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102 results for “abiotic factors”
Social and abiotic factors differentially affect plumage ornamentation of young and old males in an Australian songbird
<p>Both abiotic environmental conditions and variation in social environment are known to impact the acquisition of sexual signals. However, the influences of abiotic environmental and social factors are rarely compared to each other. Here we test the relative importance of these factors in determining whether and when male red-backed fairywrens (<i>Malurus melanocephalus</i>) moult into a known sexual signal, ornamented breeding plumage. One-year-old male red-backed fairywrens vary in whether or not they acquire ornamentation, whereas males age two and older vary in their timing of ornament acquisition. It is unclear whether these processes are determined by the same or different factors and we examine both events using a combination of long-term breeding records and non-breeding social networks. We found that one-year-old males that paired prior to the start of the breeding season were more likely to acquire ornamented plumage, but rainfall did not influence whether one-year-old males acquired ornamented plumage. Thus, for young individuals, social cues appear to play a larger role than abiotic environmental factors in determining ornament acquisition. For older males, timing of ornamented plumage acquisition was constrained by rainfall, with drier non-breeding seasons leading to poorer physiological condition and later moult dates. Thus, sexual signal variation in older males appears to be a condition-dependent trait, driven by abiotic environmental and physiological factors rather than social cues. These findings reveal that factors influencing sexual signal expression can vary with age when age classes exhibit different forms of signal variation. Our results suggest that social environment may drive sexual signal variation in young individuals, whereas abiotic environmental variation may drive sexual signal variation in older individuals.</p>
Seed limitation interacts with biotic and abiotic factors to constrain novel species' impact on community biomass and richness
<p>Seed limitation can narrow down the number of coexisting plant species, limit plant community productivity, and can also constrain community responses to changing environmental and biotic conditions. In a 10-year full-factorial experiment of seed addition, fertilisation, warming, and herbivore exclusion, we tested how seed addition alters community richness and biomass, and how its effects depend on seed origin and biotic and abiotic context. We found that seed addition increased species richness in all treatments, and increased plant community biomass depending on nutrient addition and warming. Novel species, originally absent from the communities, increased biomass the most, especially in fertilised plots and in the absence of herbivores, while adding seeds of local species did not affect biomass. Our results show that seed limitation constrains both community richness and biomass, and highlight the importance of considering trophic interactions and soil nutrients when assessing novel species immigrations and their effects on community biomass.</p>
Putative signals of generalist plant species adaptation to local pollinator communities and abiotic factors
<p>The reproductive success of flowering plants with generalized pollination systems is influenced by the interactions with a diverse pollinator community and abiotic factors. However, knowledge about the adaptative potential of plants to complex ecological networks and the underlying genetic mechanisms is still limited. Based on a pool-sequencing approach of 21 natural populations of <em>Brassica incana</em> in Southern Italy, we combined a genome-environmental association analysis with a genome scan for signals of population genomic differentiation to discover genetic variants associated with ecological variation. We identified genomic regions putatively involved in the adaptation of <em>B. incana</em> to the identity of local pollinator functional categories and pollinator community composition. Interestingly, we observed several shared candidate genes associated with long-tongue bees, soil texture, and temperature variation. We established a genomic map of potential generalist flowering plant local adaptation to complex biotic interactions, and the importance of considering multiple environmental factors to describe the adaptive landscape of plant populations.</p>
Snakes on a plain: Complex biotic and abiotic factors determine venom variation in North America's widest-ranging rattlesnake
