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91 results for “Tropical Asia”
FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Batriscenellus Jeannel from tropical Asia (Coleoptera Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
FIGURE 3. Diagnostic characters of Batriscenellus vietnamicus, male. A. Head and prothorax, dorsal. B. Abdomen, dorsal. C. Sternite 7 (IX). D–F. Aedeagus, in axial (D), ventral (E), and lateral (F) view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm in A, B; 0.05 mm in C; 0.1 mm in D–F.
Data from: Nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals Pleistocene divergence and subsequent secondary contact of two genetic lineages of the tropical rainforest tree species Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) in Southeast Asia
Tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia have been affected by climatic fluctuations during past glacial eras. To examine how the accompanying changes in land areas and temperature have affected the genetic properties of rainforest trees in the region, we investigated the phylogeographic patterns of a widespread dipterocarp species, Shorea leprosula. Two types of DNA markers were used: expressed sequence tag-based simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) and chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) sequence variations. Both sets of markers revealed clear genetic differentiation between populations in Borneo and those in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra (Malay/Sumatra). However, in the southwestern part of Borneo genetic admixture of the lineages was observed in the two marker types. Coalescent simulation based on cpDNA sequence variation suggested that the two lineages arose 0.28 to 0.09 million years before present, and that following their divergence migration from Malay/Sumatra to Borneo strongly exceeded migration in the opposite direction. We conclude that the genetic structure of S. leprosula was largely formed during the middle Pleistocene and was subsequently modified by eastward migration across the subaerially exposed Sunda Shelf.
FIGURES 31–32 in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 31–32. Nigilgia spp., male genitalia, a. Uncus-tegumen, b. valva, c. saccus, d. juxta, e. phallus. 31. N. anactis, China, Gen. prep. AK601 (CAK). 32. N. browni sp. nov., paratype, Christmas Isl (Australian Territory), Gen. prep. AK725 / BM32394 (BMNH).
FIGURES 1–8. Brachodinae. Adults. 1 in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 1–8. Brachodinae. Adults. 1. Synechodes polias sp. nov., male, holotype, Sulawesi (Indonesia), alar expanse 19.5 mm (BMNH). 2. Synechodes tamila sp. nov., male, holotype, India, alar expanse 23.5 mm (BMNH). Fig. 3. Synechodes andamanensis Kallies, 2004, male, Andaman Isl (India), alar expanse 15.5 mm (BMNH). 4. Saccocera orpheus (Kallies, 2004), holotype, male, Java (Indonesia), alar expanse 16.5 mm (RMNH). 5. S. orpheus, paratype, female, Java (Indonesia), alar expanse 24.0 mm (RMNH). 6. Saccocera panaras sp. nov., female, holotype, Papua New Guinea, alar expanse 22.5 mm (BMNH). 7. Saccocera miangkabau sp. nov., female, Sumatra (Indonesia), alar expanse 27.0 mm (CAK). 8. Miscera minahasa sp. nov., female, holotype, Sulawesi (Indonesia), alar expanse 13.8 mm (ANIC).
FIGURES 15–17. Brachodinae. Female genitalia. 15 in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 15–17. Brachodinae. Female genitalia. 15. Saccocera panaras sp. nov., holotype, Gen. prep. AK703 / BM32392 (BMNH). 16. Saccocera miangkabau sp. nov., Gen. prep. AK660 (CAK). 17. Miscera minahasa sp. nov., holotype, Gen. prep. AK617 / ANIC10605 (ANIC).
FIGURE 30 in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURE 30. Paranigilgia mariannae sp. nov., male genitalia, holotype, Sulawesi (Indonesia), a, total; phallus, juxta and left valva removed, b. left valva, c. juxta, d. phallus; Gen. prep. AK488 / ANIC10606 (ANIC).
FIGURES 28–29 in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 28–29. Paranigilgia brandti sp. nov., genitalia. 28. male, paratype, West Papua, Gen. prep. AK110 (CAK). a. Uncus-tegumen, b. valva, with juxta attached, c. saccus, d. phallus. 29. female, paratype, West Papua, Gen. prep. AK137 (CAK).
