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767 results for “Theropoda”
Fig. 3 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah
Fig. 3 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in medial view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; ifs, interfrontal suture; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; sc, sagittal crest; sf?, possible trace of sagittal foramen.
Fig. 4 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah
Fig. 4 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in ventral view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa;ccr, crista cranii; es, ethmoid scar; gpos, groove between rostral and caudal parts of postorbital suture; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ms, median septum; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; os, orbital slot; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; prf, joint surface for prefrontal.
Fig. 6 in Frontal Bone Anatomy Of Teratophoneus Curriei (Theropoda: Tyrannosauridae) From The Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation Of Utah
Fig. 6 Stereopair of 3D model of the right frontal of BYU 8120/9396 in caudal view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ps, parietal suture; sc, sagittal crest.
Fig. 2 3D in Probable Juvenile Frontal Of Daspletosaurus Horneri (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Two Medicine Formation Of Montana, With Implications For Tyrannosaurid Ontogeny
Fig. 2 3D model of UCM 55499, left frontal of a juvenile cf. Daspletosaurus horneri, in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, rostral view; D, lateral view; E, medial view; F, caudal view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; ccr, crista cranii; cpos, caudal part of postorbital suture; cr, cylinder-like ridge; cs, caudal shelf; dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; dtr, dorsotemporal ridge; es, ethmoid scar; fh, forehead region; ifs, interfrontal suture; lac, lacrimal socket; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ms, joint surface for the mesethmoid; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; or, orbital wall; os, orbital slot; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; pb, postorbital buttress; prf, joint surface for prefrontal; ps, parietal suture; rpos, rostral part of postorbital suture; sc, sagittal crest. The model is courtesy of The Fossil Vertebrate Collection at the University of Colorado Boulder Museum of Natural History.
Fig. 1 UCM 55499 in Probable Juvenile Frontal Of Daspletosaurus Horneri (Dinosauria: Theropoda) From The Two Medicine Formation Of Montana, With Implications For Tyrannosaurid Ontogeny
Fig. 1 UCM 55499, left frontal of a juvenile cf. Daspletosaurus horneri, in A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, rostral view; D, lateral view; E, medial view; F, caudal view. Abbreviations: cbf, cerebral fossa; ccr, crista cranii; cpos, caudal part of postorbital suture; cr, cylinder-like ridge; cs, caudal shelf; dtf, dorsotemporal fossa; dtr, dorsotemporal ridge; es, ethmoid scar; fh, forehead region; ifs, interfrontal suture; lac, lacrimal socket; lss, laterosphenoid suture; ms, joint surface for the mesethmoid; obf, olfactory bulb fossa; or, orbital wall; os, orbital slot; oss, orbitosphenoid suture; pb, postorbital buttress; prf, joint surface for prefrontal; ps, parietal suture; rpos, rostral part of postorbital suture; sc, sagittal crest. Images are courtesy of The Fossil Vertebrate Collection at the University of Colorado Boulder Museum of Natural History. vidual variation. Furthermore, the area between the postsurface of TMP 2013.018.0011 (14.2°; Voris et al., 2019: orbital buttress and the caudal shelf in UCM 55499 is fig. 2) and that of the postorbital suture and the ros- extremely thin and plate-like, similar to the condition trocaudal axis (19.7°) in the lateral surface of UCM reported in the holotype of tyrannosaurine Alioramus 55499 are comparable to each other. Additionally, the "altai" (Bever et al., 2013) but differs from the relatively laterosphenoid suture in UCM 55499 is facing caudoven- deep condition in juvenile Gorgosaurus (e.g., Voris et al., trally, unlike the subvertical, caudally-facing suture in 2019: fig. S15). Lastly, Gorgosaurus does not approach Gorgosaurus frontals (e.g., Yun, 2020; pers. obs). This the abundance of Daspletosaurus horneri in the Two appears to be consistent with the description of Voris Medicine Formation (e.g., Farlow & Pianka, 2002; Carr (2018), who noted the angle between frontal and later- et al., 2017; Voris et al., 2020). In summary, the combiosphenoid sutures in Daspletosaurus postorbitals is ob- nation of aforementioned Daspletosaurus-like or tyrantuse, in which the former slopes caudoventrally. Further- nosaurine-like features, differences from similarly-sized more, the mediolateral width of the caudal shelf in UCM Gorgosaurus frontals as well as its provenance favours 55499 is slightly wider than that of the postorbital