<p><strong>Background</strong>. Snake venoms are trophic adaptations that represent an ideal model to examine the evolutionary factors that shape polymorphic traits under strong natural selection. Venom compositional variation is substantial within and among venomous snake species. However, the forces shaping this phenotypic complexity, as well as the potential integrated roles of biotic and abiotic factors, have received little attention. Here, we investigate geographic variation in venom composition in a wide-ranging rattlesnake (<em>Crotalus viridis viridis</em>) and contextualize this variation by investigating dietary, phylogenetic, and environmental variables that covary with venom.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>. Using shotgun proteomics, venom biochemical profiling, and lethality assays, we identify 2 distinct divergent phenotypes that characterize major axes of venom variation in this species: a myotoxin-rich phenotype and a snake venom metalloprotease (SVMP)-rich phenotype. We find that dietary availability and temperature-related abiotic factors are correlated with geographic trends in venom composition.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions</strong>. Our findings highlight the potential for snake venoms to vary extensively within species, for this variation to be driven by biotic and abiotic factors, and for the importance of integrating biotic and abiotic variation for understanding complex trait evolution. Links between venom variation and variation in biotic and abiotic factors indicate that venom variation likely results from substantial geographic variation in selection regimes that determine the efficacy of venom phenotypes across populations and snake species. Our results highlight the <a>implicit </a>influence of abiotic factors on biotic factors that ultimately shape venom phenotype, providing evidence for a central role of local selection as a key driver of venom variation.</p>
Biotic and abiotic factors controlling spatial variation of mean carbon turnover time in forest soil
<p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p>This dataset is associated with the paper "Biotic and abiotic factors controlling spatial variation of mean carbon turnover time in forest soil". This dataset includes the soil organic carbon turnover time (τ<sub>soc</sub>) based on radiocarbon signals at the global and regional scales.</p> <p><strong>Global synthesis</strong></p> <p>The analysis of global soil radiocarbon data was done using the International Soil Radiocarbon Database (ISRaD v.1.0; Lawrence et al., 2020). ISRaD is an open source data with the records of 8 biomes (<em>i.e.,</em> forest, grassland, cropland, shrubland, savanna, tundra, permafrost, and others). Since we focus on the turnover time of SOC (τ<sub>soc</sub>) based on radiocarbon occurring in the natural forest ecosystem, so we limited our study to data from soil depth within 200 cm in the forest ecosystem. We built a database of radiocarbon-based soil turnover time (τ<sub>soc</sub>) of 1897 soil samples from 245 forest locations worldwide. It covers a wide geographical range (35.65 <sup>o</sup>S ‒ 68.8 <sup>o</sup>N; 159.64 °W – 173.57 °E) and a broad nature climate zone (-5.2 <sup>o</sup>C to 40.0<sup> o</sup>C; 58.66 mm to 6900 mm) over the half a century (1958 – 2017). Where forest age is missing, we derived it from The global forest age dataset (GFAD v 1.0; Poulter et al., 2018). The GFAD database represents the distribution of forest stand age during 2000 – 2010 years.</p> <p><strong>Regional analysis</strong></p> <p><strong> Soil sampling in forests across the Eastern Asian Monsoon region</strong></p> <p>We sampled soils from twelve permanent forest plots in five mountains in the Eastern Asian Monsoon region (Table 1, Figure 1, and S1). Five of the twelve forest plots are members of the Smithsonian Forest Global Earth Observatory network (ForestGEO, https://forestgeo.si.edu/; Anderson-Teixeira et al., 2018; Chu et al., 2019). The other seven forest plots are members of China's National Ecosystem Research Network (CNERN, http://www.cern.ac.cn). In the Eastern Asian Monsoon region, more than half of the total annual rainfall occurs in the summer season (<em>i.e.</em>, June, July, and August) (Tardif et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2003). We estimated the τ<sub>soc</sub> by the radiocarbon dating analysis of up to 100 cm of soil depth in each forest plot. For each plot, we separated the whole soil increment into the surface (0 – 30 cm) and deep (30 – 100 cm) layers to test the radiocarbon signal due to the high financial cost. Details of the location, climate, and vegetation for each sampling site are provided in Table 1 and Supplementary Text 1.</p> <p>Nine soil cores (2.5 cm in diameter) were collected in each forest plot, and a depth of 10 cm separated each soil column from 0 to 100 cm. In total, 108 soil profiles were sampled across the 12 forest plots. The accumulated aboveground litter was collected and measured in an area of 50 cm × 50 cm in each forest plot, with three replicates adjacent to each soil profile. Fine roots (< 2 mm in diameter) were manually picked from soil samples. The litter and root samples were dried at 65 °C for 48 hours using an oven and then weighed for dry mass. The elevation and other geographic information of each forest plot were measured during the soil sampling. </p>
Data from: Assessing the influence of biotic, abiotic, and social factors on the physiological stress of a large Neotropical primate in Atlantic Forest fragments
