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Figures 128–139 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 128–139: Carapace, anterior half, of representative Syntropini species, emphasizing differences in the anterior emargination and median indentation. 128. K. punctipalpi punctipalpi, female, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 129. K. bruneus loretoensis, male, Loreto, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 130. K. hirsuticauda, female, Indian Gorge Canyon, ABDSP, California, USA. 131. K. cazieri, male, Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico. 132. K russelli, female, Deming, New Mexico, USA. 133. K. kovariki, female holotype, Durango, Durango, Mexico. 134. T. atrox, female, Colima, Colima, Mexico. 135. T. cristimanus, male, Autlán, Jalisco, Mexico. 136. H. eusthenura, male, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 137. H. gravicaudus, female, Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 138. H. globosus, female, Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico. 139. Syntropis aalbui, holotype female, Cataviña, Baja California, Mexico (after Soleglad et al., 2007: fig. 17, in part).

Figures 103–113 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 103–113: Leg tarsus, ventral view, of select Syntropinae species. Tribe Syntropini, exhibiting multiple distal spinule pairs. 103. Kochius punctipalpi punctipalpi, female, right leg III. 104. Thorellius cristimanus, male, right leg IV. 105. Hoffmannius eusthenura, male, right leg III. 106. Syntropis williamsi, female holotype, right leg IV (after Soleglad et al., 2007: fig. 8, in part). 107. Kochius cazieri, male, right leg III. 108. Thorellius atrox, female, right leg III. 109. Hoffmannius gravicaudus, female, right leg III. 110. Syntropis aalbui, female holotype, leg IV (after Soleglad et al., 2007: fig. 20, in part). Tribe Stahnkeini, exhibiting a single distal spinule pair. 111. Serradigitus wupatkiensis, female, right leg III. 112. Serradigitus adcocki, female, right leg III. 113. Stahnkeus subtilimanus, female, right leg III.

Figure 13 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 13: Trichobothrial pattern of Pseudouroctonus williamsi, male, Santa Ysabel Reserve, San Diego Co., California, USA.

Figures 23–26 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 23–26: Trichobothrial pattern of pedipalp patella, external view, of genus Thorellius showing orthobothriotaxy. 23. T. intrepidus, male, Mexico. 24. T. cristimanus, male, Autlán, Jalisco, Mexico. 25. T. atrox, female, Colima, Colima, Mexico. 26. T. occidentalis, female, Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico. Abbreviations of trichobothria: eb = external basal; esb = external suprabasal; em = external median; est = external subterminal; et = external terminal; v3 = ventral trichobothrium number 3.

Figure 7 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 7: Trichobothrial pattern of Paravaejovis pumilis, male, Ciudad Constitución, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Figure 4 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 4: Trichobothrial pattern of Paruroctonus surensis, male, Las Bombas, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Figures 75–88 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 75–88: Representative hemispermatophore mating plugs of subfamilies Syntropinae, Smeringurinae, and Vaejovinae. Tribe Syntropini, note toothed terminus. 75. Thorellius cristimanus, Autlán, Jalisco, Mexico. 76. Kochius punctipalpi punctipalpi, Los Aripes, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 77. Kochius hirsuticauda, Indian Gorge Canyon, ABDSP, California, USA. 78. Kochius cazieri, Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico. 79. Hoffmannius eusthenura, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 80. Hoffmannius puritanus, Jasper Trail, ABDSP, California, USA. 81. Hoffmannius confusus, Mesa, Arizona, USA. 82. Syntropis macrura (after Stockwell, 1989: fig. 228, in part). Tribe Stahnkeini, note smooth terminus. 83. Serradigitus wupatkiensis, ventral view, Wupatki Ruins, Wupatki National Monument, Arizona, USA. 84. Stahnkeus subtilimanus, ventral view, Vallecito Creek, Carrizo Badlands, ABDSP, California, USA. Tribe Smeringurini, note smooth terminus. 85. Paruroctonus silvestrii, Chihuahua Road, ABDSP, California, USA. 86. Paruroctonus boreus, Mercury, Nevada, USA. Subfamily Vaejovinae, note smooth terminus. 87. Pseudouroctonus minimus castaneus, Vista, San Diego Co., California, USA. 88. Pseudouroctonus williamsi, Santa Ysabel Reserve, San Diego Co., California, USA.