but- identification of the specimen as Daspletosaurus horneri tress, which is reminiscent to the condition in tyranno- through a balance of probability. saurines (Voris, 2018; Voris et al., 2022). In contrast, the widest part of the albertosaurine frontals is located at the Comparative description: UCM 55499 is an isolated, rostral end of postorbital suture (Voris, 2018; Voris et al., mostly complete left frontal that lacks the nasal process, 2022). Thus, UCM 55499 can be identified as a tyranno- the rostral part of the area that articulated with the presaurine, of which Daspletosaurus horneri is the only frontal, and the dorsal part of the sagittal crest. As preknown example in the Two Medicine Formation. There- served, the maximum rostrocaudal length of the specimen fore, this specimen is probably referable to this taxon. is 82 mm. When measured after the methodology of Cur- Of note, UCM 55499 does resemble Gorgosaurus front- rie (2003a), the width and depth are 44 mm and 18 mm, als by possessing mediolaterally oriented orbital slot in respectively. The specimen is comparable in its dimendorsal view (Voris et al., 2022) but it is interpreted in this sions to small frontals of Daspletosaurus sp., Gorgowork that this apparent similarity is likely due to the saurus libratus, Tarbosaurus bataar, and Tyrannosaurus "transitional" growth stage that the specimen represents, rex, but much smaller than large frontals of any of these between small juveniles with rostrocaudally elongated (Currie, 2003a; Lehman & Wick, 2013). shallow slot (Carr, 1999; Tsuihiji et al., 2011) and the The subcutaneous surface of the "forehead" region is flat, folded, narrow and deep slot present in tyrannosaurine like in some individuals of Daspletosaurus spp., and in adults (Carr, 2020; Voris et al., 2022), or else as an indi- Lythronax argestes (Voris et al., 2020; Yun, 2020; Figs.
FIGURE 41 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 41. Line drawings of the re-arranged and articulated skull of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, completely closed lower jaw; B, laterally spreading and rotating lower jaw rami during depression; C, the maximum opening angle of around 40° (in wider angles, the raised posterolateral margin of the glenoid fossa hits the quadrate). The lower jaw rami spread approx. 8° sideways, producing a pharynx mediolaterally widened around 3 cm per side. Additionally, each lower jaw ramus is rotating around the long axis by approx. 2° (dorsally lateral and ventrally medial). These values are measured from the point of origin for the maximum opening angle in relation to the closed position.
FIGURE 38 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 38. Tip-dated allcompat tree from posterior sample of Bayesian analysis (with full dataset), showing posterior probability values for internal nodes. Red values represent nodes below 50% posterior probability.
FIGURE 37. Phylogenetic results from parsimony analysis using the cranial dataset. A in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 37. Phylogenetic results from parsimony analysis using the cranial dataset. A, strict consensus tree of 153 MPTs retained from an equal weighting analysis (see Methods for details); B, reduced consensus tree, pruning wild card taxa from the strict consensus. Wild card taxa are highlighted with coloured boxes in A, and their possible topological positions are shown with same coloured squares in B. Important clades are labelled.
FIGURE 36. Phylogenetic results from parsimony analysis using the full dataset. A in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 36. Phylogenetic results from parsimony analysis using the full dataset. A, strict consensus tree of 8184 MPTs retained from an equal weighting analysis (see methods for details); B, partial reduced consensus tree, showing the clade Spinosauridae after removal of the taxon Vallibonavenatrix; C, strict consensus tree of 406 MPTs retained from an implied weighting analysis using a concavity constant of k=10 (see Methods for details). Important clades are labelled. Irritator as the main focus of our study is highlighted in bold face within the clade Spinosauridae.
FIGURE 32. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 32. 3D renderings of the left ectopterygoid of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, lateral view; D, medial view. Arrow in A valid for A-C. Note that dashed line indicates approximate former extent of bone. Abbreviations: jc, jugal contact; jp, jugal process; ptc, pterygoid contact; ptf, pterygoid flange; pvp, posteroventral process; vr, ventral recess.
FIGURE 39 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 39. Tip-dated allcompat tree from posterior sample of Bayesian analysis (with full dataset). Branch colours show evolutionary character state transition rates (in character transitions per million year). Nodes below 50% posterior probability are collapsed into polytomies for which evolutionary rates cannot be calculated.
