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100 results for “Xylem”

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dryad28/100

Xylem anatomy traits of Quercus species

1. Climate is a major evolutionary force in driving adaptive differentiation and plasticity in plant function. Xylem anatomy and hydraulic architecture are critical to water use, growth, and responses of trees to drought and thus important in delimiting their ecological niches. How wood properties have been shaped through evolution by their climatic origins and the importance of plasticity for species persistence remain open questions critical to understanding plant responses to changing climate. 2. We measured 11 wood anatomical traits for 18 Quercus (oak) species in arboreta that span contrasting climates (California-US, southwestern France, and central England). We investigated coordinate evolution of xylem anatomical properties with climatic niche and intraspecific variation in relation to growth environment. 3. Species originating from climates with drier summers had traits associated with higher resistance to drought– higher density of vasicentric tracheids (VT), lower vessel hydraulic diameter (Dmh), and lower hydraulic conductivity. Species that evolved in climates with drier, hotter summers or colder winters had higher numbers of VT than those from mesic climates, supporting hypotheses that VT are critical for water-transport during drought. We found limited intraspecific variation in xylem traits associated with growth environment– only four traits (pit fraction, VT, vessel density, and Dmh)– differed among gardens. 4. Xylem traits showed high lability across the phylogeny, consistent with evidence for parallel sympatric adaptive radiation and global diversification of the oaks. Our results provide evidence for the physiological mechanisms that underlie adaptation to changing environments and responses to climate change.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

dryad28/100

Xylem hydraulics and non-structural carbohydrate contents in 15 temperate tree species

In humid temperate forests, the occurrence of frequent freeze-thaw cycles (FTC) is a main factor limiting tree growth, as xylem embolism induced by FTC poses a serious threat to the hydraulic integrity of trees. A high resilience to hydraulic dysfunction involves the enhancement of embolism resistance and/or extra non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) inputs for restoration of an impaired hydraulic system. However, potentially negative implications of such NSC allocation on tree growth have not yet been explored. At a temperate forest site of northeast China, we studied xylem hydraulics and NSC contents in relation to winter embolism resilience in 15 sympatric broadleaf tree species belonging to three genera with relatively high species richness, 6 Acer species, 5 Betula species and 4 Populus species. Acer and Betula species had higher soluble sugar contents in the dormant season and indeed had higher hydraulic resilience to FTC induced embolism but slower stem growth. Populus species had higher NSC contents during the growing season and their faster stem growth was also consistent with higher hydraulic efficiency (Ks) and leaf photosynthetic rate. The positive correlation between tree trunk radial growth rate and hydraulic conductivity suggests that xylem water transport efficiency can be a fundamental basis for tree productivity due to a significant hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination. The negative correlation between soluble sugar concentration in the dormant season and stem growth rate indicates that metabolic carbon costs for enhancing hydraulic resilience may compromise tree growth during the growing season. Comparisons among Acer, Betula and Populus and the correlation analyses based on phylogenetic independent contrasts strongly support the existence of a trade-off between hydraulic resilience against FTC induced embolism and growth rate among sympatric tree species under humid temperate climate conditions. This trade-off has likely contributed to the sorting of temperate tree species and genera to different niches along environmental gradients with respect to freezing stress and interspecific competition.

opencc-zeroDec 2021View details →

dryad28/100

Verification of the accuracy of the recent 50 years of tree growth and long-term change in intrinsic water-use efficiency using xylem Δ14C and δ13C in trees in an aseasonal tropical rainforest

Growth analysis based on tree-ring chronology is difficult in trees in aseasonal tropical rain forests, because annual growth rings may be unclear or completely absent. Fortunately, tree growth history recorded in xylem tissue is capable of providing valuable information on the responses of trees and forests to past and present environmental changes, including global warming. We have developed a new technique for aseasonal tropical forest trees which derives their growth rates from xylem Δ14C, and verified its accuracy. We also determined, from xylem δ13C, the intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) in the past 50 years. We analyzed changes in xylem Δ14C and δ13C in 23 canopy trees of 12 species in 6 families growing in Pasoh Forest Reserve, Malaysia; each stem diameter at breast height (DBH) was recorded 14 times from 1969 to 2011. We found a significant positive relationship between the growth rates determined by 14C dating and the past DBH data. On the other hand, leaf-internal CO2 (Ci) content did not change with increasing atmospheric CO2 (Ca). Thus, the iWUE increased significantly over the last 50 years in all the families and species tested. This study showed that the simultaneous measurements of xylem Δ14C and δ13C could reveal a long-term change in tree growth and iWUE during the past 50 years with high accuracy in various species and/or individuals in aseasonal tropical rainforests exhibiting high species diversity.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

dryad28/100

Developmental and water deficit-induced changes in hydraulic properties and xylem anatomy of tomato fruit and pedicel

Xylem water transport from the parent plant into the fruit plays a crucial role in fruit growth, development, and quality formation. Current research on fruit hydraulics has attempted to partition the hydraulic resistance of the pathway over development. However, no consensus has been reached and this question has not been addressed in the context of changing plant and fruit water status under water deficit. We rigorously investigated the developmental changes of hydraulic property of the fruit and pedicel under well-irrigated condition and water deficit based on hydraulic measurements, fruit rehydration, dye tracing, light and electron microscopy, and flow modeling. A decline in water transport capacity did not occur in the pathway prior to the fruit, but within the fruit itself, which might lie in the xylem and/or outside-xylem pathway. The developmental pattern of pathway hydraulic resistance was not significantly influenced by water deficit. The changed xylemic water flow between the fruit and the parent plant due to a reduced driving force under water deficit could explain the reduced fruit water accumulation. This work provides new insights into the understanding of xylem water transport in fleshy fruits and its sensitivity to water deficit from a hydraulics perspective.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

zenodo28/100

Data from: Seasonal and daily xylem radius variations in Scots pine are closely linked to environmental factors affecting transpiration

The data file (Dendrometer_data_Pisy.xlsx) contains environmental records and dendrometer data, i.e., raw data as well as calculated mean daily radial variations of the xylem and inner bark, detrended radial variations of the xylem and inner bark, and daily xylem amplitudes. Data are documented in the following article: Oberhuber W, A Gruber, G Wieser (2023) Seasonal and daily xylem radius variations in Scots pine are closely linked to environmental factors affecting transpiration. Biology, 12, 1251; doi: 10.3390/ biology12091251 Summary Diurnal and seasonal radius variations of xylem and inner bark of mature Scots pine trees (Pinus sylvestris; stem diameter 27±2 cm) were determined at a drought prone inner alpine site (c. 750 m asl; Tyrol, Austria). Point dendrometers were mounted on xylem and on living phloem (i.e., inner bark) of four trees, and xylem radius variations (XRV) were continuously recorded throughout three growing seasons (April 2019–October 2021) and related to environmental factors including air temperature (T), vapour pressure deficit of the air (VPD), relative air humidity (RH), solar radiation (SR), precipitation (P) and soil water content (SWC). While inner bark width increased due to radial stem growth (c. 500 µm per year), radial xylem width consistently decreased by c. 50 µm during the growing seasons. Results of our study revealed that daily and seasonal radial variations of the xylem and inner bark were closely linked, indicating intensive water exchange between these tissues. Comparison of XRV with environmental variables affecting transpiration revealed a close coupling of XRV to VPD, T and SR, pointing to a strong dependence of stem water status on changes in atmospheric conditions. Because VPD increases exponentially with the increase in temperature and thus causes the water content in the stem to decrease especially under drought, tree growth and mortality will be increasingly affected by climate warming.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

dryad28/100