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Growth, gas exchange and hydraulic conductivity of greenhouse grown willows under pre-drought conditions: Investigating patterns of habitat specialization in fifteen co-occurring willow and poplar species.

Thirteen willow (Salix) species occur in southeastern Minnesota and often co-occur within the same wetlands. This high local diversity is challenging to explain since closely related species are often functionally similar and density-dependent interactions such as competition and susceptibility to pests and pathogens should limit their co-occurrence. However, if willow species are partitioning resources, or if they are phylogenetically structured so that closely related species rarely co-occur, then the impact of these density-dependent processes could be reduced. In this study, I examined the role of niche partitioning in maintaining local willow diversity by documenting species distributions in plots across a water availability gradient and comparing species physiology in the field and greenhouse. By taking a phylogenetic approach, I also investigated whether willow communities exhibit phylogenetic community structure and whether there is evidence for environmental filtering.

Functional traits measured in a greenhouse common garden: Investigating patterns of habitat specialization in fifteen co-occurring willow and poplar species.

Sequences of the nuclear gene ADH for thirteen species of willows and two poplars: Investigating patterns of habitat specialization in fifteen co-occurring willow and poplar species.

Functional traits measured under field conditions in native populations: Investigating patterns of habitat specialization in fifteen co-occurring willow and poplar species.

openCC0Dec 2018View details →

Consequences of intraspecific and interspecific biodiversity in willows and poplars: Tree growth and herbivory

Research addressing the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function abounds (Balvanera et al. 2006; Cardinale et al. 2012) though most researchers have focused on the effects of either intraspecific or interspecific diversity on ecological function. Research at Cedar Creek and elsewhere has documented associations between species diversity (?interspecific diversity?), species interactions and many ecological functions, including primary productivity, nutrient cycling, soil and water quality, ecosystem stability, and resistance to invasion. (Tilman et al. 1996; Symstad et al. 2003; Hooper et al. 2005; Balvanera et al. 2006; Quijas et al. 2010) In parallel, research in systems such as goldenrod (Crutsinger et al. 2006, 2008a,b, 2009; Souza et al. 2011) and poplar (Schweitzer et al. 2004, 2008; Bailey et al. 2005; Madritch et al. 2009; Fischer et al. 2010; Courty et al. 2011; Lowejewski et al. 2012; Robinson et al. 2012), among others, has demonstrated the relationship between genotypic diversity (?intraspecific diversity?) and a similar group of functions that include primary productivity; nutrient cycling; resistance to invasion; ecosystem stability; microbial, epiphyte, and arthropod community diversity; litter decomposition; and fungal endophyte and mycorrhizal associations. Taken together, these two discourses suggest that interspecific and intraspecific diversity jointly drive species interactions and structure ecosystem processes including primary productivity, nutrient dynamics, resistance to and resilience following disturbance. Yet the relative roles of intraspecific versus interspecific diversity in structuring these processes remain uncharacterized. Several groups of investigators have explored the consequences for ecological function of varying intraspecific diversity of a focal species and interspecific diversity of its surrounding community (Booth and Grime 2003; Cook-Patton, et al. 2011; Hargrave et al. 2011; Whitlock et al. 2011; Chang et

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Data from: Thermal segregation drives patterns of alder and willow expansion in a montane ecosystem subject to climate warming

1.Tall-shrub expansion into low-statured communities, a hallmark of recent vegetative change across tundra ecosystems, involves three major genera: Alnus, Betula, and Salix. Which genus expands most into tundra landscapes will determine ecosystem properties. 2.We show that Alnus and Salix shrubs segregate thermal space (elevation x insolation) and colonize tundra landscapes differently in response to climate warming, thereby replacing different tundra types. 3.Vegetative change estimated from repeat photography should account for hill-slope. Methodologically, slope determines surface area estimated from orthophotos as projected pixel area times secant of pixel slope. Ecologically, the change in thermally-responsive vegetative area is sensitive to terrain steepness, scaling as the cosecant of hill-slope, so that studies should expect more shrub expansion in areas of shallow slopes than steep slopes. 4.Repeat aerial photography in Alaska's Chugach Mountains from 1972-2012 orthorectified on high-resolution lidar DEM indicated tall Salix was rare in 1972 and colonized warmer slopes by 2012. Tall Alnus colonized steeper, cooler slopes both by 2012 and by 1972. Salix and forest colonized similar thermal space. Colonization probability for both shrub genera was maximized at intermediate elevations. 5.Alnus colonization adjacent to dwarf-shrub tundra was twenty-times as likely as Salix colonization. Salix colonization adjacent to low-shrub/herbaceous tundra was three-times as likely as Alnus colonization. Replacement of dwarf-shrub tundra by Alnus and of low-shrub/herbaceous communities by Salix will affect herbivores and soil properties. 6.Good agreement between observations of plant functional type and multinomial predictions in a thermal space defined by elevation and insolation suggested that these two variables were sufficient for forecast modeling. Spatially explicit, climate-driven GLM multinomial and random forest classification models in available thermal space forecast surface areas of forest, Alnus, Salix, and tundra over a range of warming, modeled as upward shifted isotherms, including expected IPCC scenarios. Both modeling approaches indicated that shrubs may respond non-linearly to warming. 7.Synthesis The provision of taxon-specific coefficients for climate-driven, spatially-explicit models using high resolution digital elevation models is necessary for accurately forecasting vegetative change due to climate warming in montane and arctic regions.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

