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Fig. 3 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil
Fig. 3. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of six ecomorphological indices related to the position of the species in the water column, based on the morphometric measurements of 19 fish species collected from tide pools on the Amazonian Coastal Zone in 2011. Hypotheses concerning the interpretation of the ecomorphological indices highly correlated with the principal axes. Codes: Atherinella cf. brasiliensis (ABR); Amphichthys cryptocentrus (ACR); Amphiarius phrygiatus (APH); Bathygobius soporator (BSO); Batrachoides surinamensis (BSU); Butis koilomatodon (BKO); Colomesus psittacus (CPS); Epinephelus itajara (EIT); Engraulidae gen. (ENG); Gobiesox barbatulus (GBA); Gymnothorax aff. funebris (GFU); Lutjanus jocu (LJO); Mugil aff. curema (MCU); Mugil aff. hospes (MHO); Mugil sp. (MSP); Omobranchus punctatus (OPU); Rypticus randalli (RRA); Sphoeroides greeleyi (SGR); Thalassophryne nattereri (TNA).
Fig. 2 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil
Fig. 2. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for the six ecomorphological indices related to locomotion in the 19 fish species collected from tide pools on the Amazonian Coastal Zone in 2011. Hypotheses concerning the interpretation of the ecomorphological indices highly correlated with the principal axes. Codes: Atherinella cf. brasiliensis (ABR); Amphichthys cryptocentrus (ACR); Amphiarius phrygiatus (APH); Bathygobius soporator (BSO); Batrachoides surinamensis (BSU); Butis koilomatodon (BKO); Colomesus psittacus (CPS); Epinephelus itajara (EIT); Engraulidae gen. (ENG); Gobiesox barbatulus (GBA); Gymnothorax aff. funebris (GFU); Lutjanus jocu (LJO); Mugil aff. curema (MCU); Mugil aff. hospes (MHO); Mugil sp. (MSP); Omobranchus punctatus (OPU); Rypticus randalli (RRA); Sphoeroides greeleyi (SGR); Thalassophryne nattereri (TNA).
Fig. 1 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil
Fig. 1. Location of the tide pools sampled in 2011 on the sandy beaches of the Amazonian Coastal Zone at (A) Areuá, (B) Algodoal, (C) Fortalezinha, (D) Marieta, and (E) Maçarico.
Figure 2 in Use of tide pools as a spawning site by the bocon toadfish Amphichthys cryptocentrus (Batrachoidiformes: Batrachoididae), state of Maranhão, Brazil
Figure 2. - Amphychthys cryptocentrus larva (1.1 cm TL) caught in a tide pool on Panaquatira Beach, São José de Ribamar, State of Maranhão, Brazil. Photo: N.M. Piorski
Figure 1 in Use of tide pools as a spawning site by the bocon toadfish Amphichthys cryptocentrus (Batrachoidiformes: Batrachoididae), state of Maranhão, Brazil
Figure 1. - Adult male Amphychthys cryptocentrus (12.3 cm TL) caught in a tide pool on Panaquatira Beach, São José de Ribamar, state of Maranhão, Brazil. Photo: N.M. Piorski.
