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Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. c. capensis Schreber, 1776 — S Africa N to Angola, Mozambique, and Zambia. M. c. buechneri Baryshnikov, 2000 — C Asia including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. M. c. concisa Thomas & Wroughton, 1907 — Algeria, Morocco, and Subsaharan Africa from Mauritania to Ethiopia. M.c. cotton: Lydekker, 1906 — C Africa from Gabon to Tanzania. M. M.c. inaurita Hodgson, 1836 — Nepal. \g M.c. indica Kerr, 1792 — India and Pakistan. M. M.c. maxwell Thomas, 1923 — Kenya and Somalia. \J M.c. pumalio Pocock, 1946 — S Arabian Peninsula and Yemen. M. M.c. signata Pocock, 1909 — Guinea and Sierra Leone. \f M.c. wilsoni Cheesman, 1920 — Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

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Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. in Canidae

Distribution. Arid mountainous regions of the Middle East. Known populations in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Oman, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. The species also ranges across much of Afghanistan and Iran, and surrounding regions in Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.

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Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. pardus Linnaeus, 1758 — Sudan and NE Zaire. P. p. adersi Pocock, 1932 — Zanzibar I (could be extinct). P. p. adusta Pocock, 1927 — Ethiopian highlands. P. p. ciscaucasicus Satunin, 1914 — Caucasus mountains. P. p. dathei Zukowsky, 1959 — S and C Iran (of dubious validity). P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930 — S China to Malay Peninsula. P. p. fusca Meyer, 1794 — Indian subcontinent. P. p. japonensis Gray, 1862 — NC China. P. p. jarvisi Pocock, 1932 — Sinai Peninsula. P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1949 — Sri Lanka. P. p. leopardus Schreber, 1777 — Rain forests of W and C Africa. P. p. melanotica Gunther, 1775 — S Africa. P. p. melas Cuvier, 1809 — Java. P. p. nanopardus Thomas, 1904 — Somali arid zone. P. p. nimr Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 —S Israel to Arabian peninsula. P. p. orientalis Schlegel, 1857 — Russian Far East, Korea, and NE China. P. p. panthera Schreber, 1777 — N Africa. P. p. pernigra Gray, 1863 — Kashmir through Nepal to SW Xizang and Sichuan. P. p. reichenow: Cabrera, 1918 — Savannas of Cameroon. P. p. ruwenzori Camerano, 1906 — Ruwenzori and Virunga mountains of Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi. P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 — N Iran and S Turkmenistan E to Afghanistan. P. p. sindica Pocock, 1930 — SE Afghanistan through W and S Pakistan. P. p. suahelicus Neumann, 1900 — E Africa, from Kenya S to Mozambique. P. p. tulliana Valenciennes, 1856 — Turkey. in Felidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P. p. pardus Linnaeus, 1758 — Sudan and NE Zaire. P. p. adersi Pocock, 1932 — Zanzibar I (could be extinct). P. p. adusta Pocock, 1927 — Ethiopian highlands. P. p. ciscaucasicus Satunin, 1914 — Caucasus mountains. P. p. dathei Zukowsky, 1959 — S and C Iran (of dubious validity). P. p. delacouri Pocock, 1930 — S China to Malay Peninsula. P. p. fusca Meyer, 1794 — Indian subcontinent. P. p. japonensis Gray, 1862 — NC China. P. p. jarvisi Pocock, 1932 — Sinai Peninsula. P. p. kotiya Deraniyagala, 1949 — Sri Lanka. P. p. leopardus Schreber, 1777 — Rain forests of W and C Africa. P. p. melanotica Gunther, 1775 — S Africa. P. p. melas Cuvier, 1809 — Java. P. p. nanopardus Thomas, 1904 — Somali arid zone. P. p. nimr Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1833 —S Israel to Arabian peninsula. P. p. orientalis Schlegel, 1857 — Russian Far East, Korea, and NE China. P. p. panthera Schreber, 1777 — N Africa. P. p. pernigra Gray, 1863 — Kashmir through Nepal to SW Xizang and Sichuan. P. p. reichenow: Cabrera, 1918 — Savannas of Cameroon. P. p. ruwenzori Camerano, 1906 — Ruwenzori and Virunga mountains of Zaire, Rwanda, and Burundi. P. p. saxicolor Pocock, 1927 — N Iran and S Turkmenistan E to Afghanistan. P. p. sindica Pocock, 1930 — SE Afghanistan through W and S Pakistan. P. p. suahelicus Neumann, 1900 — E Africa, from Kenya S to Mozambique. P. p. tulliana Valenciennes, 1856 — Turkey.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nattereriKuhl, 1817 — broadly extended in N, C & E Europe until 60° N and W Turkey. M.n.hoveliD.L.Harrison,1964—SCTurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andWJordan. M. n. tschuliensis Kuzyakin, 1935 — Crimea S to Caucasus region. Isolated populations from W Russia, Crete, Cyprus, and Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan are not currently assigned to a subspecies. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. n. nattereriKuhl, 1817 — broadly extended in N, C & E Europe until 60° N and W Turkey. M.n.hoveliD.L.Harrison,1964—SCTurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andWJordan. M. n. tschuliensis Kuzyakin, 1935 — Crimea S to Caucasus region. Isolated populations from W Russia, Crete, Cyprus, and Iraq, Iran, and Turkmenistan are not currently assigned to a subspecies.