FIGURES 18–27. Phycodinae. Adults. 18 in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 18–27. Phycodinae. Adults. 18. Paranigilgia brandti sp. nov., male, paratype, West Papua (Indonesia), alar expanse 19.0 mm (CAK). 19. Paranigilgia mariannae sp. nov., male, paratype, Sulawesi (Indonesia), alar expanse 20.0 mm (ANIC). Figs 20–22. Nigilgia anactis Diankonoff, 1982. 20. male, China, alar expanse 12.5 mm (CAK). 21. female, China, alar expanse 14.0 mm (CAK). 22. female, India, alar expanse 14.5 mm (BMNH) (arrow indicates inner black transverse fascia with white speckles near posterior margin). 23. Nigilgia atribractea sp. nov., female, paratype, Papua New Guinea, alar expanse 15.0 mm (USNM) (arrow indicates inner black transverse fascia without white speckles near posterior margin). Figs 24–25. Nigilgia browni sp. nov., males, Christmas Isl (Australia) (BMNH). 24. Paratype, alar expanse 9.5 mm. 25. Holotype, alar expanse 10.0 mm. 26. Nigilgia sp., female, West Papua (Indonesia), alar expanse 16.5 mm (USNM). 27. N. anactis, live specimen, Hong Kong (image Mark Sterling).
FIGURES 11–14. Brachodinae. Male and female genitalia. 11–12 in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 11–14. Brachodinae. Male and female genitalia. 11–12. Saccocera orpheus (Kallies, 2004). 11. male, holotype, Gen. prep. AK238 (arrow indicates gnathos) (RMNH). 12. female, paratype, Gen. prep. AK40 (arrow indicates position of pouch-like structure at the ovipositior) (RMNH). 13. Synechodes agrippina (Meyrick, 1930), male, Gen. prep. AK129 / BM29206 (arrow indicates gnathos) (BMNH). 14. Synechodes andamanensis Kallies, 2004, paratype, Gen. prep. AK147 / BM29208 (arrow indicates ovipositior without pouch-like structure) (BMNH).
FIGURES 9–10. Brachodinae. Male genitalia. a in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 9–10. Brachodinae. Male genitalia. a. ventral view, phallus removed; b. juxta; c. phallus; d. terminal segments of abdomen. 9. Synechodes polias sp. nov., holotype, Gen. prep. AK593 / BMNH3161 (BMNH). 10. Synechodes tamila sp. nov., holotype, Gen. prep. AK602 / BMNH31615 (BMNH).
FIGURES 33–36. Phycodinae. Nigilgia spp., female genitalia. 33. N in New and little known Brachodidae from tropical Asia and Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera, Cossoidea)
FIGURES 33–36. Phycodinae. Nigilgia spp., female genitalia. 33. N. anactis, India, Gen. prep. AK702 / BM32399 (BMNH). 34. N. anactis, China, Gen. prep. AK607 (CAK). 35. N. atribractea sp. nov., Papua New Guinea, Gen. prep. AK444 (USNM). 36. Nigilgia sp., female, West Papua (Indonesia), Gen. prep. AK28 (USNM).
Megafruit and megafauna diversity are positively associated, while megafruit traits are related to abiotic factors, in Tropical Asia
<p class="Body"><b>Aim</b></p> <p class="Body">For tens of millions of years, herbivorous megafauna were abundant across the globe, fulfilling important ecological roles including seed dispersal. Megafruits are very large fruits that are dispersed most effectively by megafauna. However, megafruits also occur in ecosystems where megafauna are extinct or were never present, emphasizing our incomplete understanding of megafauna-megafruit relationships. Here we use the complex biogeography of tropical Asia to investigate how megafruit diversity and traits are associated with the diversity of megafauna, smaller animals, and abiotic factors.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Location</b></p> <p class="Body">Tropical Asia, from the Indian subcontinent in the west to tropical China in the north to the Maluku archipelago (Indonesia) in the east.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Time period</b></p> <p class="Body">Late Pleistocene to the present day.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Major taxa studied</b></p> <p class="Body">Megafauna (body weight >500 kg) that consume fruits, including stegodons, elephants, rhinoceroses, giant tapirs, and large bovids. Fleshy-fruited plant species across the region with a fruit width >40 mm (i.e., megafruits).</p> <p class="Body"><b>Methods</b></p> <p class="Body">We compiled a list of all megafruits along with selected plant, fruit, and seed traits in 16 subregions across tropical Asia. We explored biogeographic patterns in megafruit diversity and traits in relation to the diversities of past and present megafauna, large- and medium-sized animals and abiotic factors (mean temperature, mean precipitation, precipitation seasonality, insularity).</p> <p class="Body"><b>Results</b></p> <p class="Body">We identified 496 megafruits in tropical Asia. Megafruit diversity was highest in subregions with high megafaunal diversity, particularly extant species. Megafruit traits were influenced most strongly by abiotic factors (mainly temperature and land area), and weakly by megafauna and smaller dispersers.</p> <p class="Body"><b>Main conclusions</b></p> <p class="Body">Our results are consistent with megafauna maintaining or responding to megafruit diversity, but variation in megafruit traits is primarily associated with abiotic factors. Given the massive megafaunal losses in tropical Asia since the Late Pleistocene, it is important to identify fruit traits that can increase megafauna-dependence and thus vulnerability to these losses.</p>
Tropical montane forest in South Asia: Composition, structure and dieback in relation to soils and topography