Nodal tide components for the PSMSL annual and monthly dataset (preliminary)
<p><strong>Nodal tide components for the PSMSL annual and monthly dataset (preliminary)</strong></p> <p>This preliminary dataset contains the tidal component for the mean sea level for the tide gauges in the Permanent Service for Mean Sealevel dataset. These files can be used to subtract the long term tide of the mean sea level.</p> <p><strong>Authors and contact</strong></p> <p>This dataset is created by Jelmer Veenstra, Martin Verlaan, Fedor Baart, and Willem Stolte. You can contact Jelmer Veenstra or Fedor Baart for more information.</p> <p><strong>Files</strong></p> <p>You can find the following files in this dataset.</p> <ul> <li><code>monthlymean_gtsm_psmsl-{id}.csv</code>: monthly tidal corrections for mean sea level.</li> <li><code>yearlymean_gtsm_psmsl-{id}.csv</code>: annual tidal corrections for the mean sea level.</li> <li><code>yearlymeanOLS_gtsm_psmsl-{id}.csv</code>: annual tidal corrections based on a harmonic analysis through the reanalysis data (see details below).</li> <li><code>df_OLSmodelstats_year.csv</code>: an overview of the phase and amplitude of the harmonic analysis of all the stations, also includes the equilibrium tidal amplitude.</li> </ul> <p>All files are stored in <code>.csv</code> files, using a <code>,</code> as field separator and <code>.</code> as decimal separator. Time is stored as <code>YYYY</code> for the annual series and as <code>YYYY-MM</code> for the monthly series.</p> <p>The file <code>df_OLSmodelstats_year.csv</code> also contains the list of all stations for which we provide information. More information on these stations can be found at [1].</p> <p><strong>Data specific information</strong></p> <p>The file <code>monthlymean_gtsm_psmsl-{id}.csv</code> contains the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>- <code>time [year-month]</code> : year-month for which the mean tidal level is determined</li> <li>- <code>sea_surface_height_due_to_tide [m]</code>: mean sea surface level due to tidal waves [m]</li> </ul> <p>The file <code>yearlymean_gtsm_psmsl-{id}.csv</code> contains the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>- <code>time [year]</code>: year for which the mean tidal level is determined</li> <li>- <code>sea_surface_height_due_to_tide [m]</code>: mean sea surface level due to tidal waves [m]</li> </ul> <p>The file <code>yearlymeanOLS_gtsm_psmsl-{id}.csv</code> contains the following columns:</p> <ul> <li>- <code>time [year]</code>: year for which the mean tidal level is determined</li> <li>- <code>sea_surface_height_due_to_tide_fitted [m]</code>: mean sea surface level due to tidal waves, harmonic fit [m]</li> </ul> <p>The file <code>df_OLSmodelstats_year.csv</code> contains the following columns:</p> <ul> <li><code>longitude [degrees east]</code>: longitude of the station</li> <li><code>latitude [degrees north]</code>: latitude of the station</li> <li><code>station_name</code>: station name</li> <li><code>nodal tide U [m]</code>: linearized fit of the nodal cycle (A/U/cos term) (relative to 1970) [m]</li> <li><code>nodal tide V [m]</code>: linearized fit of the nodal cycle (B/V/sin term) (relative to 1970) [m]</li> <li><code>nodal amplitude [m]</code>: amplitude of the fitted nodal cycle, sqrt(A<strong>2 + B</strong>2) [m]</li> <li><code>nodal phase [radians since 1970-01-01]</code>: phase of the fitted nodal cycle arctan2(B, A) [rad, epoch 1970]</li> <li><code>mean sea surface height of nodal fit [m]</code>: mean tidal level over the fitted time window [m]</li> <li><code>nodal amplitude fitted with nodal epoch [m]</code>: amplitude of the fitted nodal tide with epoch at the start of the phase of the nodal tide. Note that the amplitude here can be negative. [m]</li> <li><code>nodal amplitude of equilibrium tide [m]</code>: equilibrium amplitude of the nodal tide [m]</li> </ul> <p><strong>Methods</strong></p> <p>To generate this dataset we have run a tidal model (GTSM v4.0) for 19 years. This multi-decadal reanalysis of tides allows separating the tidal component from other sea-level fluctuations. The purpose of this computation is to correct yearly mean and monthly mean tide gauge records for this tide constituent. See [1, 2] for a discussion on this topic.</p> <p>The equilibrium ampltiude is computed as:</p> <pre><code>abs(0.69 * 20 * (3 * sin(deg2rad(lat))**2 - 1)) / 1000</code></pre> <p>This assumes an all water, elastic earth, and no self attraction.