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66 results for “Vertebrata”
Figure 6. A in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 6. A, sacrum in anterior view (left, 3D reconstruction; right, labelled drawing), with abbreviations as defined in the legend to Figure 3. B, sacrum in posterolateral view, illustrating the spinal nerve foramen. C, articulated caudosacral and caudal vertebrae in left lateral view. D, left trunk rib articulating on v3 in anterior view. E, sacral rib in posterior view. Legend: da, dorsal articulation; ha, haemal arch; pa, posteroventral articulation with ilium; up, uncinate process; snf, spinal nerve foramen; va, ventral articulation.
Figure 2 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 2. Photograph of MNHN.F.QU17755, holotype of Phosphotriton sigei gen. et sp. nov. in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. The old collection number (1903–20) is partially visible. CG, costal groove; cl, cloaca; d, damaged area; f, fold; hl, hindlimb; pis, pisolith; r, rib; vc, vertebral column.
Figure 1 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 1. Original drawings of the 'mummified' salamander in ventral (numbered 420) and dorsal (numbered 419) views, from Filhol (1877). In Filhol's legend, drawing 419 would represent a portion of the snake Coluber lafonti, and only drawing 420 would represent the salamander. Note that the drawings are inverted (they are lithographs), and that the specimen is represented upside down (i.e. cranial direction down). The title of the plate is 'Reptiles of the Phosphorites' (translation by the authors).
Figure 4 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 4. Three-dimensional reconstruction of the skeleton of Phosphotriton sigei gen. et sp. nov. (B), scaled to the same length as other Eurasian urodeles: a European plethodontid, Hydromantes italicus Dunn, 1923 (A), and two salamandrids, Hypselotriton orientalis (David, 1873) (C) and Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758) (D).
Figure 8 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 8. Phylogenetic tree of urodeles based on parsimony analysis of morphological and molecular data (modified from the matrix of Wiens et al., 2005), showing the relationships between extant urodeles and Phosphotriton sigei gen. et sp. nov. Supraspecific names in bold indicate taxa into which the new taxon is included in the majority-rule (50%) consensus tree; numbers above branches, bootstrap values; bold numbers under branches, percentage of trees (among the first tree yielded by each of the 200 bootstrap replicates) in which P. sigei gen. et sp. nov. is placed on the branch.
Figure 5. A, v1 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 5. A, v1 in left lateral view with value for the angle between the posterior end of the neural arch and the zygapophyseal plane. B, v8 in left lateral view, with value of the same angle.
Figure 7 in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 7. Three-dimensional reconstructions of various parts of the skeleton (A–D) and of the lung (E, F). A, right and left femora in lateral and proximal views. B, left ilium in medial and lateral views. C, left and right ischia in dorsal view. D, pelvic bones in dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views; green (light grey in print), femur; light blue (medium grey in print), ischium; and dark blue (dark grey in print), ilium. E, virtual cross section of the anteriormost part of MNHN.F.QU17755, showing part of the preserved lung. F, three-dimensional reconstruction of the preserved part of the lung, in ventral view. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; ama, anterior margin of the acetabulum; Ant., anterior; ct, crista trochanterica; gt, greater trochanter; plp, posterolateral projection; pmp, posterior median process; sh, shaft; tb, tubercle; trg, trochanteric groove; Vent., ventral.
Figure 3. A in Synchrotron analysis of a 'mummified' salamander (Vertebrata: Caudata) from the Eocene of Quercy, France
Figure 3. A, skeleton of MNHN.F.QU17755 in dorsal view. B–F, trunk vertebra (v6) in dorsal (B), ventral (C), left lateral (D), posterior (E), and anterior (F) views. G–J, trunk vertebrae in posterolateral view, illustrating a type-III disposition of the spinal nerves (Edwards, 1976) in Paramesotriton deloustali (Bourret, 1934) (G), Pseudobranchus striatus (LeConte, 1824) (H), Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst, 1807) (I), and Bolitoglossa mexicana Duméril, Bibron and Duméril, 1854 (J). Abbreviations: ac, anterior cotyle; af, anterior foramen; air, anterior interzygapophyseal ridge; bl, bony lamina; c, centrum; d, diapophysis; dap, dorsal alar process; f, fossa; lf, lateral fossa; LF, left femur; LI, left ilium; Lis, left ischium; mn, median notch; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; noc, notochordal canal; nsp, neural spine; p, parapophysis; pc, posterior cotyle; pir, posterior interzygapophyseal ridge; po, postzygapophysis; pr, prezygapophysis; pvc, posterior ventral crest; rb, ribbearer; RF, right femur; RI, right ilium; Ris, right ischium; s, sacrum; scf, subcentral foramen; snf, spinal nerve foramen.
