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FIGURE 6 in A new cryptic species of Oreobates (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of central Brazil

FIGURE 6. Landscape of calcareous rock outcrops (A and B) in the São Domingos municipality, state of Goiás, type locality of Oreobates antrum sp. nov. Photos by C.F. Rocha.

FIGURE 5 in A new cryptic species of Oreobates (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of central Brazil

FIGURE 5. Map showing the type locality of the Oreobates antrum sp. nov. (black star), São Domingos municipality, Brazil. DF = Federal District; GO = State of Goiás; TO = State of Tocantins; BA = State of Bahia; MG = State of Minas Gerais.

FIGURE 3 in A new cryptic species of Oreobates (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of central Brazil

FIGURE 3. Color patterns in live specimens of Oreobates antrum sp. n. from the type locality at São Domingos, State of Goiás. Dorsum light brown (A) and reddish-brown (B), absence of dorsolateral bar (C), dorsolateral longitudinal stripes from post-ocular to sacral regions (D), diagonal labial bars slightly faded (E), light brown blotches between the eyes and nostrils (F). Photos by D.L. Santos, S.P. Andrade and E.P. Victor-Junior.

FIGURE 4 in A new cryptic species of Oreobates (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of central Brazil

FIGURE 4. Power spectrum (above), oscillogram (middle), and corresponding spectrogram (below) of a single call of the Oreobates antrum sp. nov. from type-locality at municipality of São Domingos, state of Goiás, Brazil. Recorded on 01 December 2013 at 21:07h. Air temperature 19°C, relative air humidity 85%.

FIGURE 1 in A new cryptic species of Oreobates (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of central Brazil

FIGURE 1. Consensus tree of Bayesian (A) and maximum likelihood (B) phylogenetic trees inferred from the combined dataset of 2132 bp of the 12S, 16S, RAG-1 and TYR genes. Branches values correspond to posterior probabilities in Bayesian inference (A) and bootstrap in maximum likelihood (B). Only values higher than 0.95 (BC) and 70% (ML) were considered. Branches in red indicate specimens of the new species (Oreobates antrum sp. nov.).

FIGURE 2 in A new cryptic species of Oreobates (Anura: Craugastoridae) from the seasonally dry tropical forest of central Brazil

FIGURE 2. Oreobates antrum sp. nov. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of the head, palmar (C) and plantar (D) views of the Holotype (MNRJ 91628). Bars = 3 mm.

opennotspecifiedOct 2018View details →

FIGURE 2. Bromeliad species sampled. A in Ciliate species from tank-less bromeliads in a dry tropical forest and their geographical distribution in the Neotropics

FIGURE 2. Bromeliad species sampled. A=Tillandsia dasyliriifolia, B=T. rothii, C=Bromelia pinguin, D=T. polystachia and E=B. karatas.

opennotspecifiedOct 2018View details →

FIGURE 3. a–p in Ciliate species from tank-less bromeliads in a dry tropical forest and their geographical distribution in the Neotropics

FIGURE 3. a–p. Ciliate from tank-less bromeliads in vivo (a, c, f, h, i, l), silver nitrate impregnation (e, j, k, n, o, p), protargol impregnation (b, d, m) and nigrosine (g). a. Spathidium spathula, b. Pattersoniella vitiphila, c. Gonostomum bromelicola, d. Drepanomonas revoluta, e. D. minuta, f. Bresslauides terricola, g. Colpoda cucullus, h. Epistylis sp., i. Vorticella sp., j. C. maupasi, k. Colpoda aspera, l. Leptopharynx costatus, m. Phacodinium metchnikoffi, n. Cyclidium glaucoma, o. Odontochlamys gouraudi, p. Tetrahymena sp. Scale bar: 10 µm. 20 X (f), 40 X (a, b, c, g, h, i, j, l, m, p), 100 X (d, e, k, n, o).

FIGURE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 2: Hysterium madraspatanum. a–d Ascomata on host surface. e–g Hamathecium. e–g Hamathecium of H. madraspatanum. h young developing ascus. i–j Ascus with biseriate ascospores. k Pseudoparaphyses. l young spore showing single septum. m–p Various stages of ascospores. Scale bars: a–b = 2 mm, c–d = 1 mm, e = 0.2 mm, f–g = 0.1 mm, h = 5 µm, i–j =10 µm, k =5µm, l–p = 10µm.

