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411 results for “Viperidae”
Fig. 10 in On Trimeresurus sumatranus (Raffles, 1822), with the designation of a neotype and the description of a new species of pitviper from Sumatra (Squamata: Viperidae: Crotalinae)
Fig. 10. Live female of Trimeresurus malcolmi from Mount Kinabalu, Sabah, Borneo. Photo: M. Dehling.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Accessing cryptic diversity in Neotropical rattlesnakes (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalus) with the description of two new species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/a0f62e9a-3360-4076-92aa-b7c85ca34ce5">https://bionomia.net/dataset/a0f62e9a-3360-4076-92aa-b7c85ca34ce5</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/a0f62e9a-3360-4076-92aa-b7c85ca34ce5">https://gbif.org/dataset/a0f62e9a-3360-4076-92aa-b7c85ca34ce5</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: The Bush Vipers, genus Atheris Cope, 1862 (Squamata: Viperidae) of Bioko Island Gulf of Guinea, with the description of a new species.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "The Bush Vipers, genus Atheris Cope, 1862 (Squamata: Viperidae) of Bioko Island Gulf of Guinea, with the description of a new species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/d6d2d99d-db64-4025-a012-16c5e122f18b">https://bionomia.net/dataset/d6d2d99d-db64-4025-a012-16c5e122f18b</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/d6d2d99d-db64-4025-a012-16c5e122f18b">https://gbif.org/dataset/d6d2d99d-db64-4025-a012-16c5e122f18b</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Figure 2 in Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae)
Figure 2. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 50% majority-rule consensus phylogram, including taxa with morphological data only (analysis 8). The phylogram is derived from an analysis of 2343 bp mitochondrial and 85 gap-weighted or majority-coded morphological characters. The posterior probabilities are shown above nodes; bootstrap values from parsimony analysis of the same data set are shown below nodes (analysis 7). The parsimony analysis shows minor topological differences from the Bayesian analysis; refer to Figure S3 for the parsimony cladogram. Grey circles indicate posterior probabilities of 95 or greater, and bootstrap values of 70 or greater. Dashes indicate support values of less than 50. Letters correspond to the major lineages: A, Bothrocophias clade; B, Bothrops alternatus clade; C, Bothrops neuwiedi + Bothrops jararaca clade; D, Bothriopsis clade; E, Bothrops atrox clade.
Figure 1 in Morphological and molecular evidence for phylogeny and classification of South American pitvipers, genera Bothrops, Bothriopsis, and Bothrocophias (Serpentes: Viperidae)
Figure 1. Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) 50% majority-rule consensus phylogram, excluding taxa with morphological data only (analysis 11). The phylogram is derived from an analysis of 2343 bp of mitochondrial DNA and 85 gap-weighted or majority-coded morphological characters. The posterior probabilities are shown above nodes; bootstrap values from parsimony analysis of the same data set are shown below nodes (analysis 10). The parsimony analysis shows minor topological differences from Bayesian analysis; refer to Figure S1 for parsimony cladogram. Grey circles indicate posterior probabilities of 95 or greater and bootstrap values of 70 or greater. Letters correspond to major lineages: A, Bothrocophias clade; B, Bothrops alternatus clade; C, Bothrops neuwiedi + Bothrops jararaca clade; D, Bothriopsis clade; E, Bothrops atrox clade.
Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 4 (continued). Median-joining haplotype networks of all nuclear genes, with clades identified in mitochondrial and multi-locus phylogenetic trees indicated by boxes labelled as a) RAG1; b) cmos; c) PRLR; d) UBN1; e) NT3. The haplotype network branch diversity (HBd) for each clade is indicated in a box in each gene network.
Fig. 4 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 4 (continued on next page). Median-joining haplotype networks of all nuclear genes, with clades identified in mitochondrial and multi-locus phylogenetic trees indicated by boxes labelled as a) RAG1; b) cmos; c) PRLR; d) UBN1; e) NT3. The haplotype network branch diversity (HBd) for each clade is indicated in a box in each gene network.