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Snakes on a plain: Complex biotic and abiotic factors determine venom variation in North America's widest-ranging rattlesnake
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Social and abiotic factors differentially affect plumage ornamentation of young and old males in an Australian songbird
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Data from: Morphological disparity of mammalian limb bones throughout the Cenozoic: the role of biotic and abiotic factors
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Biotic and abiotic factors and the phylogenetic structure of extinction in the evolution of Tethysuchia
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Do early-successional weeds facilitate or compete with seedlings in forest restoration? Disentangling abiotic vs. biotic factors
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Data from: The interplay of biotic and abiotic factors in shaping genetic variation at 6Pgdh in the bulb mite
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Relationships between abiotic factors, foliage chemistry and herbivory in a tropical montane ecosystem
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Meta-analysis of the effects of abiotic factors on plant microbes
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Abiotic factors that prompt major ecological transitions: are fish on land to escape an intolerable aquatic environment?
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Seed limitation interacts with biotic and abiotic factors to constrain novel species’ impact on community biomass and richness
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Putative signals of generalist plant species adaptation to local pollinator communities and abiotic factors
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Abiotic stress and biotic factors mediate range dynamics on opposing edges
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Data from: Disease swamps molecular signatures of genetic-environmental associations to abiotic factors in Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) populations
Landscape genomics studies focus on identifying candidate genes under selection via spatial variation in abiotic environmental variables, but rarely by biotic factors such as disease. The Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) is found only on the environmentally heterogeneous island of Tasmania and is threatened with extinction by a nearly 100% fatal, transmissible cancer, devil facial tumor disease (DFTD). Devils persist in regions of long-term infection despite epidemiological model predictions of species' extinction, suggesting possible adaptation to DFTD. Here, we test the extent to which spatial variation and genetic diversity are associated with the abiotic environment and/or DFTD. We employ genetic-environment association analyses using a RAD-capture panel including 6,886 SNPs from 3,286 individuals sampled pre- and post-disease arrival. Pre-disease, we find significant correlations of allele frequencies with environmental variables, including 365 unique loci linked to 71 genes, suggesting local adaptation to abiotic environment. The majority of candidate loci detected pre-DFTD were not detected post disease arrival. Several post-DFTD candidate loci were associated with disease prevalence and were in linkage disequilibrium with genes involved in tumor suppression and immune response. Loss of apparent signal of abiotic local adaptation post-disease suggests swamping by the strong selection resulting from the rapid onset of DFTD.
Data from: Assembly of root-associated bacteria communities: interactions between abiotic and biotic factors
Nitrogen (N) deposition in many areas of the world is over an order of magnitude greater than it would be in absence of human activity. We ask how abiotic (N) and biotic (plant host and neighborhood) effects interact to influence root-associated bacterial (RAB) community assembly. Using 454 pyrosequencing, we examined RAB communities from two dominant alpine tundra plants, Geum rossii and Deschampsia cespitosa, under control, N addition and D. cespitosa removal treatments, implemented in a factorial design. We hypothesized that host would have the strongest effect on RAB assembly, followed by N, then neighbor effects. The most dominant phyla were Proteobacteria (mostly Gammaproteobacteria), Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria. We found RAB communities were host specific, with only 17% overlap in operational taxonomic units. Host effects on composition were over twice as strong as N effects. D. cespitosa RAB diversity declined with N, while G. rossii RAB did not. D. cespitosa removal did not influence G. rossii RAB community composition, but G. rossii RAB diversity declined with N only when D. cespitosa was absent. We conclude that RAB of both hosts are sensitive to N enrichment, and RAB response to N is influenced by host identity and plant neighborhood.
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