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FIGURE 3. NHMUK 28660 in A new basal iguanodont (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of England

FIGURE 3. NHMUK 28660 in lateral (A) view, and rostral ramus in ventrolateral (B & C) view. In A and C, blue ellipses indicate the row of eight large foramina parallel to the tooth row, yellow indicates the row of eight smaller foramina parallel to the predentary groove (note that the rostral-most foramen is not visible in A), and red indicates the autapomorphic row of four smaller foramina that extends from the ventral surface of the symphyseal region to the lateral surface of the dentary (note that the two ventral-most foramina are not visible in A). Scale bars equal 10 cm.

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FIGURE 5 in A new basal iguanodont (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of England

FIGURE 5. Strict consensus tree of 10 MPTs of 359 steps each, following ordering of 22 multistate characters and safe taxonomic reduction. CI = 0.532, RI = 0.842. The new taxon Kukufeldia tilgatensis is highlighted. Numbers below and to the left of some nodes correspond to the following clade names: 1, Ornithopoda; 2, Iguanodontia; 3, Rhabdodontidae; 4, Dryomorpha; 5, Dryosauridae; 6, Ankylopollexia; 7, Styracosterna; 8, Hadrosauriformes; 9, Hadrosauroidea.

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FIGURE 2. NHMUK 28660 in A new basal iguanodont (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Wealden (Lower Cretaceous) of England

FIGURE 2. NHMUK 28660, holotype right dentary of Kukufeldia tilgatensis gen. et sp. nov. in lateral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), and rostral (D) views. Coronoid process and caudal end of the tooth row of NHMUK 28660 in medial (E) view. Abbreviations: al1, rostral-most alveolus; al18, caudal-most alveolus; dia, diastema; ist, in situ teeth; Mg, Meckelian groove; pdg, predentary groove; rcv, rough caudoventral region; srd, smooth rostrodorsal region; sym, symphysis. Scale bars in A-C and E equal 10 cm; scale bar in D equals 5 cm.

Figure 8 in Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England

Figure 8. Miscellaneous plesiosaur remains from the Wealden succession of England. A, distal propodial in dorsal view (NHM R5183). B, cervical vertebra in anterior view (NHM unregistered). C, cervical vertebra in lateral view (NHM unregistered). D, cervical vertebra in anterior view (NHM R609). E, cervical vertebra in lateral view (NHM R609). F, atlas-axis complex in dorsal, lateral and anterior views (NHM R5264). G, radius/tibia in dorsal view (NHM R5264). H, ulna/fibula in dorsal view (NHM R5264). I, cervical vertebra in lateral view (NHM 2429). J, cervical vertebra in posterior view (NHM 2444). K, cervical vertebra in lateral view (NHM 2444). Scale bars = 50 mm in A; 30 mm in B–E, G–K; 10 mm in F. Abbreviations: a-ast, atlas-axis suture; atl, atlas centrum; atlc, atlantal cup; axs, axis centrum; crib, cervical rib; epf, epipodial facet;?in/cef, possible intermedium/centrale facet; intf, intermedium facet; nf, neural arch facet; insnf, supernumerary facet; spi, spatium interosseum.

Figure 9 in Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England

Figure 9. Map (based on Smith, Smith & Funnell, 1995) showing distribution of Leptocleidus-like plesiosaurs during the Early Cretaceous: Berriasian–Valanginian (•), Leptocleidus capensis (South Africa) and 'Cimoliasaurus valdensis' (England); Hauterivian–Barremian (Δ), L. superstes (England) and L. clemai (Australia); Aptian–Albian (), Umoonasaurus demoscyllus/cf. 'Leptocleidus' sp. (Australia) and Nichollssaura borealis (Canada).