FIGURE 1 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 1: Hysterium madraspatanum. a Habit. b Ascospores. c Various stages of ascus with ascospores. d Pseudoparaphyses showing the branching pattern. Scale bars: a = 0.5 mm, b = 20 µm, c = 20 µm, d = 10 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

FIGURE 3. Phylogram generated from Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) analyses, based on ITS sequence dataset including 15 taxa representing Hysteriaceae. The new species is highlighted in red colour. Bayesian posterior probabilities above 1.0 are are represented at nodes.

opennotspecifiedDec 2023View details →

Fig. 4. Representative beetle species from Bosque Protector Jerusalem. A in Diversity of Beetles (Coleoptera) in an Inter-Andean Dry Tropical Forest in Ecuador

Fig. 4. Representative beetle species from Bosque Protector Jerusalem. A) Psomus sp. (Curculionidae), new genus country record, B) Bostrichidae, C) Urgleptes sp. (Cerambycidae), D) Sericoderus sp. (Corylophidae), E–F) Kateretidae; G) Ablechrus sp. 1 (Melyridae), H) Ptinidae. Scale bars: 1 mm. Photo credits: GNDM.

TABLE 2 in Hysterium madraspatanum (Hysteriaceae), a new species from Tropical Dry Evergreen Forest of Tamil Nadu, India