Distribution. SW Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, NE Iran, SE Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India. in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. SW Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, NE Iran, SE Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India.

Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—muchofEuropeexceptforSIberianPeninsulaandmostofScandinavia,beingfoundinSBritainandfromN&CIberianPeninsulaEtoextremeSScandinavia,SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs(BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily),includingIonian(Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s.mirzadeFilippi,1865—STurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andNW,C&SWIran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, N Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, and NW China (Xinjiang). in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—muchofEuropeexceptforSIberianPeninsulaandmostofScandinavia,beingfoundinSBritainandfromN&CIberianPeninsulaEtoextremeSScandinavia,SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs(BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily),includingIonian(Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s.mirzadeFilippi,1865—STurkey,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,andNW,C&SWIran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, N Iran, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, N Afghanistan, and NW China (Xinjiang).

Distribution. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, NW & NE Iran, S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, W Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, NW Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India (Jammu and Kashmir). in Vespertilionidae

Distribution. Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, NW & NE Iran, S Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, W Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, NW Afghanistan, N Pakistan, and NW India (Jammu and Kashmir).

Subspecies and Distribution. P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.k.kuhliiNatterer,1817—C&SEurope,fromNFranceandIberianPeninsulaEtotheBalkans,limitinginNinSGermany,SCzechRepublic,Austria,andSlovakia;alsoonlargeMediterraneanIs. P.k.tkhwaniusCheesman&Hinton,1924—EAsiainSyria,Lebanon,Israel,Jordan,Iraq,Iran,andArabianPeninsula. P.k.lepidusBlyth,1845—SPoland,extremeESlovakia,Romania,Ukraine,WRussia,WKazakhstan,Caucasus,Anatolia,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,Afghanistan,Pakistan,andIndia. P. k. marginatus Cretzschmar, 1830 — N Africa from Morocco E to Egypt.

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed. in Vespertilionidae

Subspecies and Distribution. N. n. noctula Schreber, 1774 — throughout Europe from Great Britain, France, and Spain E to W Russia, W Kazakhstan, and SW Turkmenistan, including S Scandinavia, Gotland and Oland Is, and Cyprus (Cyprus records somewhat tentatively regarded as this subspecies). Absent throughout much of Iberia and is locally extinct in Portugal. N. n. lebanoticus D. L.. Harrison, 1962 — WC & SW Syria, Lebanon, and NE Israel. N. n. mecklenburzevi Kuzyakin, 1934 — SC & E Kazakhstan, SC Russia, W Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and NW China (Xinjiang). The species may be present in N Africa, with two records claimed from Algeria in 1858, but these may represent N. lasiopterus; further sampling is needed.

Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.cyclocerosHutton,1842—C&NEAfghanistanandW&SPakistan. O. c. arkal Eversmann, 1850 — NE Iran, S & NW Turkmenistan, and W Kazakhstan. in Bovidae

Subspecies and Distribution. O.c.cyclocerosHutton,1842—C&NEAfghanistanandW&SPakistan. O. c. arkal Eversmann, 1850 — NE Iran, S & NW Turkmenistan, and W Kazakhstan.

Distribution. NE Turkmenistan, S Uzbekistan along the border with Turkmenistan, S Tajikistan, and N Afghanistan. in Bovidae

Distribution. NE Turkmenistan, S Uzbekistan along the border with Turkmenistan, S Tajikistan, and N Afghanistan.

Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting. in Bovidae

Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting.

Distribution. Widespread in Mediterranean Basin from Iberian Peninsula and associated Is E through S Europe to Balkans, Caucasus, and Middle East; in North Africa in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt as far S as S Sinai; from Middle East, range continues patchily E into regions surrounding Black and Caspian seas, including Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, and then finally in two isolated populations in E Nepal and N Myanmar; also Canary Is. in Molossidae

Distribution. Widespread in Mediterranean Basin from Iberian Peninsula and associated Is E through S Europe to Balkans, Caucasus, and Middle East; in North Africa in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt as far S as S Sinai; from Middle East, range continues patchily E into regions surrounding Black and Caspian seas, including Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, and then finally in two isolated populations in E Nepal and N Myanmar; also Canary Is.