Figure 5 in Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England

Figure 5. Phylogeny of Plesiosauria using the character matrix of O'Keefe (2001, 2004a) with rescored data for some Leptocleidus-like taxa (see Appendix). Strict consensus maximum parsimony trees with multistate characters ordered (A, B) vs. unordered (C, D); and excluding taxa incorporating> 65/55% missing data (B, D: see text for details). Bayesian tree with multistate characters unordered (E) and then excluding taxa incorporating>65%/55% missing data (F, ordered vs. G, unordered). Boxed numbers represent character states (A–D)/posterior probabilities (E–G) at selected nodes (•); *plesiomorphic state; †reversal. Bootstrap/Bremer support values for major clades are given in the text.

Figure 4 in Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England

Figure 4. Appendicular elements of Leptocleidus superstes (NHM R4828). A, interclavicle and clavicles in dorsal view views. B, right clavicle in ventral view. C, left clavicle in ventral view. D, right scapula in lateral view. E, right scapula in posterior view. F, left humerus in posterior view. G, left humerus in ventral view. H, right humerus in posterior view. I, right humerus in ventral view. Scale bars = 50 mm in A, D–I; 100 mm in B, C. Abbreviations: cl, clavicle; icf, interclavicle foramen; incl, interclavicle; icn, intercoracoid notch; mas, muscle attachment scar; scs, scapular shelf.

Figure 3 in Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England

Figure 3. Axial elements of Leptocleidus superstes (NHM R4828). A, cervical centrum in articular and lateral views. B, dorsal centrum in articular and lateral views. C, articulated vertebral series in lateral view. D, dorsal rib in posterior view. E, Gastral ribs in ventral view. Scale bars = 30 mm in A, B, D, E; 100 mm in C. Abbreviations: arg, articular groove; cerv, cervical series; crib, cervical rib; dor, dorsal series; epc, excavated posterior cavity; pec, pectoral series.

Figure 2 in Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England

Figure 2. Skull, exoccipital-opisthotic, and tooth of Leptocleidus superstes (NHM R4828). A, skull in palatal view. B, skull in posterior view. C, exoccipital-opisthotic in dorsal view. D, exoccipital-opisthotic in lateral view. E, tooth in anterior view. Scale bars = 50 mm in A, B; 30 mm in C–E. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; ecfl, ectopterygoid flange; jf, jugular foramen; max, maxilla; pal, palatine; par, parasphenoid; ppr, paraoccipital process; pptv, posterior pterygoid vacuity; pt, pterygoid; qr-pt, quadrate ramus of the pterygoid; qu, quadrate; sof, sub-orbital fenestra; sq, squamosal; stf, sub-temporal fenestra.

Figure 1 in Reassessment of the Lower Cretaceous (Barremian) pliosauroid Leptocleidus superstes Andrews, 1922 and other plesiosaur remains from the nonmarine Wealden succession of southern England

Figure 1. Skull of Leptocleidus superstes (NHM R4828). A, dorsal view. B, right lateral view. Scale bar = 50 mm. Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; ept, epipterygoid; fr, frontal; hyo?, possible hyoid; jug, jugal; max, maxilla; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; pif, pineal foramen; pmx-st, premaxillary suture; pof, postfrontal; qr-pt, quadrate ramus of the pterygoid; qu, quadrate; sag, sagittal crest; sq, squamosal; sqap, squamosal apex; tmpf, temporal fenestra.

Figure 52. A phylogeny derived from Figure 49 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 52. A phylogeny derived from Figure 49 calibrated, by reference to known stratigraphical ranges of individual taxa plotted, against the geological timescale. Approximate age ranges of known taxa are indicated by black rectangles, and where there are implied stratigraphical ranges these are indicated by connecting tramlines. In instances where implied divergence events have occurred and generated substantial ghost-ranges, these are indicated by cross-hatching.

Figure 50. A tree based upon the analysis that generated Figure 48 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 50. A tree based upon the analysis that generated Figure 48, with particular nodes and stems named (see text for discussion/explanation). Abbreviations: CI, consistency index; RC, rescaled consistency index; RI, retention index.