<p>We evaluated the composition, structure and dieback of a montane forest in relation to soils and physiography of an important biogeographic region that has been sparsely studied. Our objectives were to: 1. Describe the forest composition and structure; 2. Assess the current extent of dieback; and 3. Relate tree composition, structure, and dieback proneness to edaphic and physiographic measures. We enumerated all live and dead standing plants ≥ 3 cm diameter at breast height (DBH), in thirty 20×15 m<sup>2</sup> over story plots. We measured all regeneration <u><</u> 1m height in subplots, sampled soils and measures of physiography, and visually rated the proportion of crown die-back, and recorded standing dead trees.</p>
Distribution. Shallow, coastal waters of tropical and subtropical S & E Asia, from the Persian Gulf E to the S East China Sea and S to the Sunda Is. There are no records from Oman and the Philippines, although the species is expected eventually to be found in both locations. in Phocoenidae
Distribution. Shallow, coastal waters of tropical and subtropical S & E Asia, from the Persian Gulf E to the S East China Sea and S to the Sunda Is. There are no records from Oman and the Philippines, although the species is expected eventually to be found in both locations.
On following pages: 223. Mohave Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis); 224. Perote Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus perotensis); 225. Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus annulatus); 226. Tropical Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus adocetus); 227. European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus); 228. Russet Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus major); 229. Speckled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus); 230. Yellow Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus); 231. Little Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pygmaeus); 232. Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus musicus); 233. Asia Minor Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus); 234. Tauren Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus taurensis); 235. Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus erythrogenys); 236. Relict Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus relictus); 237. Tian Shan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus nilkaensis); 238. Brandt's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus brevicauda); 239. Pallid Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pallidicauda); 240. Alashan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus alashanicus); 241. Daurian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus). in Sciuridae
On following pages: 223. Mohave Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus mohavensis); 224. Perote Ground Squirrel (Xerospermophilus perotensis); 225. Ring-tailed Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus annulatus); 226. Tropical Ground Squirrel (Notocitellus adocetus); 227. European Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus citellus); 228. Russet Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus major); 229. Speckled Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus suslicus); 230. Yellow Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus fulvus); 231. Little Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pygmaeus); 232. Caucasian Mountain Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus musicus); 233. Asia Minor Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus xanthoprymnus); 234. Tauren Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus taurensis); 235. Red-cheeked Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus erythrogenys); 236. Relict Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus relictus); 237. Tian Shan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus nilkaensis); 238. Brandt's Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus brevicauda); 239. Pallid Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus pallidicauda); 240. Alashan Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus alashanicus); 241. Daurian Ground Squirrel (Spermophilus dauricus).
FIGURES 2–9. Male Stenoheriades bifida Griswold. 2. Head, facial view. 3. Hypostomal carina, lateral view. 4. Mouthparts, lateral view. 5 in First record of Stenoheriades Cockerell in tropical Asia: Stenoheriades bifida, new species (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
FIGURES 2–9. Male Stenoheriades bifida Griswold. 2. Head, facial view. 3. Hypostomal carina, lateral view. 4. Mouthparts, lateral view. 5. Mouthparts, close up showing details. 6. T1, dorsal view. 7. T6, T7, apical view. 8. S1, S2, ventral view. 9. S2, close up showing apical margin. Scale bar = 0.25 mm
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Sidera (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from tropical Asia
FIGURE 1. Phylogeny of Sidera vesiculosa and related species generated by maximum likelihood analysis based on combined ITS and nLSU sequences. Branches are labeled with maximum likelihood bootstrap value higher than 50%, maximum parsimony bootstrap value higher than 50%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities more than 0.95.
FIGURE 4 in A new species of Sidera (Hymenochaetales, Basidiomycota) from tropical Asia
FIGURE 4. Microscopic structures of Sidera vesiculosa (holotype, BJFC025377). a: Basidiospores; b: Basidia, basidioles and cystidia; c: Hyphae from subiculum; d: Hyphae from tube trama; e: Hyphae at dissepiment edge.
Data from: Nuclear and chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals Pleistocene divergence and subsequent secondary contact of two genetic lineages of the tropical rainforest tree species Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) in Southeast Asia
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Tropical montane forest in South Asia: Composition, structure and dieback in relation to soils and topography
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