as toilets and basins, and smaller pieces like figurines and teapots. The technique can also be used for small-scale production runs or to produce limited-edition, one-off objects, especially reproductions of antique dolls and modern porcelain doll-making.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>500 0.34</p> <p>700 0.39</p> <p>900 0.45</p> <p>1100 0.51</p> <p>1300 0.62</p> <p>900 0.63</p> <p>1000 0.66</p> <p>1100 0.69</p>
Thermal conductivity of pure silver at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of pure silver at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Silver is a chemical element with the atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form, as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite. Most silver is produced as a byproduct of copper, gold, lead, and zinc refining. Silver has long been valued as a precious metal. Silver metal is used in many bullion coins, sometimes alongside gold: while it is more abundant than gold, it is much less abundant as a native metal. Its purity is typically measured on a per-mille basis. Silver is a relatively soft and extremely ductile and malleable transition metal, though it is slightly less malleable than gold. Silver crystallizes in a face-centered cubic lattice with bulk coordination number 12, where only the single 5s electron is delocalized, similarly to copper and gold. Unlike metals with incomplete d-shells, metallic bonds in silver are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak. This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of silver. Unlike copper and gold, the energy required to excite an electron from the filled d band to the s-p conduction band in silver is large enough that it no longer corresponds to absorption in the visible region of the spectrum, but rather in the ultraviolet; hence, silver is not a coloured metal.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>2 7830</p> <p>5 17200</p> <p>10 16800</p> <p>20 5100</p> <p>30 1930</p> <p>40 1050</p> <p>50 700</p> <p>60 550</p> <p>70 497</p> <p>80 471</p> <p>90 460</p> <p>100 450</p> <p>150 432</p> <p>200 430</p> <p>273.2 428</p> <p>300 427</p> <p>400 420</p> <p>500 413</p> <p>600 405</p> <p>700 397</p> <p>800 389</p> <p>900 382</p>
Thermal conductivity of lead at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of lead at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Lead is a chemical element with the atomic number 82. It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable, and also has a relatively low melting point. When freshly cut, lead is a shiny gray with a hint of blue. It tarnishes to a dull gray color when exposed to air. Lead has the highest atomic number of any stable element and three of its isotopes are endpoints of major nuclear decay chains of heavier elements. Lead is a relatively unreactive post-transition metal. Its weak metallic character is illustrated by its amphoteric nature. Lead's high density, low melting point, ductility and relative inertness to oxidation make it useful. These properties, combined with its relative abundance and low cost, resulted in its extensive use in construction, plumbing, batteries, bullets and shot, weights, solders, pewters, fusible alloys, white paints, and radiation shielding.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>2 4240</p> <p>3 3400</p> <p>4 2240</p> <p>5 1380</p> <p>6 820</p> <p>7 490</p> <p>8 320</p> <p>9 230</p> <p>10 178</p> <p>11 146</p> <p>12 123</p> <p>13 107</p> <p>14 94</p> <p>15 84</p> <p>16 77</p> <p>18 66</p> <p>20 59</p> <p>25 50.7</p> <p>30 47.7</p> <p>40 45.1</p> <p>50 43.5</p> <p>100 39.6</p> <p>200 36.6</p> <p>273.2 35.5</p> <p>300 35.2</p> <p>400 33.8</p> <p>500 32.5</p> <p>600 31.2</p>
Thermal conductivity of natural rubber at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of natural rubber at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Rubber, also called India rubber, latex, Amazonian rubber, caucho, or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds. Types of polyisoprene that are used as natural rubbers are classified as elastomers. Currently, rubber is harvested mainly in the form of the latex from the rubber tree or others. The latex is a sticky, milky and white colloid drawn off by making incisions in the bark and collecting the fluid in vessels in a process called "tapping". The latex then is refined into the rubber that is ready for commercial processing. In major areas, latex is allowed to coagulate in the collection cup. The coagulated lumps are collected and processed into dry forms for sale. Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, either alone or in combination with other materials. In most of its useful forms, it has a large stretch ratio and high resilience and also is water-proof.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>303 0.16</p> <p>298.2 0.134</p> <p>310.9 0.268</p> <p>310.9 0.117</p> <p>422.1 0.113</p> <p>477.6 0.113</p> <p>533.2 0.113</p> <p>310.9 0.255</p> <p>422.1 0.238</p> <p>477.6 0.197</p>
Thermal conductivity of silicon dioxide at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of silicon dioxide at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon. In many parts of the world, silica is the major constituent of sand. Silica is one of the most complex and most abundant families of materials, existing as a compound of several minerals and as a synthetic product. Notable examples include fused quartz, fumed silica, silica gel, opal and aerogels. It is used in structural materials, and microelectronics. Because silicon dioxide is a native oxide of silicon it is more widely used compared to other semiconductors like Gallium arsenide or Indium phosphide. Silicon dioxide could be grown on a silicon semiconductor surface. Silicon oxide layers could protect silicon surfaces during diffusion processes, and could be used for diffusion masking. The process of silicon surface passivation by thermal oxidation is critical to the semiconductor industry. It is commonly used to manufacture metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors and silicon integrated circuit chips.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>300 12, 6.80</p> <p>311 11.1, 5.88</p> <p>366 9.34, 5.19</p> <p>422 8.68, 4.50</p> <p>500 6.00, 3.90</p> <p>600 5.00, 3.41</p> <p>700 4.47, 3.12</p> <p>800 4.19, 3.04</p>
