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Figure 9. Cenomanian tubes from Okukinenbetsu River, Japan. A–D in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 9. Cenomanian tubes from Okukinenbetsu River, Japan. A–D, 'Okukinenbetsu yellow tubes'; A, OKb4-5, long fragment of a tube exhibiting fine longitudinal wrinkles; B, OKb4-5, short tube fragments also exhibiting fine longitudinal wrinkles; C, OKb4-4, transverse section of tube with yellowish walls; D, OKb4-2, detail of a yellow tube wall, showing some evidence of multi-layering. E–I, 'Okukinenbetsu brown tubes'; E, OKb4, partial longitudinal and transverse sections of a tube with brown walls; F, OKb4, detail of brown-walled tube revealing a multi-layered, fibrous nature; G–I, detail of thick, multi-layered brown-walled tubes in OKb4-3 (G), OKb4-2 (H) and OKb4 (I). Scale bars: A, B = 2 mm; C, F = 300 µm; D, I = 50 µm; E = 1 mm; G = 150 µm; H = 200 µm.

Figure 7 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 7. 'Bear River tubes', LACMIP 5802 BRB-1, late Eocene, Washington State, USA. A, multiple tubes in transverse section with neat round profiles. B, small-diameter tube with thick wall. C, large-diameter tube with thick wall and showing evidence of multi-layering. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B = 300 µm; C = 200 µm.

Figure 8. A–H in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 8. A–H, 'Omagari tubes', Campanian, Hokkaido, Japan; A, OMG03-4a, hand specimen with many, similar-diameter tubes with brown walls encased in carbonate; B, OMG03-3b, detail of tube with brown wall, outer wall appears smooth; C, D, OMG03-1, cluster of tubes (C) with mineralized walls but not encased in carbonate, and detail of individual tubes (D); E, OMG03-2, tubes with brown walls in section; F, OMG03-4b, large-diameter tube in transverse section with wall comprised of many layers; G, OMG03-1, preserved tear in the wall of a tube suggesting an originally fibrous nature; H, clump of Omagari tubes (reproduced from Hikida et al. 2003). I, clump of the roots of the seep vestimentiferan Lamellibrachia luymesi (donated by C. Fisher). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 1 mm; C = 5 mm; D, E = 2 mm; F = 500 µm; G = 50 µm; H, I = 20 mm.

Figure 6 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 6. 'Canyon River tubes', Oligocene, Washington State, USA. A–C, WA-CR LACMIP 16957; A, large-diameter tubes in hand specimen; B, smooth small-diameter tubes; C, small-diameter tube with longitudinal wrinkles. D–F, JLG 473; D, delaminated tube wall with a fragment of preserved multi-layered tube wall (white arrow); E, uncompressed transverse section of a small diameter tube; F, detail of tube wall showing fluorescent bands that likely indicate the presence of preserved organic matter from the tube wall, imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy (see online for colour version). Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 3 mm; D = 150 µm; E = 300 µm; F = 30 µm.

Figure 15. A–F, H, I in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 15. A–F, H, I, 'Figueroa tubes', Pliensbachian, California, USA; A–C, tubes in hand specimen; A, FFC-12, straight, tapering tube with fine longitudinal wrinkles; B, FFC-00-21, tube fragment bearing longitudinal wrinkles and collars; C, FFC-18B, tube with longitudinal wrinkles and a fine, obliquely positioned collar; D, FFC-18, longitudinal section of tube exhibiting long, flaring collars; E, FFC-12, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image showing details of tube wall ornamentation; F, FFC-12, greater detail of same tube; H, FFC-19, detail of tube transverse section showing preservation of tube walls; I, FFC-19, detail of tube wall in transverse section. G, Ridgeia piscesae (Siboglinidae) tube, JdF317, showing detail of the ornamentation. Scale bars: A, C = 2 mm; B, D, G, H = 1 mm; E = 500 µm; F = 100 µm; I = 300 µm.

Figure 4 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 4. 'West Fork Satsop River tubes', Oligocene, Washington State, USA. A, B, WFSR-3B and WFSR JLG 459C, respectively, tubes in hand specimen showing wavy nature and smooth tube walls. C, D, WFSR 3A-1; C, transverse section of tube showing multilayered brown walls of varying thickness; D, detail of tube wall where a potential preserved fibrous tear occurs, revealing frayed fibre endings (white arrow). Scale bars: A = 10 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 300 µm; D = 100 µm.

Figure 5 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 5. 'Murdock Creek tubes', WA-MC LACMIP loc. 6295, Early Oligocene, Washington State, USA. A, a single tube in hand specimen possibly bearing longitudinal wrinkles. B, detail of tube wall in transverse section with thick, multi-layered and delaminated tube wall. C, transverse section of tube which appears to have originally been flexible. D, detail of tube wall where a preserved tear occurs, revealing fibre endings (grey arrow). Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 150 µm; C = 100 µm; D = 50 µm.

Figure 3 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 3. Serpulidae sp., 'Bexhaven', BXG, Middle Miocene, New Zealand. A, tubes in hand specimen. B, detail of tubes in hand specimen showing fine parallel transverse wrinkles on tube surfaces. C, tubes in section. D, cluster of five attached tubes in transverse section. E, detail of partial transverse section of tube wall showing its chevron-like appearance. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 3 mm; C = 2 mm; D, E = 500 µm.