Figure 9 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 9: Trichobothrial pattern of Hoffmannius eusthenura, male, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico.

Figure 12 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. II. Stahnkeini, a new tribe in scorpion family Vaejovidae (Scorpiones: Chactoidea)

Figure 12: Basal pectinal teeth of female Serradigitus joshuaensis (top), Borrego Springs, California, and female Serradigitus minutis (bottom), Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, showing details of specialized tooth modifications. Note that the basal tooth exhibits all modifications: Laterally symmetric, and for these species, blunted in appearance (i.e., not elongated as exhibited in many Stahnkeini species), smooth, thus completely lacking a sensorial area. The second tooth exhibits partial modifications, slight angling and a reduced sensorial area. Note, though reduced in area, the density of the individual peg sensilla is the same as that found in the normal tooth. Other teeth lack these modifications, showing distal angling and a full-sized sensorial area.

Figure 46 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. II. Stahnkeini, a new tribe in scorpion family Vaejovidae (Scorpiones: Chactoidea)

Figure 46: Reported distribution of tribe Stahnkeini. • = Serradigitus (species identified); O = Stahnkeus (see Map in Fig. 47 for species identifications). Localities based on specimens examined and from the following sources: Stahnke (1940a, 1940b), Gertsch & Allred (1965), Williams (1968, 1970a, 1970b, 1980), Hjelle (1972), Soleglad (1972, 1974), Johnson & Allred (1972), Williams & Berke (1986), Berke (1987, in part) and Sissom & Stockwell (1991).

Figure 1 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. II. Stahnkeini, a new tribe in scorpion family Vaejovidae (Scorpiones: Chactoidea)

Figure 1: Distal half of movable finger, external view, of female Serradigitus g. gertschi, San Diego, California, showing configuration of outer (OD) denticles 1–3 as they relate to MD and inner (ID) denticles 1–4. Typically the only OD denticles discernible in tribe Stahnkeini are 1–3. Distally OD denticles are larger than adjacent MD denticles, but more proximally, the MD denticles, increasing in size, approach the size of the OD denticle thus obscuring their identification. Also note that the OD denticles are directly inline with the MD denticle row exhibiting no outer placement or basal swollenness on the finger externally. The four identified ID denticles are located on the internal aspect of the finger, and therefore are partially hidden by the OD and MD denticles.

Figures 17–32 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. II. Stahnkeini, a new tribe in scorpion family Vaejovidae (Scorpiones: Chactoidea)

Figures 17–32: Examples of the female pecten of genera Serradigitus and Stahnkeus showing the varied configurations of the basal teeth. 17. Serradigitus wupatkiensis. 18. S. adcocki. 19. S. torridus. 20. S. calidus. 21. S. bechteli. 22. S. g. gertschi. 23. S. minutis. 24. S. littoralis. 25. S. hearnei. 26. S. joshuaensis. 27. S. haradoni. 28. S. gramenestris. 29. S. pacificus. 30. Stahnkeus harbisoni. 31. S. subtilimanus. 32. S. deserticola. Figs. 20, 22, 26, 30–32 after Soleglad (1974, in part).

Figures 47–56 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 47–56: Right hemispermatophore, dorsal view, of genera of subfamily Syntropinae showing well developed lamellar hook. Dotted line indicates position of ventral trough. Tribe Syntropini: 47. Kochius hirsuticauda, Indian Gorge Canyon, ABDSP, California, USA. 48. Kochius cazieri, Cuatro Ciénegas, Coahuila, Mexico. 49. Thorellius intrepidus, Mexico. 50. Hoffmannius eusthenura, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. 51. Hoffmannius waeringi, Vallecito Creek, Carrizo Badlands, ABDSP, California, USA. 52. Hoffmannius puritanus, Jasper Trail, ABDSP, California, USA. 53. Syntropis macrura (after Stockwell, 1989: fig. 218, in part). Tribe Stahnkeini: 54. Serradigitus wupatkiensis, Wupatki Ruins, Wupatki National Monument, Arizona, USA. 55. Stahnkeus subtilimanus, Vallecito Creek, Carrizo Badlands, ABDSP, California, USA. 56. Gertschius crassicorpus, paratype, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico (after Graham & Soleglad, 2007: fig. 10, in part).

