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62 results for “Varroa”
A salivary chitinase of Varroa destructor influences host immunity and mite's survival
<p>This dataset represents raw data underlying the findings (and the figures) reported in the manuscript "<strong>A salivary chitinase of <em>Varroa destructor</em> influences host immunity and mite’s survival</strong>".</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 2A.</strong> <strong>Salivary gland expression of putative host regulation factors present found in the predicted secretome of <em>Varroa destructor</em>.</strong> (A)<strong> </strong>Relative expression data of 3 selected candidates are presented as mean fold changes of 3-4 independent biological replicates. Each replicate consisted of a pool of 5-10 mites and comprised , from which the RNA was extracted from,two samples: salivary glands (SG), and from the rest of the whole body, deprived of salivary glands (Whole Body – SG). Values on Y-axis are reported in Log<sub>10</sub> scale. Error bars represent standard error of the meandeviation (SD). Statistically significant differences are denoted with an asterisk (P < 0.005).</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 4.</strong> <strong>Survival of <em>Varroa. destructor</em> as affected by RNAi-mediated silencing of the gene encoding VdCHIsal. </strong>(A) Relative expression of <em>Vd-CHIsal</em> after mite soaking in a dsRNA solution. qRT-PCR data are presented as mean fold changes of 2-67 independent biological replicates. Each replicate consisted in a pool of 2-3 mites. Each time point was separately analyzed and the 0.9% NaCl 0.9% control sample was used as calibrator. Mean dCt values within each time point were compared by Student’s t-testone-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Mean values denoted with different letters are significantly different. Error bars represent standard deviation (the standard error of the meanSD). Mean values denoted with asterisks are significantly different (*p<0.05; ** p<0.01). (B) Kaplan-Meier survival curves of mites soaked in a solution of dsRNA targeting <em>Vd-CHIsal</em>. Saline controls (0.9% NaCl), GFP dsRNA and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA soaked mites (blue rhombus, green circles and orange squares, respectively) were individually maintained on the same host pupa throughout the whole duration of the assayP. Subjects at risk were 18, 30 and 45 for 0.9% NaCl, GFP dsRNA and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA treatments, respectively. Survival curve of dsVd-CHIsal was significantly different from dsGFP (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 6.086; P=0.0136) and from NaCl 0.9 (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>=6.611; P=0.0101), while no difference was observed between dsGFP and NaCl 0.9% (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 0.46; P=0.49). Statistical significance was set at 0.016 (Bonferroni correction). aIn a separateconcurrent set of trials, host pupae were replaced every 24 h for both saline controls (0.9% NaCl) and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA soaked mites (violet down-pointing and red up-pointing triangles, respectively). Subjects at risk were 29 and 22 for 0.9% NaCl and Vd-CHIsal dsRNA, respectively. Host pupae were maintained throughout the feeding or replaced every 24 h. Survival curve of dsVd-CHIsal was significantly different from (log rank test: <em>X</em><sub>2</sub>= 18.21; P<0.0001), Statistical significance was set at 0.05.Statistical details are in the text. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Fig 5.</strong> <strong>Differentially expressed genes in honey bee pupae artificially infested with mites delivering saliva with the full repertoire of proteins or lacking Vd-CHIsal.</strong> (A) Differential expression of 13 honey bee genes, as affected by presence of Vd-CHIsal in the saliva (KD/WS). DESeq2 adjusted <em>P</em> was < 0.05 and FDR was set at 5%. Log transformed mean FPKM values are reported on Y axis. For each Each group representsexperimental condition 3 individually analyzedseparate pupae were analyzed. Error bars represent SEMSD. Summary tables data sheets of differential expression analysis are presented in S2 and S3 Tables. (B) Relative expression of immune-related genes in honey bee pupae as affected by <em>Vd-CHIsal</em> expression in <em>Varroa destructor</em> infesting mites. Each groupmean value representsis obtained on 7-10 individually analyzed pupae, individually analyzed. Results of qRT-PCR are presented as mean fold changes relative to non-infested pupae used as calibrator. Values on Y axis are reported in Log<sub>10</sub> scale. Error bars represent standard deviation (the standard error of the meanSD). Mean values were compared by one-way ANOVA, followed by Tukey post-hoc test, and values statistically different are denoted with different letters (P<0.05). Detailed resultsDetails of statistical analyses are presented in S4 Table. NP: non-parasitized controls; WS: pupae infested with mites soaked in saline solution; KD: pupae infested with mites soaked in a solution of <em>dsRNA </em><em>Vd-CHIsal</em> dsRNA dsRNA solution.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>S1 File. </strong>Table resulting from Trinotate in-house annotation of the putatively secreted components of<em> Varroa destructor </em>predicted proteome. The annotation was performed following the protocol described in Materials and Methods section. Content of columns is hereafter described. A: GenBank accession number of the original transcript of <em>V. destructor</em>; B: GenBank accession number of the matching protein in <em>V. destructor</em>; C: ID name assigned by Transdecoder software; D: coordinates of the translation; E: top BLASTp hits in Swiss-Prot db; F: top BLASTp hits in the database of Hymenoptera venom; G: top BLASTp hits in the database of Acarina saliva; H: Pfam hits; I,: SignalP results indicating the presence of the signal peptide; J: TMHMM results indicating the presence of transmembrane domains; K: eggnog db hits; L: Kegg db hits; M: gene ontology retrieved from BLASTp; N: gene ontology retrieved from Pfam.</p>
