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58 results for “above ground biomass”
Root Ingrowth Biomass:Biodiversity: A field test of biofuel production and ground-water quality
Bioenergy could be an important part of the solution to the projected climate problems of the future, and in addition could provide auxiliary ecological services. The project described here aims to parameterize expected benefits of diverse prairie biofuel plantations for groundwater quality, and also to further evaluate its biofuel potential. This project, done in cooperation with the USGS, grows out of purely scientific discoveries in other Cedar Creek experiments. We know that diverse prairie systems are better able to retain inorganic nitrogen than monoculture systems (e.g., Dijkstra etal. 2007). However, nitrogen is just one pollutant of many being delivered to surface-water and ground-water from agricultural systems. There are a number of others including phosphorus, pesticides, and veterinary pharmaceuticals. This fact combined with the rising demand for corn grain ethanol could lead to further declines in the water quality of agricultural regions in the United States. Perennial vegetative buffers, in particular diverse prairies and/or hay (CRP), are proposed solutions. The vegetation in such buffers can be used for biofuel and simultaneously appear to be attenuate leaching of agricultural compounds through the unsaturated zone to groundwater. This 3-year cooperative USGS and UMN study will (1) examine the ability of prairies and hay (CRP) to attenuate leaching of agricultural compounds to ground-water (2) compare biofuel production of four cropping systems: diverse prairie, hay (CRP), corn grown with chemical fertilizer, and corn grown with a combination of manure and chemical fertilizer, (3) provide for future investigations into microbial antibiotic resistance and (4) provide a better understanding of the unsaturated zone hydrology and shallow groundwater recharge at Cedar Creek. The project will take place in the E120 field.
Root harvest biomass:Biodiversity: A field test of biofuel production and ground-water quality
Bioenergy could be an important part of the solution to the projected climate problems of the future, and in addition could provide auxiliary ecological services. The project described here aims to parameterize expected benefits of diverse prairie biofuel plantations for groundwater quality, and also to further evaluate its biofuel potential. This project, done in cooperation with the USGS, grows out of purely scientific discoveries in other Cedar Creek experiments. We know that diverse prairie systems are better able to retain inorganic nitrogen than monoculture systems (e.g., Dijkstra etal. 2007). However, nitrogen is just one pollutant of many being delivered to surface-water and ground-water from agricultural systems. There are a number of others including phosphorus, pesticides, and veterinary pharmaceuticals. This fact combined with the rising demand for corn grain ethanol could lead to further declines in the water quality of agricultural regions in the United States. Perennial vegetative buffers, in particular diverse prairies and/or hay (CRP), are proposed solutions. The vegetation in such buffers can be used for biofuel and simultaneously appear to be attenuate leaching of agricultural compounds through the unsaturated zone to groundwater. This 3-year cooperative USGS and UMN study will (1) examine the ability of prairies and hay (CRP) to attenuate leaching of agricultural compounds to ground-water (2) compare biofuel production of four cropping systems: diverse prairie, hay (CRP), corn grown with chemical fertilizer, and corn grown with a combination of manure and chemical fertilizer, (3) provide for future investigations into microbial antibiotic resistance and (4) provide a better understanding of the unsaturated zone hydrology and shallow groundwater recharge at Cedar Creek. The project will take place in the E120 field.
Plant aboveground biomass data: Effect of N Addition on Vegetation With Mammalian Herbivory Initially on Disked Ground
This experiment is identical to E008 except the ground was disked thoroughly before the plots were laid out. From 1989-1994, plots with fertilizer treatment 1 were treated as complete controls (treatment 9), receiving no nutrients at all.