FIG. 7 in List of amphibian species (Vertebrata, Tetrapoda) of Burkina Faso
FIG. 7. — Photos of collection vouchers: three anuran species from Burkina Faso preserved in alcohol, dorsal view (left) and ventral view (right). A, Sclerophrys mauritanica (Schlegel, 1841); MNHN-RA-1989.4038; B, Hyperolius lamottei Laurent, 1958; MNHN-RA-1997.9889; C, Ptychadena mascareniensis (Guibé & Lamotte, 1953); MNHN-RA-1996.3916. Photos: A, C, Halamoussa Joëlle Ayoro; B, Annemarie Ohler.
FIG. 5 in List of amphibian species (Vertebrata, Tetrapoda) of Burkina Faso
FIG. 5. — Representatives of anuran species from Burkina Faso in life. A, Kassina fusca Schiøtz, 1967; B-C, Kassina senegalensis (Duméril & Bibron, 1841); D, Phrynomantis microps Peters, 1875; E, Phrynobatrachus francisci Boulenger, 1912; F, Phrynobatrachus latifrons Ahl, 1924. Photos: Halamoussa Joëlle Ayoro.
FIG. 1 in List of amphibian species (Vertebrata, Tetrapoda) of Burkina Faso
FIG. 1. — Map showing the position of Burkina Faso in Africa (inset figure), and the vegetation zones of Burkina Faso with all localities where amphibian specimens were collected. Source: BNDT (2002).
FIG. 4 in List of amphibian species (Vertebrata, Tetrapoda) of Burkina Faso
FIG. 4. — Representatives of anuran species from Burkina Faso in life. A, Hemisus marmoratus (Peters, 1854); B, Afrixalus vittiger (Peters, 1876) C, Afrixalus weidholzi (Mertens, 1938); D, Hyperolius concolor concolor (Hallowell, 1844); E, Hyperolius nitidulus Peters, 1875; F, Kassina cassinoides (Boulenger, 1903). Photos: Halamoussa Joëlle Ayoro.
FIG. 3 in List of amphibian species (Vertebrata, Tetrapoda) of Burkina Faso
FIG. 3. — Representatives of anuran species from Burkina Faso in life. A-B, Arthroleptis poecilonotus Peters, 1863; C, Leptopelis bufonides Schiøtz, 1967; D, Leptopelis viridi (Günther, 1869); E, Sclerophrys maculata (Hallowell, 1854); F, Sclerophrys pentoni (Anderson, 1893). Photos: Halamoussa Joëlle Ayoro.
Data from: The interrelationships of 'complex' conodonts (Vertebrata)
Little attention has been paid to the suprageneric classification for conodonts and existing schemes have been formulated without attention to homology, diagnosis and definition. We propose that cladistics provides an appropriate methodology to test existing schemes of classification and in which to explore the evolutionary relationships of conodonts. The development of a multi-element taxonomy and a concept of homology based upon the position, not morphology, of elements within the apparatus provide the ideal foundation for the application of cladistics to conodonts. In an attempt to unravel the evolutionary relationships between 'complex' conodonts (prioniodontids and derivative lineages) we have compiled a data matrix based upon 95 characters and 61 representative taxa. The dataset was analysed using parsimony and the resulting hypotheses were assessed using a number of measures of support. These included bootstrap, Bremer Support and double-decay; we also compared levels of homoplasy to those expected given the size of the dataset and to those expected in a random dataset. The dataset was analysed in three hierarchical tranches, representing three levels of certainty concerning multi-element reconstructions and positional homologies. There is much agreement between the results derived from the three partitions, but some inconsistency, particularly in the precise composition of the three main evolutionary grades traditionally recognised (Prioniodontida, Prioniodinina, Ozarkodinina). This is considered to result from (a) the progressive inclusion of data that is increasingly uncertain and (b) the inclusion of increasingly distantly related taxa, introducing spurious hypotheses of homology. We tested for these by partitioning the dataset into the three main evolutionary grades and in each instance resolution was seen to in-crease substantially, especially among prioniodinins. Our concluding scheme of relationships is a tree derived from a compilation of the three component subtrees, which is directly compatible with the most-parsimonious trees derived from the initial second tranche analysis with the exception of the position of Hibbardella. This is compared in detail to the main extant schemes of suprageneric classification. A formal scheme of suprageneric classification is presented and the distribution of characters
Data from: Assessing the completeness of the fossil record: comparison of different methods applied to parareptilian tetrapods (Vertebrata: Sauropsida)
As paleontological studies are generally distorted by gaps and biases in the fossil record, it is important to assess its completeness. Here we address the fossil record of Parareptilia, a Permian–Triassic amniote clade, applying two measures of specimen completeness: the skeletal completeness metric (SCM) and the character completeness metric (CCM). The SCM quantifies how much of the skeletal material of a taxon is preserved, whereas the CCM measures the amount of phylogenetic information available. The latter was implemented using two different approaches. In this study, we compare three completeness metrics. Two CCM implementations show a strong correlation with each other, but only the second implementation of the CCM correlates significantly with the SCM, possibly due to character selection in phylogenetic data sets. There is no correlation between diversity of parareptiles and their completeness, implying that the observed fluctuations in diversity are not driven by the completeness of the fossils. The mean completeness of parareptiles through time is consistently high compared with previously studied tetrapod clades, suggesting that most parareptile taxa are based on reasonably complete specimens. Clade-specific differences reveal no link between body size and completeness. However, the analyses confirm the impact of ecology, with aquatic mesosaurids being better preserved than terrestrial taxa.