Fig. 7. a–d in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 7. a–d. Gloydius chambensis sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (Specimen Number 18.13; Churah Valley, HARC R359). a. Whole body b–d. Close-up of the head in dorsal (b), lateral (c) and ventral (d) views. d. The first and 10th ventrals have been marked with black marker to assist with counting scales. e. A whole body view of specimen 17.v20 from Bhanjraru, Chamba. Photos provided by J.B. Owens and V. Santra.
Fig. 1 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 1. Locations of all specimens used in the study for morphological and phylogenetic analysis. The position of two significant mountain ranges of the Lesser Himalayas, Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar, are indicated by dashed lines. An inset showing the current known distribution of Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864) is also shown, with limits determined by the known altitudinal range (900–5000 m). The maps were constructed using Digital Elevation Models on QGIS ver. 3.22.1. The boundaries used on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the authors concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not be full agreement.
Fig. 3 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 3. Multispecies coalescent tree from *Beast. The tips indicate the assigned taxa, and branch labels are posterior probabilities. Clades A–F are as in Fig. 2. The tip labelled "Gloydius_himalayanus_HP1" corresponds to the Chamba specimens and HP2 to the samples from eastern Himachal Pradesh.
Fig. 6 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 6. Canonical Variate analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864) morphological data. Different analyses represent different combinations of characters and specimens as described in the text, a trade-off required by the presence of missing data. a. More characters, fewer specimens (n = 24): the main discriminating characters on CV1 are Supoc (with lower counts at more positive values), 14to12SC, 12to10SC and 8to6SC (occurring more posteriorly at more positive values) and on CV2 are Latgular, Strtemp, Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values). b. Intermediate number of characters and specimens (n = 27): the main discriminating characters on CV1 is Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values), and on CV2 are Latgular, Stripe, Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values) and Stripe and Sublab (with higher counts at more negative values). c. More specimens, fewer characters (n = 31): the main discriminating characters on CV1 is Supoc (with higher counts at more positive values), and on CV2 are Latgular and Strtemp (with higher counts at more positive values). This analysis requires a priori groups to be defined; however, Dalhousie/Kalatop specimens were plotted onto axes extracted using all other groups. In these analyses, CV1 and CV2 summarise 82, 85, and 95% of the variation present, respectively, with CV1 representing ca 60% in all cases.
Fig. 9 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 9. The habitat of Gloydius chambensis sp. nov. in Chamba District, Himachal Pradesh, India (elevation = 1700 m). Photo by V. Santra.
Fig. 8 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 8. Gloydius himalayanus (Günther, 1864). a–c. Male specimen (Great Himalayan National Park, Himachal Pradesh, India; Specimen Number: 18.30). a. Whole body. b–c. Close-up views of the dorsal (b) and lateral (c) head. d. Specimen 17.v03 (Palampur, Kangra), whole body in-situ. Photos provided by J.B. Owens and V. Santra.
Fig. 10 in Phylogenetic and morphological analysis of Gloydius himalayanus (Serpentes, Viperidae, Crotalinae), with the description of a new species
Fig. 10. Examples of bites from Gloydius chambensis sp. nov. a. Female victim bitten on the little toe of her left foot, while walking through long grass to collect drinking water, with visible swelling. b–c. Elderly woman, bitten on the ring finger of her right hand while cutting long grass for cattle fodder, with swelling, localized pain, and tenderness immediately after the bite. After 24 hours, there were signs of infection at the bite site with reduced swelling. The substances on the leg of the first victim and the white substance on the hand of the second victim were applied by a local faith healer.
Image 2 in Habitat suitability, threats and conservation strategies of Hump-nosed Pit Viper Hypnale hypnale Merrem (Reptilia: Viperidae) found in Western Ghats, Goa, India
Image 2. Gravid female killed in cashew plantation during weed clearance
Figure 1 in Habitat suitability, threats and conservation strategies of Hump-nosed Pit Viper Hypnale hypnale Merrem (Reptilia: Viperidae) found in Western Ghats, Goa, India
Figure 1. Distribution of Hypnale hypnale in the study sites and cashew plantations.