Water availability drives above-ground biomass and bird richness in forest restoration plantings to achieve carbon and biodiversity co-benefits
<p>To combat global warming and biodiversity loss we require effective forest restoration that encourages recovery of species diversity and ecosystem function to deliver essential ecosystem services, such as biomass accumulation. Further, understanding how and where to undertake restoration to achieve carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation would provide an opportunity to finance ecosystem restoration under carbon markets. We surveyed 30 native mixed-species plantings in subtropical forests and woodlands in Australia, and used structural equation modelling to determine vegetation, soil and climate variables most likely driving above-ground biomass accrual and bird richness, and investigate the relationships between plant diversity, above-ground biomass accrual and bird diversity. We focussed on woodland and forest-dependent birds, and functional groups at risk of decline (insectivorous, understorey-nesting, and small-bodied birds). We found that mean moisture availability strongly limits above-ground biomass accrual and bird richness in restoration plantings, indicating potential synergies in choosing sites for carbon and biodiversity purposes. Counter to theory, woody plant richness was a poor direct predictor of above-ground biomass accrual, but was indirectly related via significant, positive effects of stand density. We also found no direct relationship between above-ground biomass accrual and bird richness, likely because of the strong effects of moisture availability on both variables. Instead, moisture availability and patch size strongly and positively influenced the richness of woodland and forest dependent birds. For understorey-nesting birds, however, shrub cover and patch size predicted richness. Stand age or area of native vegetation surrounding the patch did not influence bird richness. Our results suggest that in subtropical biomes, planting larger patches to higher densities, ideally using a diversity of trees and shrubs (characteristics of ecological plantings) in more mesic locations will enhance the provision of carbon and biodiversity co-benefits. Further, ecological plantings will aid the rapid recovery of woodland and forest bird richness, with comparable above-ground biomass accrual to less diverse forestry plantations.</p>
Data from: Positive species diversity and above-ground biomass relationships are ubiquitous across forest strata despite interference from overstorey trees
There is growing concern over rates of global species diversity loss and its implications on healthy ecosystem functioning. While positive relationships between tree species diversity and forest biomass production have been observed, forests are structurally complex, consisting of understorey vegetation layers that also contribute to ecosystem functioning as they often account for the majority of species richness. However, relationships between understorey vegetation diversity and function are largely unexplored. Further, few studies have simultaneously assessed how both overstorey and understory vegetation interact and contribute to overall ecosystem function. By analysing Canada's National Forest Inventory data base using structural equation modelling, we explored the relationships between species richness and above-ground biomass production across forest vegetation strata while accounting for potentially confounding factors, including climate, physical site characteristics and forest ageing. We found positive relationships between species richness and biomass production across all forest vegetation layers, but the relationship was strongest for the overstorey layer. Species richness of the understorey tree, shrub and herb layers was positively related to overstorey species richness. However, overstorey biomass had a negative effect on the biomass production of all understorey layers. Our results suggest that resource filtering by overstorey trees might have reduced the strength of the positive diversity–productivity relationships in the forest understorey, supporting previous hypotheses that the magnitude and direction of diversity–productivity relationships is context specific and dependent on the conditions of the surrounding environment. Further, heterogeneity in understory resources, as affected by the overstorey, may promote niche complementarity as the main mechanism driving diversity–productivity relationships in understorey vegetation.
Data from: Spatial structure of above-ground biomass limits accuracy of carbon mapping in rainforest but large scale forest inventories can help to overcome
Precise mapping of above-ground biomass (AGB) is a major challenge for the success of REDD+ processes in tropical rainforest. The usual mapping methods are based on two hypotheses: a large and long-ranged spatial autocorrelation and a strong environment influence at the regional scale. However, there are no studies of the spatial structure of AGB at the landscapes scale to support these assumptions. We studied spatial variation in AGB at various scales using two large forest inventories conducted in French Guiana. The dataset comprised 2507 plots (0.4 to 0.5 ha) of undisturbed rainforest distributed over the whole region. After checking the uncertainties of estimates obtained from these data, we used half of the dataset to develop explicit predictive models including spatial and environmental effects and tested the accuracy of the resulting maps according to their resolution using the rest of the data. Forest inventories provided accurate AGB estimates at the plot scale, for a mean of 325 Mg.ha-1. They revealed high local variability combined with a weak autocorrelation up to distances of no more than10 km. Environmental variables accounted for a minor part of spatial variation. Accuracy of the best model including spatial effects was 90 Mg.ha-1 at plot scale but coarse graining up to 2-km resolution allowed mapping AGB with accuracy lower than 50 Mg.ha-1. Whatever the resolution, no agreement was found with available pan-tropical reference maps at all resolutions. We concluded that the combined weak autocorrelation and weak environmental effect limit AGB maps accuracy in rainforest, and that a trade-off has to be found between spatial resolution and effective accuracy until adequate "wall-to-wall" remote sensing signals provide reliable AGB predictions. Waiting for this, using large forest inventories with low sampling rate (<0.5%) may be an efficient way to increase the global coverage of AGB maps with acceptable accuracy at kilometric resolution.