</p> <p>In this simulation, all tidal forcings (~400) are active. Thus the estimates also contain indirect non-linear effects, such as the nodal modulation on the amplitude of M2 interacting with itself. This allows the computation to deviate from the equilibrium tide. The tidal potential, corrections for solid earth tide (through Love numbers), and self attraction and loading are included.</p> <p>Using this dataset we fit, using an ordinary least squares approach, the nodal tidal amplitude, and phase. Details of this analysis can be found in the corresponding notebook [3].</p> <p>The results have not been validated or published, so please use this dataset with caution. See the details in the section preliminary results.</p> <p><strong>Preliminary results</strong></p> <p>These are preliminary results, intended for evaluation with other scientists. Make sure you take into account the following:</p> <ul> <li> <p>These results are based on GTSM 4.0, we expect to create an updated version based on 4.1. Version 4.1 should have a better internal tide model, which should improve reanalysis results in general.</p> </li> <li> <p>The following regions are not reliable:</p> <ul> <li>Black Sea, due to a limited topological relation with the rest of the grid. These stations are excluded.</li> <li>Regions in inlets have not been validated</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p>The reanalysis amplitude is lower than expected from equilibrium tide (about a factor 2 lower). Research into the cause of this is pending (love numbers, self attraction can be considered).</p> </li> <li> <p>The phase of the nodal tide is not yet validated.</p> </li> <li> <p>Some stations have deviating mean sea levels. A few examples:</p> </li> <li> <p>psmsl-173: station in the river mound the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. Not enough resolution</p> </li> <li> <p>psmsl-1067: Anchorage in Alaska, in an inlet</p> </li> <li> <p>psmsl-495: inlet</p> </li> <li> <p>psmsl-1908: bathymetry/bridge</p> </li> <li> <p>psmsl-2285: bathymetry resolution/bridge</p> </li> </ul> <p>General remark: resolution in narrow tidal inlets and stations up rivers are not accurate. In an updated version we might be able to use cells just outside the inlet. Tide in narrow inlets can be quite different from outside.</p> <p><strong>Sharing and Access information</strong></p> <p>This dataset is available under a CC-BY-SA license [3]. See the link below for details.<br> This work is licensed under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License</a>.</p> <p>Please make sure you refer to the preliminary status of this dataset if you use it.</p> <p>[0] https://www.psmsl.org</p> <p>[1] https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-11-00169.1</p> <p>[2] https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-11A-00023.1</p> <p>[3] http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/</p>
Figure 2 in Spatial distribution of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata in low-energy tide-dominated sandy beaches
Figure 2. Mean slope (°, ¡SE) of the five studied beaches calculated using three replicate random samples in each site. Identical letters indicate non-significant differences in the post hoc Scheffé's test for multiple pair-wise comparisons.
Figure 5 in Spatial distribution of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata in low-energy tide-dominated sandy beaches
Figure 5. Comparison of the mean number of burrows per m2 (¡SE) of Ocypode quadrata among beaches and zones. Numbers in brackets represent the numbers of squares sampled. Numbers at the left side of the bars indicate the results of Scheffé's test for multiple comparisons of zones among beaches. Letters at the right side of the bars indicate the results of Scheffé's test for multiple comparisons of zones within beaches. Identical labels (numbers or letters) indicate non-significant differences in the post hoc Scheffé's test. See Table III for the results of the ANOVA.
Figure 4 in Spatial distribution of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata in low-energy tide-dominated sandy beaches
Figure 4. Schemes of zonation of Ocypode quadrata in the study areas. Horizontal dotted lines indicate heights of mean number of individuals per m2 for each 1 m interval estimated using five randomized replicated samples. This the same site were equivalent in length (x-axis): Segredo, 21 m; Cabelo Gordo, 21 m; Pitangueiras, 24 m; Zimbro
Figure 1 in Spatial distribution of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata in low-energy tide-dominated sandy beaches
Figure 1. Map of the São Sebastião Channel, south-eastern Brazil, illustrating the five study beaches.