Thermal conductivity of gold at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of gold at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Gold is a chemical element with the atomic number 79. This makes it one of the higher atomic number elements that occur naturally. It is a bright, slightly orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal in a pure form. Chemically, gold is a transition metal and a group 11 element. It is one of the least reactive chemical elements and is solid under standard conditions. Gold often occurs in free elemental form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits. It occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver, naturally alloyed with other metals like copper and palladium, and mineral inclusions such as within pyrite. Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as gold compounds, often with tellurium. Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia, forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion. Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property long used to refine gold and confirm the presence of gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term 'acid test'. Gold dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating. Gold also dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, and as the gold acts simply as a solute, this is not a chemical reaction.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>2 885</p> <p>10 2820</p> <p>20 1500</p> <p>100 345</p> <p>200 327</p> <p>273.2 318</p> <p>300 315</p> <p>400 312</p> <p>500 309</p> <p>600 304</p> <p>700 298</p> <p>800 292</p> <p>900 285</p>
Thermal conductivity of granite at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of granite at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Granite is a coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase. It forms from magma with a high content of silica and alkali metal oxides that slowly cools and solidifies underground. It is common in the continental crust of Earth, where it is found in igneous intrusions. These range in size from dikes only a few centimeters across to batholiths exposed over hundreds of square kilometers. Granite is typical of a larger family of granitic rocks, or granitoids, that are composed mostly of coarse-grained quartz and feldspars in varying proportions. These rocks are classified by the relative percentages of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase, with true granite representing granitic rocks rich in quartz and alkali feldspar. Most granitic rocks also contain mica or amphibole minerals, though a few contain almost no dark minerals.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>368 1.78</p> <p>523 1.95</p> <p>600 1.86</p> <p>643 1.74</p> <p>733 1.8</p>
Thermal conductivity of powdered quartz at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of powdered quartz at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>A powder is a dry, bulk solid composed of many very fine particles that may flow freely when shaken or tilted. Powders are a special sub-class of granular materials, although the terms powder and granular are sometimes used to distinguish separate classes of material. In particular, powders refer to those granular materials that have the finer grain sizes, and that therefore have a greater tendency to form clumps when flowing. Granular refers to the coarser granular materials that do not tend to form clumps except when wet. Typically, a powder can be compacted or loosened into a vastly larger range of bulk densities than can a coarser granular material. When deposited by sprinkling, a powder may be very light and fluffy. When vibrated or compressed it may become very dense and even lose its ability to flow. The bulk density of coarse sand, on the other hand, does not vary over an appreciable range. The clumping behavior of a powder arises because of the molecular Van der Waals force that causes individual grains to cling to one another. This force is present not just in powders, but in sand and gravel, too. However, in such coarse granular materials the weight and the inertia of the individual grains are much larger than the very weak Van der Waals forces, and therefore the tiny clinging between grains does not have a dominant effect on the bulk behavior of the material. Only when the grains are very small and lightweight does the Van der Waals force become predominant, causing the material to clump like a powder. The cross-oversize between flow conditions and stick conditions can be determined by simple experimentation. Many other powder behaviors are common to all granular materials. These include segregation, stratification, jamming and unjamming, fragility, loss of kinetic energy, frictional shearing, compaction and Reynolds' dilatancy.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>373.2 0.178</p> <p>483.2 0.184</p> <p>588.2 0.209</p> <p>673.2 0.23</p> <p>723.2 0.259</p>