Subspecies and Distribution. C.e.elburzensisGoodwin,1939—EAlborz(=Elburz)Mts,C&EKopetDagofNEIranandSTurkmenistan,theBinaludMtsofNEIran,theShirkuhMtsofCIran,andtheTorkestanMtsofNW&WAfghanistan;limitsofdistributionareunresolvedandtheWextremeofthedistributioninYadzProvinceisseparatedfromtheN&EpartsoftherangebyportionsoftheC.e.Desert. C.e.isatissusAkbarirad,Darvish&Aliabadian,2016—QeidarMts,KarkasMts,andShirkuhMtsinNW&CIran. C. e. zykovi M. N. Meyer & Malikov, 2000 -W & C Kopet Dag and Small (Little) Balkhan Mts in SW Turkmenistan. in Calomyscidae

Subspecies and Distribution. C.e.elburzensisGoodwin,1939—EAlborz(=Elburz)Mts,C&EKopetDagofNEIranandSTurkmenistan,theBinaludMtsofNEIran,theShirkuhMtsofCIran,andtheTorkestanMtsofNW&WAfghanistan;limitsofdistributionareunresolvedandtheWextremeofthedistributioninYadzProvinceisseparatedfromtheN&EpartsoftherangebyportionsoftheC.e.Desert. C.e.isatissusAkbarirad,Darvish&Aliabadian,2016—QeidarMts,KarkasMts,andShirkuhMtsinNW&CIran. C. e. zykovi M. N. Meyer & Malikov, 2000 -W & C Kopet Dag and Small (Little) Balkhan Mts in SW Turkmenistan.

Distribution. Limits of distribution unknown but includes the Great Balkhan Mts of W Turkmenistan and the W & C Kopet Dag of S Turkmenistan and NE Iran. in Calomyscidae

Distribution. Limits of distribution unknown but includes the Great Balkhan Mts of W Turkmenistan and the W & C Kopet Dag of S Turkmenistan and NE Iran.

Subspecies and Distribution. E.. lichtensteini Vinogradov, 1927 — Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. E.l.balkhashensisShenbrot,1990—SofLakeBalkhashinSEKazakhstan(AlmatyRegion). E. l. jaxartensis Shenbrot, 1990 — Aral Karakum, N Kyzylkum, Aryskum, and W Moinkum deserts (Kyzylorda and South Kazakhstan regions of S Kazakhstan). in Dipodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. E.. lichtensteini Vinogradov, 1927 — Karakum and Kyzylkum deserts in Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. E.l.balkhashensisShenbrot,1990—SofLakeBalkhashinSEKazakhstan(AlmatyRegion). E. l. jaxartensis Shenbrot, 1990 — Aral Karakum, N Kyzylkum, Aryskum, and W Moinkum deserts (Kyzylorda and South Kazakhstan regions of S Kazakhstan).