Figure 6 in Spatial distribution of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata in low-energy tide-dominated sandy beaches
Figure 6. Comparison of the mean burrow diameter (¡SE) of Ocypode quadrata among beaches and zones. Numbers in brackets represent the numbers of burrows sampled. Numbers at the left side of the bars indicate the results of the non-parametric Tukey-type test for multiple comparisons of zones among beaches. Letters at the right side of the bars indicate the results of the non-parametric Tukey-type test for multiple comparisons of zones within beaches. Identical labels (numbers or letters) indicate non-significant differences in the post hoc Scheffé's test. See Table IV for the results of the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis tests.
Figure 3 in Spatial distribution of the ghost crab Ocypode quadrata in low-energy tide-dominated sandy beaches
Figure 3. Mean sand grain size (phi, ¡SE) and mean sorting coefficient (phi, ¡SE) for each zone and beach calculated using five replicate measures in each zone. Mi, medium intertidal; Ui, upper intertidal; Sf, subterrestrial fringe.
Fig. 3 in Diel movement patterns of Pacific sugar limpet, Patelloida saccharina (Gastropoda: Patellogastropoda: Lottiidae) in response to semi-diurnal tides of Samal Island, Philippines
Fig. 3. Movement patterns of Patelloida saccharina limpets in Catagman, Samal Island, during various lunar phases. A, New Moon, 27–28 March 2017; B, First Quarter, 4–5 April 2017; C, Full Moon, 9–10 April 2017; D, Last Quarter, 19–20 April 2017. The left and right y-axes correspond to the percentage of moving limpets and tidal height measurements in metres above chart datum (C.D.), respectively. Grey vertical bars represent the percentage of actively moving limpets during each lunar phase. The bar at the bottom corresponds to the day-night cycle: (from left to right) white = daytime, grey = transitioning to sunset, black = night-time, grey = sunrise. Note that the activity of P. saccharina limpets was observed during dark periods only, from sunset to night-time until before sunrise, as long as they were covered by the tide.
Fig. 2 in Diel movement patterns of Pacific sugar limpet, Patelloida saccharina (Gastropoda: Patellogastropoda: Lottiidae) in response to semi-diurnal tides of Samal Island, Philippines
Fig. 2. Patelloida saccharina clamped on: A, bare rock face; B, rock covered with sand and turf algae. C, portion of the 5 × 5 cm grid quadrat laid on a reef patch with three P. saccharina individuals. Apices of limpet shells were painted with nail polish. Photographs by EY Zapanta and MA Fortaleza.
FIG. 7 in Between Vanuatu tides: 3D anatomical reconstruction of a new brackish water acochlidian gastropod from Espiritu Santo
FIG. 7. — Transverse histological sections of Pseudunela espiritusanta n. sp.: A, pharynx with radula, penis, basal finger; B, salivary gland, buccal ganglion; C, sphincter; D, sperm storing receptacles. Abbreviations: am, ampulla; bf, basal finger; bg, buccal ganglion; ed, ejaculatory duct; gog, gastro-oesophageal ganglion; oe, oesophagus; p, penis; ph, pharynx; ppd, paraprostatic duct; pr, prostate; r, radula; rs, receptaculum seminis; s, sphincter; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary gland; st, stylet of basal finger; vd, vas deferens. Scale bars: A-C, 100 μm; D, 25 μm.
FIG. 6 in Between Vanuatu tides: 3D anatomical reconstruction of a new brackish water acochlidian gastropod from Espiritu Santo
FIG. 6. — Reproductive system of Pseudunela espiritusanta n. sp. (schematic drawing). Abbreviations: alg, albumen gland; am, ampulla; bc, bursa copulatrix; bf, basal finger; do, oviduct; ed, ejaculatory duct; fgo, female gonopore;meg, membrane gland; mgo, male gonopore; mug, mucus gland; ov, ovotestis; p, penis; ppd, paraprostatic duct; ppr, paraprostate; pr, prostate; ps, penial sheath; pst, penial stylet; rs, receptaculum seminis; s, sphincter; st, stylet of basal finger; vd, vas deferens; vdp, posterior-leading vas deferens. Not to scale.