Thermal conductivity of ice at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of ice at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Ice is water frozen into a solid state, typically forming at or below temperatures of 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color. Ice exhibits at least eighteen phases, depending on temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly, up to three types of amorphous ice can form depending on its history of pressure and temperature. As a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure, ice is considered to be a mineral. It possesses a regular crystalline structure based on the molecule of water, which consists of a single oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. However, many of the physical properties of water and ice are controlled by the formation of hydrogen bonds between adjacent oxygen and hydrogen atoms; while it is a weak bond, it is nonetheless critical in controlling the structure of both water and ice.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>273.15 2.09</p> <p>253.15 2.161</p> <p>233.15 2.232</p> <p>213.15 2.303</p> <p>193.15 2.374</p> <p>173.15 2.445</p> <p>273.15 2.2199</p> <p>253.15 2.3854</p> <p>233.15 2.6322</p> <p>213.15 2.9603</p> <p>193.15 3.3695</p> <p>173.15 3.8601</p> <p>273.15 2.0914</p> <p>253.15 2.2973</p> <p>233.15 2.5431</p> <p>213.15 2.841</p> <p>193.15 3.2086</p> <p>173.15 3.6723</p> <p>273.15 2.092</p> <p>143.15 2.552</p>
Thermal conductivity of glasses at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of glasses at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Glass is a non-crystalline, often transparent amorphous solid, that has widespread practical, technological, and decorative use in, for example, window panes, tableware, and optics. Glass is most often formed by rapid cooling of the molten form; some glasses such as volcanic glass are naturally occurring. The most familiar, and historically the oldest, types of manufactured glass are "silicate glasses" based on the chemical compound silica, the primary constituent of sand. The term glass, in popular usage, is often used to refer only to this type of material, although silica-free glasses often have desirable properties for applications in modern communications technology. Some objects, such as drinking glasses and eyeglasses, are so commonly made of silicate-based glass that they are simply called by the name of the material.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>297 1.35</p> <p>300 1.34</p> <p>306 1.39</p> <p>319 1.42</p> <p>322 1.59</p> <p>322 1.45</p> <p>329 1.43</p> <p>330 1.56</p> <p>332 1.66</p> <p>336 1.68</p> <p>345 1.91</p> <p>356 1.9</p> <p>273.2 1.11</p> <p>323.2 1.16</p> <p>373.2 1.22</p> <p>423.2 1.27</p> <p>473.2 1.33</p> <p>523.2 1.38</p> <p>573.2 1.43</p> <p>100 0.58</p> <p>200 0.9</p> <p>300 1.11</p> <p>400 1.25</p> <p>500 1.36</p> <p>600 1.5</p> <p>700 1.62</p> <p>800 1.89</p>
Thermal conductivity of fused quartz at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of fused quartz at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Fused quartz, fused silica or quartz glass is a glass consisting of almost pure silica in amorphous form. This differs from all other commercial glasses in which other ingredients are added which change the glasses' optical and physical properties, such as lowering the melt temperature. Fused quartz, therefore, has high working and melting temperatures, making it less desirable for most common applications. The terms fused quartz and fused silica are used interchangeably, but can refer to different manufacturing techniques, resulting in different trace impurities. However fused quartz, being in the glassy state, has quite different physical properties compared to crystalline quartz. Due to its physical properties, fused quartz finds specialty uses in semiconductor fabrication and laboratory equipment, for instance. Compared to other common glasses, the optical transmission of pure silica extends well into the ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, so is used to make lenses and other optics for these wavelengths. Depending on manufacturing processes, impurities will restrict the optical transmission, resulting in commercial grades of fused quartz optimized for use in the infrared, or in the ultraviolet. The low coefficient of thermal expansion of fused quartz makes it a useful material for precision mirror substrates. Fused quartz is produced by fusing high-purity silica sand, which consists of quartz crystals.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>123 0.84</p> <p>173 1.05</p> <p>223 1.2</p> <p>273 1.32</p> <p>323 1.41</p> <p>373 1.48</p> <p>100 0.52</p> <p>200 1.13</p> <p>223 1.23</p> <p>293 1.4</p> <p>323 1.42</p> <p>373 1.5</p> <p>400 1.53</p> <p>500 1.59</p> <p>600 1.73</p> <p>700 1.92</p> <p>800 2.17</p> <p>900 2.48</p> <p>1000 2.87</p> <p>1100 3.34</p> <p>1200 4</p> <p>1300 4.8</p> <p>1400 6.18</p>
Thermal conductivity of cast iron at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of cast iron at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Cast iron is a class of iron-carbon alloys with a carbon content more than 2 percent. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloy constituents affect its color when fractured: white cast iron has carbide impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through, grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and ductile cast iron has spherical graphite "nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing. Carbon and silicon are the main alloying elements of cast iron. Iron alloys with lower carbon content are known as steel. Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity, castability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast irons have become an engineering material with a wide range of applications and are used in pipes, machines and automotive industry parts, such as cylinder heads, cylinder blocks and gearbox cases. It is resistant to damage by oxidation but is notoriously difficult to weld. Cast iron is made from pig iron, which is the product of melting iron ore in a blast furnace. Cast iron can be made directly from the molten pig iron or by re-melting pig iron, often along with substantial quantities of iron, steel, limestone, carbon and taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants. Phosphorus and sulfur may be burnt out of the molten iron, but this also burns out the carbon, which must be replaced. Depending on the application, carbon and silicon content are adjusted to the desired levels.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>298 55</p> <p>303.2 12.8</p> <p>323.2 13.3</p> <p>362.2 14.3</p> <p>373.2 14.5</p> <p>425.2 17.3</p> <p>303.2 29.5</p> <p>323.2 29.7</p> <p>361.2 30</p> <p>373.2 30.1</p> <p>427.2 31.1</p> <p>353.7 48.5</p> <p>376.7 48.1</p> <p>418.2 46.9</p> <p>429.7 47.3</p> <p>431.7 46.9</p> <p>447.2 46</p>
Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of ethylene glycol at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>Ethylene glycol is mainly used for two purposes, as a raw material in the manufacture of polyester fibers and for antifreeze formulations. It is an odorless, colorless, flammable, viscous liquid. Ethylene glycol has a sweet taste, but it is toxic in high concentrations. Ethylene glycol is produced from ethylene, via the intermediate ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide reacts with water to produce ethylene glycol. This reaction can be catalyzed by either acids or bases, or can occur at neutral pH under elevated temperatures. The highest yields of ethylene glycol occur at acidic or neutral pH with a large excess of water. Under these conditions, ethylene glycol yields of 90 percent can be achieved. The major byproducts are the oligomers diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and tetraethylene glycol. The separation of these oligomers and water is energy-intensive. Because the methanol is recycled, only carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and oxygen are consumed. The major use of ethylene glycol is as an antifreeze agent in the coolant in for example, automobiles and air-conditioning systems that either place the chiller or air handlers outside or must cool below the freezing temperature of water. In geothermal heating and cooling systems, ethylene glycol is the fluid that transports heat through the use of a geothermal heat pump. The ethylene glycol either gains energy from the source or dissipates heat to the sink, depending on whether the system is being used for heating or cooling. Pure ethylene glycol has a specific heat capacity about one half that of water. So, while providing freeze protection and an increased boiling point, ethylene glycol lowers the specific heat capacity of water mixtures relative to pure water. The freezing point depression of some mixtures can be explained as a colligative property of solutions but, in highly concentrated mixtures such as the example, deviations from ideal solution behavior are expected due to the influence of intermolecular forces. It's important to note that though pure and distilled water will have a greater specific heat capacity than any mixture of antifreeze and water, commercial antifreezes also typically contain an anti-corrosive additive to prevent pure water from corroding coolant passages in the engine block, cylinder heads, water pump and radiator. There is a difference in the mixing ratio, depending on whether it is ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. The use of ethylene glycol not only depresses the freezing point of aqueous mixtures, but also elevates their boiling point. This results in the operating temperature range for heat-transfer fluids being broadened on both ends of the temperature scale. The increase in boiling temperature is due to pure ethylene glycol having a much higher boiling point and lower vapor pressure than pure water, as is typical with most binary mixtures of volatile liquids. In the plastic industry, ethylene glycol is an important precursor to polyester fibers and resins. Polyethylene terephthalate, used to make plastic bottles for soft drinks, is prepared from ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol is used in the natural gas industry to remove water vapor from natural gas before further processing.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>0.2549 280</p> <p>0.2563 290</p> <p>0.2576 300</p> <p>0.259 310</p> <p>0.2603 320</p> <p>0.2616 330</p> <p>0.263 340</p> <p>0.2643 350</p> <p>0.2645 288.15</p> <p>0.2609 293.15</p> <p>0.2695 353.15</p>
Thermal conductivity of pines at various temperatures
<p><strong>Thermal conductivity of pines at various temperatures</strong></p> <p>Junjie Chen</p> <p>Contributor: Junjie Chen, ORCID: 0000-0001-5055-4309, E-mail address: komcjj@gmail.com, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, 2000 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo, Henan, 454000, P.R. China</p> <p> </p> <p>A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the sole genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. Pines are commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere. Pine may also refer to the lumber derived from pine trees; it is one of the more extensively used types of lumber. Many pine species make attractive ornamental plantings for parks and larger gardens with a variety of dwarf cultivars being suitable for smaller spaces. Pines are also commercially grown and harvested for Christmas trees. Pine cones, the largest and most durable of all conifer cones, are craft favorites.</p> <p> </p> <p>Thermodynamic temperature (degrees kelvin), Thermal conductivity (watts per meter-kelvin)</p> <p>222 0.0886</p> <p>238.7 0.0913</p> <p>255.4 0.0939</p> <p>272.2 0.0966</p> <p>288.9 0.0994</p> <p>305.5 0.102</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.