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Data from: RAD-seq reveals genetic structure of the F2-generation of natural willow hybrids (Salix L.) and a great potential for interspecific introgression

Background: Hybridization of species with porous genomes can eventually lead to introgression via repeated backcrossing. The potential for introgression between species is reflected by the extent of segregation distortion in later generation hybrids. Here we studied a population of hybrids between Salix purpurea and S. helvetica that has emerged within the last 30 years on a glacier forefield in the European Alps due to secondary contact of the parental species. We used 5,758 biallelic SNPs produced by RAD sequencing with the aim to ascertain the predominance of backcrosses (F1 hybrid x parent) or F2 hybrids (F1 hybrid x F1 hybrid) among hybrid offspring. Further, the SNPs were used to study segregation distortion in the second hybrid generation. Results: The analyses in STRUCTURE and NewHybrids revealed that the population consisted of parents and F1 hybrids, whereas hybrid offspring consisted mainly of backcrosses to either parental species, but also some F2 hybrids. Although there was a clear genetic differentiation between S. purpurea and S. helvetica (FST = 0.24), there was no significant segregation distortion in the backcrosses or the F2 hybrids. Plant height of the backcrosses resembled the respective parental species, whereas F2 hybrids were more similar to the subalpine S. helvetica. Conclusions: The co-occurrence of the parental species and the hybrids on the glacier forefield, the high frequency of backcrossing, and the low resistance to gene flow via backcrossing make a scenario of introgression in this young hybrid population highly likely, potentially leading to the transfer of adaptive traits. We further suggest that this willow hybrid population may serve as a model for the evolutionary processes initiated by recent global warming.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

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Data from: Evolutionary potential in the Alpine: trait heritabilities and performance variation of the dwarf willow Salix herbacea from different elevations and microhabitats

Alpine ecosystems are seriously threatened by climate change. One of the key mechanisms by which plants can adapt to changing environmental conditions is through evolutionary change. However, we still know little about the evolutionary potential in wild populations of long-lived alpine plants. Here, we investigated heritabilities of phenological traits, leaf size, and performance traits in natural populations of the long-lived alpine dwarf shrub Salix herbacea using relatedness estimates inferred from SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) markers. Salix herbacea occurs in early- and late-snowmelt microhabitats (ridges and snowbeds), and we assessed how performance consequences of phenological traits and leaf size differ between these microhabitats in order to infer potential for evolutionary responses. Salix herbacea showed low, but significant, heritabilities of leaf size, clonal and sexual reproduction, and moderate heritabilities of phenological traits. In both microhabitats, we found that larger leaves, longer intervals between snowmelt and leaf expansion, and longer GDD (growing-degree days) until leaf expansion resulted in a stronger increase in the number of stems (clonal reproduction). In snowbeds, clonal reproduction increased with a shorter GDD until flowering, while the opposite was found on ridges. Furthermore, the proportion of flowering stems increased with GDD until flowering in both microhabitats. Our results suggest that the presence of significant heritable variation in morphology and phenology might help S. herbacea to adapt to changing environmental conditions. However, it remains to be seen if the rate of such an evolutionary response can keep pace with the rapid rate of climate change.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

FIGURES 138–151 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). I: Redescriptions of willow-dwelling species from West Tien Shan Mountains

FIGURES 138–151. Macropsis tarbagataica Mitjaev, oscillograms of calling signals of males from different localities. 138– 141, 144–147―Arslanbob, No. 6 on the map; 142, 148–149―environs of Almaty, Southern Kazakhstan; 143, 150– 151―South Urals, Russia. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "144–148" and "150–151" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 37–50 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). I: Redescriptions of willow-dwelling species from West Tien Shan Mountains

FIGURES 37–50. Macropsis abdullaevi Dubovskiy, oscillograms of calling signals of males from different localities. 37–38, 45–46―Arslanbob (type locality), No. 6 on the map, 37–38―two parts of the same signal following immediately one after another; 39, 47―Kara-Unkyur River Valley near Kyrgyz-Gava Village, No. 7 on the map; 40–42, 48–49―ca. 5 km North of Karajigach Village, No. 2 on the map, 41–42―two parts of the same signal following immediately one after another; 43–44, 50―Lower Naryn River Valley, Kurpsay Ravine, No. 4 on the map, 43–44―two parts of the same signal following immediately one after another. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "45–50" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 2–13 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). I: Redescriptions of willow-dwelling species from West Tien Shan Mountains

FIGURES 2–13. Macropsis abdullaevi Dubovskiy: 2–4―male lateral view; 5–7―female; 8–9― nymph; M. arslanbobica Dlabola: 10–11― holotype labels; M. tarbagataica Mitjaev: 12― male lateral view; 13― female.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). I: Redescriptions of willow-dwelling species from West Tien Shan Mountains