Image 1 in Habitat suitability, threats and conservation strategies of Hump-nosed Pit Viper Hypnale hypnale Merrem (Reptilia: Viperidae) found in Western Ghats, Goa, India
Image 1. Hypnale hypnale in natural habitat
Data from: Reticulate evolution in nuclear Middle America causes discordance in the phylogeny of palm‐pitvipers (Viperidae: Bothriechis)
Aim: A number of processes can lead to weak or conflicting phylogenetic signals, especially in geographically dynamic regions where unstable landscapes and climates promote complex evolutionary histories. The Middle American pitviper genus Bothriechis has a complex biogeographic distribution and previous phylogenetic analyses have recovered conflicting topologies based on the data type used. Here, we tested whether historic conflicts in the phylogeny were the result of reticulate evolution and whether the inferred biogeographic history of the group would enable contact among reticulate lineages. Location: Middle America Taxon: Palm-Pitvipers (genus Bothriechis) Methods: We generated a phylogenomic dataset using an anchored phylogenomics approach and inferred a genomics-based species tree and mitochondrial tree to assess incongruence among datasets. We then generated a dated phylogeny and conducted ancestral area reconstruction to examine the biogeographic history surrounding the diversification of these species. We additionally tested whether the discordance among trees is better explained by lineage sorting or reticulate evolution by testing models of reticulate evolution inferred through multiple methods. Results: We found strong support for discordance in the phylogeny of <i>Bothriechis</i> and corresponding evidence for reticulate evolution among lineages with incongruent placement. Ancestral area reconstruction placed these taxa in adjacent regions during the time period when reticulation was projected to take place and suggested a biogeographic history heavily influenced by vicariant processes. Main conclusions: Reticulation among geographically proximate lineages has driven apparent genomic discordance in Bothriechis and is responsible for historical incongruence in the phylogeny. Inference of the order of events suggests that reticulation in Nuclear Middle American occurred during a time of geologic upheaval, promoting lineage divergence and secondary contact. Reticulate evolution and similar processes can have substantial impacts on the evolutionary trajectory of taxa and are important to explicitly test for in biogeographically complex regions. Main conclusions: Reticulation among geographically proximate lineages has driven apparent genomic discordance in Bothriechis and is responsible for historical incongruence in the phylogeny. Inference of the order of events suggests that reticulation in Nuclear Middle American occurred during a time of geologic upheaval, promoting lineage divergence and secondary contact. Reticulate evolution and similar processes can have substantial impacts on the evolutionary trajectory of taxa and are important to explicitly test for in biogeographically complex regions.
Data from: Cryptic diversity in the Mexican highlands: thousands of UCE loci help illuminate phylogenetic relationships, species limits and divergence times of montane rattlesnakes (Viperidae: Crotalus)
With the continued adoption of genome-scale data in evolutionary biology comes the challenge of adequately harnessing the information to make accurate phylogenetic inferences. Coalescent-based methods of species tree inference have become common, and concatenation has been shown in simulation to perform well, particularly when levels of incomplete lineage sorting are low. However, simulation conditions are often overly simplistic, leaving empiricists with uncertainty regarding analytical tools. We use a large ultraconserved element (UCE) data set (>3000 loci) from rattlesnakes of the Crotalus triseriatus group to delimit lineages and estimate species trees using concatenation and several coalescent-based methods. Unpartitioned and partitioned maximum-likelihood and Bayesian analysis of the concatenated matrix yield a topology identical to coalescent analysis of a subset of the data in bpp. ASTRAL analysis on a subset of the more variable loci also result in a tree consistent with concatenation and bpp, whereas the SVDquartets phylogeny differs at additional nodes. The size of the concatenated matrix has a strong effect on species-tree inference using SVDquartets, warranting additional investigation on optimal data characteristics for this method. Species-delimitation analyses suggest up to 16 unique lineages may be present within the C. triseriatus group, with divergences occurring during the Neogene and Quaternary. Network analyses suggest hybridization within the group is relatively rare. Altogether, our results reaffirm the Mexican highlands as a biodiversity hotspot and suggest that coalescent-based species-tree inference on data subsets can provide a strongly supported species tree consistent with concatenation of all loci with a large amount of missing data.
Crotalus viridis (Viperidae) - whole organism
Image of Crotalus viridis (Viperidae) - whole organism
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OpenNeuro
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