Data from: Genome-wide association study of a Varroa-specific defense behavior in honeybees (Apis mellifera)
Honey bees are exposed to many damaging pathogens and parasites. The most devastating is Varroa destructor, which mainly affects the brood. A promising approach for preventing its spread is to breed Varroa-resistant honey bees. One trait that has been shown to provide significant resistance against the Varroa mite is hygienic behavior, which is a behavioral response of honeybee workers to brood diseases in general. Here we report the use of an Affymetrix 44K SNP array to analyze SNPs associated with detection and uncapping of Varroa-parasitized brood by individual worker bees (Apis mellifera). For this study, 22,000 individually labeled bees were video-monitored and a sample of 122 cases and 122 controls was collected and analyzed to determine the dependence / independence of SNP genotypes from hygienic and non-hygienic behavior on a genome-wide scale. After false-discovery rate correction of the p-values, six SNP markers had highly significant associations with the trait investigated (alpha < 0.01). Inspection of the genomic regions around these SNPs led to the discovery of putative candidate genes.
Juvenile hormone pathway in honey bee larvae: a source of possible signal molecules for the reproductive behavior of Varroa destructor
<p>The parasitic mite <i>Varroa destructor </i>devastates honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) colonies around the world. Entering a brood cell shortly before capping, the <i>Varroa</i> mother feeds on the honey bee larvae. The hormones 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH), acquired from the host, have been considered to play a key role in initiating <i>Varroa</i>'s reproductive cycle. This study focuses on differential expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of JH and ecdysone at 6 time points during the first 30 hours after cell capping in both drone and worker larvae of <i>A. mellifera</i>. This time frame, covering the conclusion of the honey bee brood cell invasion and the start of <i>Varroa</i>'s ovogenesis, is critical to the successful initiation of a reproductive cycle. Our findings support a later activation of the ecdysteroid cascade in honey bee drones compared to worker larvae, which could account for the increased egg production of <i>Varroa</i> in <i>A. mellifera</i> drones. The JH pathway was generally downregulated confirming its activity is antagonistic to the ecdysteroid pathway during the larva development. Nevertheless, the genes involved in JH synthesis revealed an increased expression in drones. The upregulation of <i>jhamt</i> gene involved in methyl farnesoate (MF) synthesis came into attention since the MF is not only a precursor of JH but it is also an insect pheromone in its own right as well as JH-like hormone in Acari. This could indicate a possible kairomone effect of MF for attracting the mites into the drone brood cells, along with its potential involvement in ovogenesis after the cell capping, stimulating <i>Varroa</i>'s initiation of egg laying.</p>
Data for synergistic and antagonistic interactions between Varroa destructor mites and neonicotinoid insecticides in male Apis mellifera honey bees
<p>Pressures from multiple, sometimes interacting, stressors can have negative consequences to important ecosystem-service providing species like the western honey bee (<i>Apis mellifera</i>). The introduced parasite <i>Varroa destructor</i> and the neonicotinoid class of insecticides each represent important, nearly ubiquitous biotic and abiotic stressors to honey bees, respectively. Previous research demonstrated that they can synergistically interact to negatively affect non-reproductive honey bee female workers, but no data exist on how concurrent exposure may affect reproductive honey bee males (drones). This is important, given that the health of reproductive females (queens), possibly because of poor mating, is frequently cited as a major driver of honey bee colony loss. To address this, known age cohorts of drones were obtained from 12 honey bee colonies – seven were exposed to field-relevant concentrations of two neonicotinoids (4.5 ppb thiamethoxam and 1.5 ppb clothianidin) during development via supplementary pollen patties; five colonies received patties not spiked with neonicotinoids. Artificially emerged drones were assessed for natural <i>V. destructor </i>infestation, weighed, and then allocated to the following treatment groups: 1. Control, 2. <i>V. destructor</i> only, 3. Neonicotinoid only, and 4. Combined (both mites and neonicotinoid). Adult drones were maintained in laboratory cages alongside attendant workers (1 drone : 2 worker ratio) until they have reached sexual maturity after 14 days so sperm concentration and viability could be assessed. The data that <i>V. destructor</i> and neonicotinoids interacted synergistically to negatively affect adult drone survival, but that they interacted antagonistically on emergence mass. Although sample sizes were too low to assess the effects of <i>V. destructor</i> and combined exposure on sperm quality, we observed no influence of neonicotinoids on sperm concentration or viability. Our findings highlight the diverse effects of concurrent exposure to stressors on honey bees, and suggest that <i>V. destructor </i>and neonicotinoids can severely effect the number of sexually mature adult drones available for mating.</p>
Recapping behavior in Apis cerana: does it contribute to resistance against Varroa destructor?