Figure 1 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 1: Histogram comparing chelal trichobothria distances between V1 and V2, and V2 and V3 for family Vaejovidae (ratio = V1|V2 / V2|V3). It is clear from these data that in subfamily Smeringurinae the distance between trichobothria V2 and V3 is on average more than twice as great than that between V1 and V2 (mean = 0.497: note that genus Paravaejovis is excluded from these data due to major neobothriotaxy found on the ventral surface of the chelal palm). In the other vaejovid assemblages representing subfamilies Syntropinae and Vaejovinae, the distance between V2 and V3 is not considerably greater than that between V1 and V2, exhibiting means from 0.812 to 1.049, i.e. the distances are typically subequal. In addition, Smeringurinae exhibits nearly standard error separation from the other vaejovid aggregates. Thin horizontal bar: minimum and maximum, heavy horizontal bar: standard error range (mean-SD/mean+SD), and vertical bar: mean; n = number of samples, cv = coefficient of variability (SD/mean).

Figure 3 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 3: Trichobothrial pattern of Paruroctonus hirsutipes, female, Algodones Dunes, Imperial Co., California, USA.

Figure 2 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 2: Trichobothrial pattern of Paruroctonus xanthus, male, Algodones Dunes, Imperial Co., California, USA.

Figures 31–39 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 31–39: Genital operculum of female of select species in family Vaejovidae. The arrowed bar pointing upward indicates position where sclerites are internally connected to the mesosoma; the arrowed bar pointing downward indicates anterior point of sclerite separation. Also note that in subfamily Smeringurinae the more developed membrane adjacent to the anterior edge of the sclerites. Subfamily Smeringurinae. 31. Smeringurus mesaensis, Palo Verde Wash, ABDSP, California, USA. 32. Smeringurus aridus, Palo Verde Wash, ABDSP, California, USA. 33. Paruroctonus silvestrii, Chihuahua Road, ABDSP, California, USA. Subfamily Syntropinae. 34. Stahnkeus subtilimanus, Borrego Springs, San Diego Co., California, USA. 35. Thorellius cristimanus, Autlán, Jalisco, Mexico. 36. Kochius punctipalpi punctipalpi, Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Subfamily Vaejovinae. 37. Pseudouroctonus reddelli, Comal Co., Texas, USA. 38. Pseudouroctonus minimus castaneus, Vista, San Diego Co., California, USA. 39. Vaejovis mexicanus, Aculco, Mexico, Mexico.

Figure 74 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 74: Photographs of hemispermatophore mating plug of Thorellius cristimanus, Autlán, Jalisco, Mexico. Distal barb is seen on right side of images, showing delicate curved teeth which face inwards when embedded in the hemispermatophore capsular area, the ventral side.

Figures 19–22 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figures 19–22: Paravaejovis pumilis, male, Ciudad Constitución, Baja California Sur, Mexico, showing diagnostic characters. 19. Chela, ventral view, showing neobothriotaxy. 20. Femur, dorsointernal view, showing trichobothria configuration, note midsegment position of e and d located distal to i (trichobothria connected by white lines). 21. Chelicera, ventral view, showing serrula and lack of ventral dentition on ventral edge of movable finger. 22. Chelal movable finger denticle edge, showing seven ID denticles and enlarged MD denticles approximating size of OD denticles.

Figure 15 in Contributions to scorpion systematics. III. Subfamilies Smeringurinae and Syntropinae (Scorpiones: Vaejovidae)

Figure 15: Trichobothrial pattern of Vaejovis janssi, male, Isla Socorro, Mexico (after Soleglad & Fet, 2005: figs. 20–26, in part).