Subspecies and Distribution. pos sagitta Pallas, 1773 — S Russia (Altai Krai) and right bank of Irtysh River in Kazakhstan (Pavlodar and East Kazakhstan regions). D.s.aksuensisWangSung,1964—NWChina(NTarimBasininXinjiang). D.s.austrouralensisShenbrot,1991—NWKazakhstan(WestKazakhstan,Atyrau,andAktoberegionsbetweenUralandEmbarivers). D.s.bulganensisShenbrot,1991—EKazakhstan(ELakeZaysaninEastKazakhstanRegion),NWChina(DzungarianBasininXinjiang),andMongolia(SKhovdandSWGovi-Altai). D.s.deasyiBarret-Hamilton,1900—NWChina(STarimBasininXinjiangandS&WQaidamBasininQinghai). D. s. fuscocanus Wang Sung, 1964 — W China (S foothills of E Tian Shan in Xinjiang). D. s. halli Sowerby, 1920 — China (NE Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol], SW Heilongjiang, NWJilin, and N Liaoning) and SE Mongolia (Stikhbaatar). D. s. innae Ognev, 1930 — S Russia (Astrakhan Region E of Volga River) and NW Kazakhstan (West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions W of Ural River). D. s. lagopus Lichtenstein, 1823 — WC Kazakhstan (E of Emba and N of Syrdarya rivers). D. s. megacranius Shenbrot, 1991 — SE Kazakhstan (Moinkum Sands in Jambyl Region). D. s. nogai Satunin, 1907 — S European Russia (Volgograd and Astrakhan regions E of Volga River, Kalmykia, and Dagestan). D. s. sowerbyi Thomas, 1908 — N China (NE Xinjiang, N Qaidam Basin in Qinghai, Gansu, SW Inner Mongolia, N Ningxia, and N Shaanxi) and Mongolia. D. s. turanicus Shenbrot, 1991 — SW Kazakhstan (S Kyzylorda S of Syrdarya River and Mangystau regions), Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan; it probably occurs in adjacent W Afghanistan. D. s. ubsanensis Bannikov, 1947 — NW Mongolia (N Uvs) and adjacent Russia (extreme S Tuva). D. s. usuni Shenbrot, 1991 — SE Kazakhstan (Almaty Region); it probably occurs in adjacent China (sands of Ili Valley of W Xinjiang). D. s. zaissanensis Selevin, 1934 — E Kazakhstan (NW Lake Zaysan Basin on the left bank of Irtysh River). Isolated population in N Iran (Turan Desert in E Semnan Province) may belong to turanicus or correspond to a yet undescribed subspecies. in Dipodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. pos sagitta Pallas, 1773 — S Russia (Altai Krai) and right bank of Irtysh River in Kazakhstan (Pavlodar and East Kazakhstan regions). D.s.aksuensisWangSung,1964—NWChina(NTarimBasininXinjiang). D.s.austrouralensisShenbrot,1991—NWKazakhstan(WestKazakhstan,Atyrau,andAktoberegionsbetweenUralandEmbarivers). D.s.bulganensisShenbrot,1991—EKazakhstan(ELakeZaysaninEastKazakhstanRegion),NWChina(DzungarianBasininXinjiang),andMongolia(SKhovdandSWGovi-Altai). D.s.deasyiBarret-Hamilton,1900—NWChina(STarimBasininXinjiangandS&WQaidamBasininQinghai). D. s. fuscocanus Wang Sung, 1964 — W China (S foothills of E Tian Shan in Xinjiang). D. s. halli Sowerby, 1920 — China (NE Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol], SW Heilongjiang, NWJilin, and N Liaoning) and SE Mongolia (Stikhbaatar). D. s. innae Ognev, 1930 — S Russia (Astrakhan Region E of Volga River) and NW Kazakhstan (West Kazakhstan and Atyrau regions W of Ural River). D. s. lagopus Lichtenstein, 1823 — WC Kazakhstan (E of Emba and N of Syrdarya rivers). D. s. megacranius Shenbrot, 1991 — SE Kazakhstan (Moinkum Sands in Jambyl Region). D. s. nogai Satunin, 1907 — S European Russia (Volgograd and Astrakhan regions E of Volga River, Kalmykia, and Dagestan). D. s. sowerbyi Thomas, 1908 — N China (NE Xinjiang, N Qaidam Basin in Qinghai, Gansu, SW Inner Mongolia, N Ningxia, and N Shaanxi) and Mongolia. D. s. turanicus Shenbrot, 1991 — SW Kazakhstan (S Kyzylorda S of Syrdarya River and Mangystau regions), Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan; it probably occurs in adjacent W Afghanistan. D. s. ubsanensis Bannikov, 1947 — NW Mongolia (N Uvs) and adjacent Russia (extreme S Tuva). D. s. usuni Shenbrot, 1991 — SE Kazakhstan (Almaty Region); it probably occurs in adjacent China (sands of Ili Valley of W Xinjiang). D. s. zaissanensis Selevin, 1934 — E Kazakhstan (NW Lake Zaysan Basin on the left bank of Irtysh River). Isolated population in N Iran (Turan Desert in E Semnan Province) may belong to turanicus or correspond to a yet undescribed subspecies.

Subspecies and Distribution. J.b.blanfordiMurray,1884—Iran,W&SAfghanistan,andSWPakistan. J.b.margianusShenbrot,1990—STurkmenistan. J. b. turemenicus Vinogradov & Bondar, 1949 — N & W Turkmenistan, C Uzbekistan, and marginally in S Kazakhstan (S Kyzylorda Region). in Dipodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. J.b.blanfordiMurray,1884—Iran,W&SAfghanistan,andSWPakistan. J.b.margianusShenbrot,1990—STurkmenistan. J. b. turemenicus Vinogradov & Bondar, 1949 — N & W Turkmenistan, C Uzbekistan, and marginally in S Kazakhstan (S Kyzylorda Region).

Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pumilioKerr,1792—SEuropeanRussia,Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,andNIran. P.p.bullatoidesShenbrot,1995—SWMongolia(MongolianDzungaria). P.p.iliensisShenbrot,1995—SEKazakhstan(CIliRiverBasin). in Dipodidae

Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pumilioKerr,1792—SEuropeanRussia,Kazakhstan,Uzbekistan,Turkmenistan,andNIran. P.p.bullatoidesShenbrot,1995—SWMongolia(MongolianDzungaria). P.p.iliensisShenbrot,1995—SEKazakhstan(CIliRiverBasin).