TABLE 2. Comparison of morphological characteristics, hosts information of closely related species to Hysterium madraspatanum.<table><tbody><tr><th>S. no Species</th><th>Ascomata</th><th>Exciple</th><th>Hamathecium</th><th>Asci</th><th>Ascospores</th><th>Hosts</th><th>Reference</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1.</th><td>H. barrianum</td><td>Ascomata atypically hysterithecioid, somewhat laterally compressed in the upper region, slightly connivent, sulcus very shallow, existing as a narrow rim, sides laterally striate, striae few and deep, straight to flexuous, sessile on the substrate, rarely bifurcating, taller than wide at maturity: 1–2.5 mm long × 250–450 μm high, 200–300 μm wide.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, cellular, 1–2 μm wide, branched above the ascal layer to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, short-stipitate, (110)125– 135 × 15–20 μm.</td><td>Phragmospores fusiform, narrow, hyaline and straight when young, becoming pale-yellow to lightly clear brown, and curved when mature, highly guttulate, with guttulae large, highly refractive, present in every cell, with (7–)9(–11) septa, measuring (35–)40–45(–55) × (7–)9–10(–12) μm when mature.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>2.</th><td>H. insidens</td><td>Fruiting bodies single or in groups, embedded or erumpent, elongated, linear, tapering towards the ends, straight, not branched, up to 2.4 × 0.26 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, branched, with thickened tips, forming an epitheciurn above the asci.</td><td>Asci broad to cylindrical, 8 spored, irregularly biseriate, 140–150 × 18–23 μm.</td><td>Ascospores golden to dark brown, fusiform to oblong, phragmosporous, most commonly with 7 or 8 transverse septa, often Salvia mellifera constricted at median septum, middle cell usually swollen, 28 –35 × 10–12 μm.</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>3.</th><td>H. velloziae</td><td>Fruiting bodies arranged in evenly distributed groups, embedded or erumpent, broad to ellipsoid with almost abrupt ends, slit broad, straight, not branched, up to 1.2 × 0.5 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses hyaline, septate, filiform, not thickened much at the tips, branched to form an epithecium.</td><td>Asci irregularly biseriate, broad cylindrical, 8 spored, 130–140 × 20–25 μm.</td><td>Ascospores light brown with dark brown septa, fusiform, phragmosporous, 13–21 septate, most commonly 14 or 15 septate, 45–50(60) × 10–12 (14) μm.</td><td>-</td><td>E.J. van der Linde 1992.</td></tr><tr><th>4.</th><td>H. angustatum</td><td>Hysterothecia superficial with base immersed, carbonaceous, black, subglobose to elongate, straight or flexuous, smooth laterally, with a longitudinal slit, sulcus shallow, gregarious, lying at irregular angles, without KOH Extractable pigment 0.2–1.4 × 0.1–0.3 mm, 0.1–0.3 mm high.</td><td>-</td><td>Pseudoparaphyses Asci bitunicate, cylindrical, septate, hyaline, branched short pedicillate, 8 spored, above the asci, 1–1.5 µm irregularly biseriate, wide. 57.5–88 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores 16–30 x 4–8.5 µm, 3- septate (rarely 4-septate), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Platanus occidentalis, Corylus avellana, Betula pendula, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus excelsior.</td><td>Jayasiri S. C. et al. 2018.</td></tr><tr><th>5.</th><td>H. citricola</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, The wall lined by black hard and opening by narrow long slit thick walled cells. measuring from 1537–1762 × 450 –787 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching forming the epithecium at apex</td><td>Asci hyaline to slightly yellow in colour, arises from the basal hymenium layer which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 118–170 × 9–11 µm.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, Citri limon oblong to ellipsoid measuring from 20–26 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966</td></tr><tr><th>6.</th><td>H. lantanae</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic, black and hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 1300–1470 × 450 –525 µm from the basal hymenium layer.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphysate, paraphyses occasionally branched forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 125–145 × 7–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally four celled, hyaline first, later changing Lantana camara to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 24–30 × 8–9.6 µm.</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>7.</th><td>H. tamarindi</td><td>Ascocarp superficial elongated stromatic black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 700–1560 × 285–435 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at the apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate 8 spored measuring from 156–210 × 9–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour,</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled which ultimately become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 19–30 × 7–8 µm.</td><td>Tamarindus indica</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>8.</th><td>H. memecyli</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and, opening by narrow long slit, measuring from 700–900 × 450–550 µm.</td><td>The wall lined by thick walled cells.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer asci originate which are parallel, bitunicate, cylindrical to clavate, 8 spored measuring from 200–240 × 8–11 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged, initially two celled and finally become four celled, hyaline first, later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 29–32 × 7–9 µm.</td><td>Memecylon edule</td><td>Tilak et al. 1966.</td></tr><tr><th>9.</th><td>H. celastrinum</td><td>Ascocarps superficial elongated stromatic, black hard and opening by narrow long slit measuring from 350–750 × 150–250 µm.</td><td>The wall is lined by thick walled cells and measures from 20–30 × 8 –12 µm.</td><td>Paraphyses occasionally branching, forming the epithecium at apex.</td><td>From the basal hymenium layer originate asci which are parallel, bitunicate cylindrical to ctavate 8 spored, measuring from 60–75 × 5–6 µm, hyaline to slightly yellow in colour.</td><td>Ascospores uniseriately arranged. 4 celled, hyaline first later changing to yellow and then dark brown, oblong to ellipsoid, measuring from 26.1– 29 × 5.8–9 µm.</td><td>Celastrus paniculatus</td><td>Tilak 1963.</td></tr><tr><th>10.</th><td>H. hyalinum</td><td>Asomata hysteriaceous, i.e they are elongate with a central narrow fissure, black, carbonaceous and remain closed when wet.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>The asci of the species measures 95–110 × 15 µm.</td><td>Ascospores become pale brown when matured, occasionally, they are 4 or 5 septate.</td><td>Populus</td><td>Cooke et al. 1875.</td></tr><tr><th>11.</th><td>H. pulicare</td><td>Ascostromata 500–2000 × 300–500(–700) µm, 200–300 µm tall, erumpent through bark Peridium with lateral or appearing superficial on wood where the walls 50–90 µm thick, bark is lost, elongate, narrowly elliptical to composed of very fusiform in outline, straight or irregularly dark, near opaque, curved, ovate to doliiform in vertical thick walled brown section, constricted at the base, scattered to black cells, basal or gregarious, superficial or nearly so, dull region similar, with a black, with a conspicuous longitudinal layer of hyaline thin cleft and often with inconspicuous parallel walled cells 40–50 striations, the cleft gradually widening to µm thick forming the expose the hymenium, which is coloured cavity floor. dark brown by the ascospores and encrusted paraphysoids.</td><td>Interascal tissue of paraphysoids ca 1.5 µm diam, filiform with rounded ends, hyaline, smooth, sparsely septate, branched and sometimes anastomosed, exceeding the asci and plugging the ascomatal slit when dry, occasionally with slight apical encrustation where exposed.</td><td>Asci (75–) 100–120 × 17–24 µm, cylindrical-clavate, stalked, tapering to a rounded or irregular base, thick-walled, fissitunicate, apex rounded, 8 spored, arising in parallel from the cavity floor.</td><td>Ascospores 26–37 × 7–12 µm, 3 septate (very rarely 4 septate), end cells much paler (near-hyaline), narrowly ellipsoidal-ovoid to cylindrical with rounded ends, often with one side straight, reddish brown, slightly constricted at the septa, the end cells concolorous or slightly paler than median cells.</td><td>Quercus</td><td>Boehm et al. 2009.</td></tr><tr><th>12.</th><td>H. petiolare</td><td>Hysterothecia 0.5 –1.0 × 0.2–0.4 mm, separate and in subparallel rows, ostiole prominent, frequently with a distinct rim surrounding its base giving a hat-shaped appearance to the fructification.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>spores hyaline, filiform, non-septate, 40–55 × 1.5 µm.</td><td>Rhus glabra and Quercus</td><td>Lowy B 1949.</td></tr><tr><th>13.</th><td>H. rhizophorae</td><td>Peridium 25–75 (x Saprobic on decaying wood of Ascomata = 50 μm, n = 5)μm hysterothecial, 650–2100 μm long (x = 1060 wide, carbonaceous, μm, n = 5), 100–400 μm high, 170–200 μm comprising an outer wide (x = 243 × 199 μm, n = 5), erumpent layer of dark brown to superficial with base immersed, solitary cells of textura to gregarious, straight to flexuous, ellipsoid globosa and aninner or elongate, with pointed ends, opening by a layer of hyaline to depressed longitudinal slit, invertical section pale brown cells of sub-globose to globose, carbonaceous, black. textura globosa.</td><td>Ascospores 10–17 × 3–5 μm (x = 14 × 4 μm, n = 30), overlapping Pseudoparaphyses Asci 40–65 × 6–12 μm (x = biseriate, light brown, ellipsoidal, 1–2 μm (n = 30) wide, 48 × 10 μm, n = 20),8 spored, straight to slightly curved, with cellular, septate, flexuous, bitunicate, cylindric to 3 transverse septa, often slightly branched. claviform, short pedicellate. constricted at the median septum, with or without guttules.</td><td>Rhizophora apiculata and Aegiceras corniculatum</td><td>Devdatha et al. 2018</td></tr><tr><th>14.</th><td>H. calabash</td><td>Apothecia gregarious in little clusters on the substratum, straight or curved, reaching a length of 1 mm.</td><td>-</td><td>-</td><td>Asci clavate, reaching a length of 70 μm and a diameter of 10 μm.</td><td>8 spored; spores fusoid, 3 septate, slightly constricted at the septa, pale-brown, about 18 × 8 μm.</td><td>Crescentia cujete and Lagenaria siceraria</td><td>Seaver, F. J. 1924.</td></tr></tbody></table>......continued on the next page......continued on the next page