FIGURE 9 in Middle Eocene cartilaginous fishes (Vertebrata: Chondrichthyes) of the Dnieper-Donets Basin, northern Ukraine
FIGURE 9. Teeth of Physogaleus secundus (Winkler, 1876) from the middle Eocene deposits of Vyshhorod: A – upper lateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/24/2; B – lower anterolateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/24/1; C – lower lateral tooth NMNHU-G 391/24/5, all in lingual view.
Data from: The phylogenetic trunk: maximal inclusion of taxa with missing data in an analysis of the Lepospondyli (Vertebrata, Tetrapoda)
The importance of fossils to phylogenetic reconstruction is well established. However, analyses of fossil data sets are confounded by problems related to the less complete nature of the specimens. Taxa that are incompletely known are problematic because of the uncertainty of their placement within a tree, leading to a proliferation of most parsimonious solutions and wild card behavior. Problematic taxa are commonly deleted based on a priori criteria of completeness. Paradoxically, a taxon's problematic behavior is tree dependent, and levels of completeness are not directly associated with problematic behavior. Exclusion of taxa based on completeness eliminates real character conflict and, by not allowing incomplete taxa to determine tree topology, the phylogenetic hypothesis is diminished. The phylogenetic trunk approach is proposed to allow optimization of taxonomic inclusion and tree stability. This method is used in an analysis of the Paleozoic Lepospondyli. A single most parsimonious tree, or trunk, is found after removal of one taxon identified as being problematic. The 38 trees found one additional step from this primary trunk are reduced to two by removal of one additional taxon. These trunks are compared to the trees found by excluding taxa with various degrees of completeness. Effects of incomplete taxa are explored in light of the trunk. Correlated characters associated with limblessness are discussed regarding the assumption of character independence, but inclusion of intermediate taxa is found to be the single best method for breaking down long branches.
FIG. 2. — Woodfjordaspis felixi n. gen., n in Un nouveau ptéraspidiforme (Vertebrata, Heterostraci) du Dévonien inférieur du Spitsberg: nouvelles données paléo-ontogéniques
FIG. 2. — Woodfjordaspis felixi n. gen., n. sp., Formation de Wood Bay, Membre du Dicksonfjord, Dévonien inférieur, Woodfjord, Spitsberg: A, plaque orbitaire, vue interne, MNHN-SVD 1511; B, plaque pinéale, vue externe, MNHN-SVD 739a; C, disque ventral juvénile, vue interne, MNHN-SVD 1519; D, holotype, disque ventral adulte, vue interne, MNHN-SVD 1527a; E, disque dorsal, vue externe de la couche basale d'os lamellaire, MNHN-SVD 1574. Localité BIV. Échelles: A, C, 5 mm; B, 2 mm; D, E, 10 mm.
FIG. 6. — Spitsbergaspis prima n. gen., n in Un nouveau genre de Pteraspidiformes (Vertebrata, Heterostraci) de la Formation de Wood Bay (Dévonien inférieur, Spitsberg)
FIG. 6. — Spitsbergaspis prima n. gen., n. sp., Formation de Wood Bay, Dévonien inférieur, Spitsberg; A, partie de la plaque pinéale avec vue des pores et des canaux (sous alcool) du système sensoriel, partie gauche (MNHN, SVD 754); B, zone postérieure d'un disque dorsal, montrant l'absence complète d'épine dorsale (MNHN, SVD 740). Échelles: A, 2 mm; B, 10 mm.
FIG. 1. — A in Un nouveau genre de Pteraspidiformes (Vertebrata, Heterostraci) de la Formation de Wood Bay (Dévonien inférieur, Spitsberg)
FIG. 1. — A, localisation de l'archipel du Svalbard par rapport à l'Europe; B, carte géologique simplifiée du Spitsberg, localisation de la Formation de Wood Bay dans l'encadré, d'après Goujet (1984); localisation des gisements: 1 (A11), 2 (B IV), 3 (B II). Échelle: B, 100 km.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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