<p><span>The invasion of the ectoparasitic mite <em>Varroa</em> <em>destructor</em> in the European honey bee, <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em>, populations has led to the collapse of most wild stocks and to economic losses in beekeeping operations. Understanding how some <em>A. mellifera</em> populations survive infestations by this parasite is of high fundamental and practical interest and has led to numerous studies of potential resistance mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the uncapping and recapping of comb cells containing infested individuals b</span><span>y</span><span> nurse bees. Recapping was observed in most surviving populations, but its link to <em>V. destructor</em> resistance remains unclear. Investigating the occurrence of recapping in the Eastern honey bee, <em>Apis</em> <em>cerana</em>, the original host of the parasite, could provide a better understanding of the evolution and function of this behaviour in the genus <em>Apis</em>. We here determined the frequency of recapping in two <em>A. cerana</em> populations in China and Thailand and compared them with a sympatric <em>A. mellifera</em> population in China. The species, which differ in their susceptibility to infestations, did not show significant differences in recapping frequency. A specific association between recapping and resistance to <em>V. destructo</em>r in <em>A.</em> <em>cerana</em> is thus not supported. We discuss possible evolution scenarios and functions for this behaviour.</span></p>
Data from: Varroa destructor changes cuticular hydrocarbons to mimic its new host.
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Recapping behavior in Apis cerana: does it contribute to resistance against Varroa destructor?
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Data from: Interaction between Varroa destructor and imidacloprid reduces flight capacity of honeybees
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Data from: Genome-wide association study of a Varroa-specific defense behavior in honeybees (Apis mellifera)
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Data from: Development of a 44K SNP Assay focussing on the analysis of a varroa specific defense behavior in honey bees (Apis mellifera carnica)
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Data for synergistic and antagonistic interactions between Varroa destructor mites and neonicotinoid insecticides in male Apis mellifera honey bees
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Data from: Toward a better understanding of Apis mellifera and Varroa destructor microbiomes: introducing PhyloH as a novel phylogenetic diversity analysis tool
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Juvenile hormone pathway in honey bee larvae: a source of possible signal molecules for the reproductive behavior of Varroa destructor
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Whole genome gene expression differences between a coumaphos resistant and susceptible population of Varroa destructor
GEO Series GSE153472. Varroa destructor. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Brain transcriptomics of honey bee parasitized by Varroa destructor or Nosema ceranae
GEO Series GSE41109. Apis mellifera. 6 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Transcriptome of Varroa destructor life cycle
GEO Series GSE100554. Varroa destructor. 40 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Data from: Knock-on community impacts of a novel vector: spillover of emerging DWV-B from Varroa-infested honeybees to wild bumblebees
Novel transmission routes can directly impact the evolutionary ecology of infectious diseases, with potentially dramatic effect on host populations and knock-on effects on the wider host community. The invasion of Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic viral vector in Western honeybees, provides a unique opportunity to examine how a novel vector affects disease epidemiology in a host community. This specialist honeybee mite vectors deformed wing virus (DWV), an important re-emerging honeybee pathogen that also infects wild bumblebees. Comparing island honeybee and wild bumblebee populations with and without V. destructor, we show that V. destructor drives DWV prevalence and titre in honeybees and sympatric bumblebees. Viral genotypes are shared across hosts, with the potentially more virulent DWV-B overtaking DWV-A in prevalence in a current epidemic. This demonstrates disease emergence across a host community driven by the acquisition of a specialist novel transmission route in one host, with dramatic community level knock-on effects.
Supplementary material S25: Time course of the loudest Varroa pulse on each substrate compared to that of Varroa walking behaviour.
<p>Time course of a <em>Varroa </em>jolting pulse and walking accelerometer traces. A 0.5 second accelerometer extract of mite walking behaviour (black) is here compared to a 0.5 second extract of accelerometer data containing the loudest pulse on each substrate (red).</p>
Data from: Knock-on community impacts of a novel vector: spillover of emerging DWV-B from Varroa-infested honeybees to wild bumblebees
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Antennae transcriptomics of Varroa-hygienic and Nurse/Forager bees
GEO Series GSE63613. Apis mellifera. 13 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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