FIGURE 34. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 34. 3D renderings of left mandibular elements of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, medial view. Abbreviations: addf, adductor fossa; an, angular; d, dentary; glf, glenoid fossa; lss, lateral surangular shelf; manf, mandibular fenestra; mhp, medial hook process; mics, medially inclined coronoid shelf; pra, prearticular; rap, retroarticular process; sur, surangular. Note that different bones are rendered in different colours, and that bone labels are in bold. Also note that the articular is fused with the surangular and thus segmented in a joint model with that bone.
FIGURE 30 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 30. Close-up photograph of the left cheek region of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: j, jugal; l, lacrimal; l.ep, left ectopterygoid; ecpl, ectopterygoid lamina of the left pterygoid; l.bpp, left basipterygoid process of the parabasisphenoid; l.pa, left palatine; l.pt, left pterygoid; l.sur, left surangular; l.sq, left squamosal; m, maxilla; ptw, pterygoid wing of left quadrate; qw, quadrate wing of left pterygoid; r.pa, right palatine; r.sur, right surangular; 10, tenth preserved tooth position of the left maxilla.
FIGURE 31. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 31. 3D renderings of the left pterygoid of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, lateral view; B, posterior view; C, dorsal view; D, medial view. Abbreviations: bptp, basipterygoid process; ecpl, ectopterygoid lamina; epic, epipterygoid contact; palc, palatine contact; qw, quadrate wing; vc, vomer contact; vpap, vomeropalatine process.
FIGURE 29. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 29. 3D renderings of the palatines of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A–D, right palatine in A, lateral view; B, posterior view; C, medial view; D, ventral view (anterior direction to the right). E–F, left palatine in E, medial view; F, lateral view. Abbreviations: jp, jugal process; lap, lacrimal process; mxp, maxillary process; palf, posterior palatine fossa; ptp, pterygoid process; vc, surface for contact with vomer; vptp, vomeropterygoid process.
FIGURE 28. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 28. 3D renderings of the vomer of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, ventral view (anterior to left); B, left lateral view; C, dorsal view (anterior to left); D, right lateral view; E, posterior view. Note different scale in E. Abbreviations: dmt, dorsomedian trough of vomer; mxc, maxillary contact, palc, palatine contact; papr, posterior articular process of vomer; ptc, pterygoid contact.
FIGURE 27 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 27. Close-up photograph of the stapes of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). Abbreviation: s, stapes.
FIGURE 40 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 40. Medical CT data-based 3D print of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022) with reconstructed jaw muscle anatomy in left lateral view. A, with superficial muscles; B, with removed cheek bones, revealing deeper muscles. mAMEP, m. adductor mandibulae externus profundus; mAMES, m. adductor mandibulae externus superficialis; mAMP, m. adductor mandibulae posterior; mDM, m. depressor mandibulae; mPSTs, m. pseudotemporalis superficialis; mPTd, m. pterygoideus dorsalis; mPTv, m. pterygoideus ventralis.
FIGURE 25 in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 25. Close-up photographs of right lateral braincase of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, right lateral view; B, magnified anterior tympanic recess. Note that bones are labelled in bold, and other anatomical structures in regular font. Abbreviations: atyr, anterior tympanic recess; car, external foramen for the internal carotid artery (=vidian) canal; cif, crista interfenestralis; crtu, crista tuberalis; d, damage; fov, fenestra ovalis; mcv, mid cerebral vein foramen; opr, ophthalmic ridge defining groove for ophthalmic branch (CN V1); pd, (blind) pneumatic depression; sg, stapedial groove; vf, (lateral) vagal foramen;?sha, potential sphenoidal artery opening; II, medially open foramen for optic nerve (CN II); III, oculomotor nerve (CN III) foramen; V, trigeminal nerve (CN V) foramen; V1gr, ophthalmic groove for V1 branch; VII, facial nerve (CN VII) foramen.
FIGURE 26. 3D in A reappraisal of the cranial and mandibular osteology of the spinosaurid Irritator challengeri (Dinosauria: Theropoda)
FIGURE 26. 3D renderings of the intracranial cavities within the articulated braincase of Irritator challengeri (SMNS 58022). A, posterior view; B, ventral view; C, right anterolateral view. Colours reflect cavity identity, where green cavities are within the otic bones, purple cavities are within the basioccipital (boc), blue cavities are within the parabasisphenoid (pbsp), and yellow recesses are within the orbitosphenoid. Abbreviations: bsr, basisphenoid recess; osr, orbitosphenoid recess; otor, otoccipitical recess; pror, prootic recess; sor, supraoccipital recess.
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