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

dryad32/100

Beyond leaf habit: generalities in plant function across 97 tropical dry forest tree species

Leaf habit has been hypothesized to define a linkage between the slow-fast plant economic spectrum and the drought resistance-avoidance trade-off in tropical forests ('slow-safe versus fast-risky'). However, variation in hydraulic traits as a function of leaf habit has rarely been explored for a large number of species. We sampled leaf and branch functional traits of 97 tropical dry forest tree species from four sites to investigate whether patterns of trait variation varied consistently in relation to leaf habit along the 'slow-safe versus fast-risky' tradeoff. Leaf habit explained from 0 to 43.69 % of individual trait variation. We found that evergreen and semi-deciduous species differed in their location along the multivariate trait ordination when compared to deciduous species. While deciduous species showed consistent trait values, evergreen species trait values varied as a function of the site. Last, trait values varied in relation to the proportion of deciduous species in the plant community. We found that leaf habit describes the strategies that define drought avoidance and plant economics in tropical trees. However, leaf habit alone does not explain patterns of trait variation, which suggests that quantifying site-specific or species-specific uncertainty in trait variation as the way forward.

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

FIGURE 2 in Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil

FIGURE 2. Stigmaphyllon caatingicola: A. detail of the abaxial surface of entire leaves, B. detail of the adaxial surface of lobed leaves, C. flowering branches, D. detail of the inflorescence, E. detail of a sepal with oil glands, F. lateral and posterior petals, G. androecium with stamens connate at base and enlarged (androecium opened at the stamen opposite to the anterior sepal), H. detail of the gynoecium, I. detail of the samaroid mericarp (based on R.F.Almeida 577).

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

FIGURE 3 in Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil

FIGURE 3. Map of the distribution of Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (circles) and Stigmaphyllon urenifolium (squares).

opennotspecifiedJul 2014View details →

FIGURE 1 in Stigmaphyllon caatingicola (Malpighiaceae), a new species from Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests in Brazil

FIGURE 1. Stigmaphyllon caatingicola: A. adaxial leaf surface, B. detail of inflorescence, C. detail of flower, D. samaroid mericarp from S. urenifolium (left) and S. caatingicola (right, scale 1 cm), E. detail of stem surface, F. habitat within SDTF in anthropomorphically modified Caatinga (white arrow shows a tree with S. caatingicola climbing) (R.F.Almeida 577, holotype).

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

FIGURE 3. Cladophialophora bromeliacearum URM 8085 in Cladophialophora bromeliacearum (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales), a novel endophytic species from the Brazilian tropical dry forest

FIGURE 3. Cladophialophora bromeliacearum URM 8085 (ex-type living culture). a. Colony on PDA in the top and MEA after 30 days at 27 °C. b–c. Conidiophores and conidiogenous cells. d–e. Conidiophores, conidiogenous cells and conidia. f. Details of a conidiogenous cell and conidia. g. Chlamydospore. Scale bars: 10 µm.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

FIGURE 2 in Cladophialophora bromeliacearum (Herpotrichiellaceae, Chaetothyriales), a novel endophytic species from the Brazilian tropical dry forest

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) trees obtained using an independent matrix of ITS and LSU rDNA sequences of Cladophialophora species. The new species is in bold face. ML bootstrap (ML-BS) values from 70% are shown near nodes. The tree was rooted to Phialophora reptans CBS 113.85. The bar represents expected number of substitutions per site. The superscripts T, ET, and LT indicate ex-type, ex-epitype and ex-lectotype strains, respectively.