FIG. 5. — 3D in Between Vanuatu tides: 3D anatomical reconstruction of a new brackish water acochlidian gastropod from Espiritu Santo
FIG. 5. — 3D reconstruction of the circulatory, excretory and reproductive systems of Pseudunela espiritusanta n. sp.: A, circulatory and excretory systems, right view; B, complete reproductive system, dorsolateral view from right; C, nidamental glands, sperm storing receptacles and sphincter, right view; D, anterior male copulatory organs, left view. Abbreviations: alg, albumen gland; am, ampulla; ao, aorta; bc, bursa copulatrix; bf, basal finger; do, oviduct; ed, ejaculatory duct; h, heart; k, kidney; meg, membrane gland; mug, mucus gland; ndd, nephroduct dorsal branch; ndv, nephroduct ventral branch; np, nephropore; ov, ovotestis; p, penis; pc, pericardium; ppd, paraprostatic duct; ppr, paraprostate; pr, prostate; pst, penial stylet; rpd, renopericardioduct; rs, receptaculum seminis; s, sphincter; st, stylet of basal finger; vd, vas deferens; vdp, posterior-leading vas deferens. Scale bars: 200 μm.
FIG. 4 in Between Vanuatu tides: 3D anatomical reconstruction of a new brackish water acochlidian gastropod from Espiritu Santo
FIG. 4. — Radula of Pseudunela espiritusanta n. sp., SEM-micrographs: A, row of radular teeth; B, rhachidian teeth, right view; C, rhachidian tooth, anterior view; D, right lateral teeth, arrow points to blunt protrusion; E, left lateral teeth. Abbreviations: cc, central cusp; d, denticle; ltl, left lateral tooth; ltr1, first right lateral tooth; ltr2, second right lateral tooth; n, notch; 1-4, lateral denticle on rhachidian tooth. Scale bars: 10 μm.
FIG. 1 in Between Vanuatu tides: 3D anatomical reconstruction of a new brackish water acochlidian gastropod from Espiritu Santo
FIG. 1. — Habitat, external morphology and general anatomy of Pseudunela espiritusanta n. sp.: A, type locality when tide is just coming in; B, habitat of P. espiritusanta n. sp.: underside of rocks embedded in coarse sand (arrowhead points to exact place where specimens were found); C, 3D reconstruction, position of internal organs: green, central nervous system; blue/lilac, digestive system; yellow, circulatory and excretory systems; red/brownish, reproductive system; D, photograph of living specimen. Abbreviations: cns, central nervous system; dg, digestive gland; f, foot; k, kidney; lt, labial tentacle; ov, ovotestis; pr, prostate; rh, rhinophore; sgl, salivary gland; sp, spicule; vd, vas deferens; vh, visceral hump. Scale bars: C, 500 μm; D, 1 mm.
FIG. 3. — 3D in Between Vanuatu tides: 3D anatomical reconstruction of a new brackish water acochlidian gastropod from Espiritu Santo
FIG. 3. — 3D reconstruction of the central nervous system and digestive system of Pseudunela espiritusanta n. sp.: A, cns, dorsolateral left view; B, cns without cerebral nerves, right view; C, cns and digestive system, right view; D, spicules surrounding cns and buccal mass, right view. Abbreviations: a, anus; bg, buccal ganglion; cg, cerebral ganglion; cns, central nervous system; dg, digestive gland; ey, eye; gog, gastro-oesophageal ganglion; i, intestine; ltn, labial tentacle nerve; oe, oesophagus; og, optic ganglion; on, optic nerve; osg, osphradial ganglion; ot, oral tube; pag, parietal ganglion; pg, pedal ganglion; ph, pharynx; plg, pleural ganglion; pn, pedal nerve; r, radula; rhg, rhinophoral ganglion; rhn, rhinophoral nerve; sgl, salivary gland; sp, spicule; st, statocyst; subg, subintestinal ganglion; supg, supraintestinal ganglion; vg, visceral ganglion; vn, visceral nerve. Scale bars: A, B, 100 μm; C, D, 300 μm.
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