FIGURE 1. Map of localities in West Tien Shan Mts. where the materials examined were collected. 1―Chatkal Mtn. Range, Sary-Chelekskiy Biosphere Nature Reserve, the ravine of Khodzha-Ata River in the environs of Arkyt Village; 2―foothills of Chatkal Mtn. Range, ca. 5 km north of Karajigach; 3―foothills of Chatkal Mtn. Range, Kara-Suu River Valley near Ak-Jol Village; 4―Kurpsay Ravine on the right bank of Lower Naryn River Valley, ca. 30 km downstream from Kara-Kul'; 5―Bekechal Ravine on the left bank of Lower Naryn River Valley, ca. 40 km downstream from Kara-Kul'; 6―Ferghana Mtn. Range, Arslanbob Town; 7―foothills of Ferghana Mtn. Range, Kara-Unkyur River Valley in the environs of Kyrghyz-Gava Village.

FIGURES 101–113 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). I: Redescriptions of willow-dwelling species from West Tien Shan Mountains

FIGURES 101–113. Macropsis asiatica Dubovskiy, oscillograms of calling signals of males from different localities. 101– 103, 107–109―Kara-Suu River Valley near Ak-Jol Village (5 km South-East from type locality), No. 3 on the map; 104–106, 110–113―Bekechal Ravine on the left bank of Lower Naryn River Valley, No. 5 on the map. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "107–113" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 72–83 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). I: Redescriptions of willow-dwelling species from West Tien Shan Mountains

FIGURES 72–83. Macropsis ibragimovi Dubovskiy, oscillograms of calling signals of males from different localities. 72–74, 78–80―Arslanbob (type locality), No. 6 on the map; 75–76, 81–82―the ravine of Khodzha-Ata River in the environs of Arkyt, No. 1 on the map; 77, 83―Lower Naryn River Valley, Kurpsay Ravine, No. 4 on the map. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "78–83" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 155–168. 155–163 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). II: Redescriptions of poorly known species, new synonyms, and description of a new willow-dwelling species

FIGURES 155–168. 155–163―Macropsis tienschanica sp. n., oscillograms of male calling signals; 164–168―M. elaeagnicola Dubovsky, same. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "159–163" and "166–168" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 72–85 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). II: Redescriptions of poorly known species, new synonyms, and description of a new willow-dwelling species

FIGURES 72–85. Macropsis vicina (Horvath), oscillograms of calling signals of males from different localities, 72–81―simple form of calling signal, 82–85―complex form. 72–73, 77–78, 82, 84―Arslanbob (type locality of M. populicola Dubovsky, 1966), No. 6 on the map; 74, 79―Arkyt, No. 1 on the map; 75, 80, 83, 85―environs of Anapa, Black Sea Coast of Northern Caucasus, Russia; 76, 81―Volgograd Area (Lower Volga Region, Russia). Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "77–81" and "84–85" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 112–124 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). II: Redescriptions of poorly known species, new synonyms, and description of a new willow-dwelling species

FIGURES 112–124. Macropsis iliensis Mityaev, oscillograms of calling signals of males from different localities. 112–113, 115–117, 120–122―Jumgal River Valley, No. 8 on the map; 114, 118–119, 123–124―South Urals, Russia. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "115", "117–118" and "120–124" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 37–46 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). II: Redescriptions of poorly known species, new synonyms, and description of a new willow-dwelling species

FIGURES 37–46. Macropsis validiuscula Dubovsky, oscillograms of male calling signals. 37–38, 40–42―simple form of calling signal, 39, 43–46―complex form. Faster oscillograms of the parts of signals indicated as "40–46" are given under the same numbers.

FIGURES 2–16 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). II: Redescriptions of poorly known species, new synonyms, and description of a new willow-dwelling species

FIGURES 2–16. Macropsis validiuscula Dubovsky: 2–4―female lateral view; 5–6―male; 7—nymph; M. vicina (Horvath): 8―female lateral view; 9–10―male; M. iliensis Mityaev: 11―male lateral view; 12―nymph; M. tienschanica sp. n.: 13―male lateral view; 14―nymph; M. elaeagnicola Dubovsky: 15―male lateral view; 16―nymph.

FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic study of Central Asian species of the genus Macropsis Lewis, 1836 (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae: Macropsinae). II: Redescriptions of poorly known species, new synonyms, and description of a new willow-dwelling species

FIGURE 1. Map of localities in Central Asia, where the materials examined were collected. 1―Chatkal Mtn. Range, the ravine of Khodzha-Ata River in the environs of Arkyt Village; 2―foothills of Chatkal Mtn. Range, Kara-Suu River Valley, 2–3 km upstream from Ak-Jol Village; 3—20 km NNE from Tashkumyr, Lower Naryn River Valley; 4―ca. 25 km W of Andijon, env. Altynkul'; 5―foothills of Ferghana Mtn. Range, Kara-Unkyur River Valley in the environs of Taldy-Bulak Village, 29 km NE from Bazar-Korgon; 6―Ferghana Mtn. Range, environs of Arslanbob Town; 7―Ferghana Mtn. Range, environs of Kara- Alma Village; 8―Jumgal River Valley in the environs of Baisak Town.