Figure 48 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 48. Topology of a tree generated using the taxon-character matrix scored as in Appendix 2. This tree represents a strict consensus of the three most parsimonious trees created when the matrix was analysed with character scoring unordered and without weighting. The only ambiguity concerns the internal relationships between the taxa within the subclade referred to in Figures 49–50 as 'iguanodontoids'. Statistical support: consistency index: 0.578; retention index: 0.782; rescaled consistency index: 0.452. Tree length: 313 (minimum possible: 181, maximum possible: 786).

Figure 49 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 49. The tree used for Sereno's (1998, 2005) stabilized ornithopod clade nomenclature. Is this a stable tree? Specific points of contention include the status of: Hypsilophodontidae (status disputed, widely regarded as paraphyletic – Butler et al., 2008), Iguanodontia (constituent taxa and topographical position of Tenontosaurus disputed – here), Camptosauridae (status and constituent taxa uncertain – McDonald, 2011), Probactrosaurus (topographical position disputed – Norman, 2002, 2004; Wang et al., 2010; Wu & Godefroit, 2012), Iguanodontidae (family status disputed and inconsistent constituent taxa – here, Norman, 2004; Wu & Godefroit, 2012), Hadrosauriformes (constituent taxa disputed – here, Norman, 2004; McDonald, Barrett & Chapman, 2010a), Hadrosauroidea (topographical position of Ouranosaurus disputed – Norman, 2004; McDonald, Barrett & Chapman, 2010a; Wang et al., 2010; Wu & Godefroit, 2012).

Figure 46 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 46. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R1834. Ilium (right, nearly complete). A, lateral; B, ventral view of postacetabular process; C, dorsal; D, medial. Abbreviations: ac, acetabulum; bl, abnormally truncated preacetabular process; brf, brevis fossa; fdm, flattened, narrow dorsal margin of the iliac blade; ip, ischiadic peduncle; lr, lateral ridge; mr, medial ridge; m.sc, blister-like strip of rugose tissue running parallel to the dorsal margin of the ilium; pp, pubic peduncle; prp, preacetabular process; th, dorsoventral thickening of the blister-like muscle scar. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 51. A in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 51. A tree 'adjusted' (using the MacClade 4 tree window editor) by the addition of three operational taxonomic units (Batyrosaurus, Hypselospinus, and Ouranosaurus) that lie immediately basal to the 'iguanodontoid' subclade into the stem of that subclade (compare with Fig. 49). Tree length: 316 (consistency index: 0.57; retention index: 0.78).

Figure 44 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 44. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R1834. Dentary (left, partial). A, medial (lingual); B, lateral (labial); C, dorsal. Abbreviations: am, alveolar margin; alv, alveolar trough; dias, margin forming a diastema; ds, dentary symphysis; mgr, Meckelian groove; sa.s, surangular suture; sl, posterior 'slot-and-lip' portion of the dentary symphysis; vc, vascular channel. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 43 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 43. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R1831 (R1835). Sternal apparatus. A, external (ventral); B, internal (dorsal). Abbreviations: apr, apron area of sternal blade; con, condylar area for attachment of dorsal rib cartilage; co.s, coracoid suture; 'h', sternal handles; iso, intersternal ossification; k, midline keeled structure traversed by strands of bony tissue; lf, lateral fingers of ossified tissue; st, sternal bone. Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 45 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 45. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R1834. Vertebrae. A−C, representative dorsal centra. D, NHMUK R1635 (holotype) caudal vertebra. E, NHMUK R1834. Caudal vertebral centrum. Abbreviations: cf, chevron facet; cr, caudal rib (base of). Scale bar = 10 cm.

Figure 42 in On the history, osteology, and systematic position of the Wealden (Hastings group) dinosaur Hypselospinus fittoni (Iguanodontia: Styracosterna)

Figure 42. Hypselospinus cf. fittoni. NHMUK R1831 (R1833). Pubis (right) in lateral view. Abbreviations: ac, acetabular surface; ap, anterior ramus of the pubis; il.p, iliac peduncle; p.pu, posterior ramus of the pubis. Scale bar = 10 cm.