Figure 2 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 2. 'Upper Waiau River tubes', UWT3-4,?late Early Miocene–Middle Miocene, New Zealand. A, tubes in hand specimen. B, tube with grainy wall in hand specimen. C, detail of tube wall in B. D, detail of tube wall in near transverse section showing brown bands that make up the multi-layered tube wall, where a tear in the wall is also preserved (grey arrow); a small sphere is preserved towards the outside of the tube (white arrow). E, detail of tube wall in transverse section showing a thick calcareous band occurring on the outside of the brown tube wall layers. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 2 mm; C = 1 mm; D, E = 200 µm.

Figure 1 in Identification of fossil worm tubes from Phanerozoic hydrothermal vents and cold seeps

Figure 1. 'Rocky Knob tubes', Middle Miocene, New Zealand. A, RK-5, larger tube fragments in hand specimen. B, RNT-1, smaller, parallel-aligned tubes, with one tube exhibiting fine longitudinal wrinkles on its surface (white arrow). C, 12-RK, detail of smooth tube wall. D, RNT-1, tube exhibiting round concretions on its surface. E, RK-15B-6B, tube in transverse section showing preserved torn fibres. F, RK-15B-6B, tube with irregular cross section suggesting it may originally have been flexible. G, RK-15B-6A, detail of join between three tubes with thick, multi-layered walls in transverse section; imaged using confocal laser scanning microscopy (see online for colour version). H, detail of tube transverse section showing delamination of its thick, multi-layered tube wall. Scale bars: A = 20 mm; B = 5 mm; C = 2 mm; D, F = 1 mm; E = 100 µm; G, H = 200 µm.

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Fig. 2. Enlarged worm picture. A in First report of Schistosoma sinensium infecting Tupaia belangeri and Tricula sp. LF

Fig. 2. Enlarged worm picture. A. Male, showing oral sucker (os), ventral sucker (vs), constriction (pac), testes (te), gut caeca (int) and gynecophoral canal (gyn). B. Female, showing oral sucker (os), ventral sucker (vs), utero (ut), ovary(ov), vitellarium (vg) and gut caeca (int).

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

MAPWORMS - Mimicking Adaptation and Plasticity in WORMS

<p>This is a video representing the MAPWORMS project.</p>

Fig. 15 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 15. Coella gloriae sp. nov., photomicrographs of transverse sections through cerebral organ, holotype, PNM 4648. A–D, Canal leading medio-posteriorly to fuse with neuronal component; E–I, canal bifurcating into lateral and medial ducts; J–P, medial canal surrounded by sensory cells; Q–S, glandular component posteriorly in close contact with blood vessel and excretory collecting tubules; black arrowheads (C–G) indicating anterior nerve from brain, not innervating cerebral organ; white arrowheads (H, I) indicating cerebral-organ nerve fibres.

Fig. 14 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 14. Coella gloriae sp. nov., three-dimensional reconstructions of brain and cerebral organ based on holotype, PNM 4648. A, Dorsal view; B, ventral view.

Fig. 13 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 13. Coella gloriae sp. nov., photomicrographs of transverse sections, holotype, PNM 4648. A, Proboscis anterior chamber near its posterior end, showing stylet basis; B, magnification of central stylets; C, proboscis middle chamber; D, magnification of accessory stylet pouch; E, brain region; F, magnification of nerochord cell; G, brain region; stomach was pushed forward due to contraction during anesthetization/ fixation; H, cephalic tip showing frontal organ; I, pigment-cup ocellus; J, excretory pore in foregut region.

Fig. 12 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 12. Coella gloriae sp. nov., photomicrographs of transverse sections, holotype, PNM 4648. A, Body wall in foregut region; B, intestinal region showing dorsoventral muscles, testes, and rhynchocoel lateral diverticulum; C, foregut region showing well-developed circular muscles (indicated by arrowheads); D, proboscis insertion; E, precerebral region near mouth opening (indicated by arrowheads); F, precerebral region through proboscis pore (indicated by arrowhead); G, anterior-most rhynchocoel lateral diverticulum; H, I, proboscis anterior chamber; arrowheads indicating proboscis nerves differing in number by position. Scale bar for H: 50 µm.

Fig. 11 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 11. Coella gloriae sp. nov., photographs taken in life, holotype, PNM 4648. A, Entire body in contracted state, dorsal view; B, magnification of head, dorsal view.

Fig. 10 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 10. Prosadenoporus olympiae sp. nov., photomicrographs of transverse sections, holotype, PNM 4645. A, Precerebral region through frontal organ; B, magnification of a rectangle above rhynchodaeum on A, showing excretory tubules opening into frontal organ; C, magnification of rectangle on B, showing excretory tubules; D, magnification of a rectancle above cephalic vessel on A, showing excretory tubules.

Fig. 9 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 9. Prosadenoporus olympiae sp. nov., A, D–F, holotype, PNM 4645; B, paratype, PNM 4646; C, paratype, PNM 4647. A, Photograph of stylet apparatus taken from live proboscis under cover slip; B, C, intestinal regions; arrowhead indicates muscle fibre in lateral nerve; D, foregut region showing mid-dorsal vascular plug; E, precerebral region; F, magnification of flame cells.

Fig. 6 in Three Species of Ribbon Worms (Nemertea) from Cebu, the Philippines

Fig. 6. Balionemertes cf. australiensis Sundberg, Gibson, and Olsson, 2003, three-dimensional reconstructions of medullar fibrous tissue of the nervous system in brain region (i.e., cortical neuronal tissue is omitted); arrowheads indicating nerve fibres leading to buccal nerves sent out antero-ventrally from a commissure between inferior lobes of ventral ganglia. A, Left lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, ventral view; D, right rear view; E, magnification of commissures between inferior lobes of ventral ganglia, left rear view.