Quantifying Winter Forage Resources for Reindeer: Developing a Method to Estimate Ground Lichen Cover and Biomass at a Local Scale
<p>Data and R scripts used in the paper Quantifying Winter Forage Resources for Reindeer: Developing a Method to Estimate Ground Lichen Cover and Biomass at a Local Scale (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2024.100768).</p>
Data from: Spatial structure of above-ground biomass limits accuracy of carbon mapping in rainforest but large scale forest inventories can help to overcome
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Water availability drives above-ground biomass and bird richness in forest restoration plantings to achieve carbon and biodiversity co-benefits
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Canopy height distributions and estimated above-ground biomass across a tropical rain forest landscape in Costa Rica, 1992-2018
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Data from: Positive species diversity and above-ground biomass relationships are ubiquitous across forest strata despite interference from overstorey trees
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Data from: Edge effects on components of diversity and above-ground biomass in a tropical rainforest
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Data from: Individual size inequality links forest diversity and above-ground biomass
1. Despite the mounting evidence for positive diversity–productivity relationships found in controlled experiments, diversity effects on productivity in natural systems remain hotly debated. Understanding the multivariate links between diversity and productivity in natural systems, in particular natural forests that host the majority of terrestrial biodiversity and provide essential services for humanity, remains a critical challenge for ecologists. 2. We analyzed data from 448 plots of varying tree species diversity, stand ages, and local nutrient availability in Canada's boreal forest (52°30' – 55°24' N latitude and 102°36' – 108° W longitude). We used structural equation models to link multivariate relationships between above-ground biomass, tree species diversity, stand age, and soil nutrient availability. 3. Above-ground biomass increased with diversity indirectly via increasing tree size inequality, and increased with stand age and was higher on sites of medium soil nutrient regime directly as well as indirectly via increased tree size inequality. 4. Synthesis. Our results demonstrate positive diversity effects on above-ground biomass in natural forests of diverse forest ages and soil resource availability. Furthermore, we show that tree size inequality acts as a mechanism for the positive diversity effects on above-ground biomass, and as a mechanism in regulating above-ground biomass and species diversity simultaneously via interactions among individuals in natural forests.
Data from: Contrasting effects of nutrient enrichment on below-ground biomass in coastal wetlands
Anthropogenically-enhanced nutrient availability is often cited among the most important drivers of altered ecosystem function and loss of services worldwide. Although the above-ground consequences of nutrient enrichment on plant growth patterns are numerous and well-documented, below-ground impacts are less clear but nonetheless critical from a global change perspective. In coastal wetlands, for example, plant-soil-nutrient dynamics directly affect the capacity to sequester carbon as soil organic matter, keep pace with sea level rise, and resist storm-induced erosion. Here, we investigate the effects of excess nutrient loading on below-ground plant growth in an oligohaline marsh fertilized for seven years with a factorial combination of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). We used two common assessment procedures, the ingrowth and standing crop methods, to simultaneously quantify distinct aspects of below-ground plant growth: 1) below-ground biomass accumulation into unexploited open resource space, and 2) in situ, or maintenance, below-ground biomass of plants in equilibrium with their environment, respectively. Our objective was to determine if plant growth responses to nutrient enrichment differed depending on process and/or biomass component measured. We show that excess N concurrently increased live root biomass accumulation in ingrowth cores and reduced in situ live root standing crop. Similar, albeit non-significant, response trajectories were apparent for other below-ground biomass pools using both methods, excepting dead biomass and total standing crop. A review of previously published research supports our results and suggests that nutrient enrichment consistently has contrasting effects on below-ground plant growth depending on whether biomass accumulation or standing crop is measured, and that living biomass components are most responsive to enhanced nutrient availability. Synthesis. We conclude that eutrophic conditions can be both beneficial and detrimental to ecosystem function by either stimulating below-ground biomass accumulation in unexploited soil or reducing the below-ground standing crop required to sustain the nutritional needs of established plants in mature communities. Thus, nutrient enrichment may, in the short-term, contribute to soil organic matter (i.e., carbon) accumulation by increasing below-ground growth as plants exploit new resource space. Over the long-term, however, nutrient enrichment has the potential to negatively impact soil organic matter content as plants equilibrate to excess nutrient availability by down-regulating below-ground standing crop.
Data from: Contrasting effects of nutrient enrichment on below-ground biomass in coastal wetlands
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Data from: Individual size inequality links forest diversity and above-ground biomass
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Data from: Factors explaining variability in woody above-ground biomass accumulation in restored tropical forest
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Merged HLS2 and GEDI data for estimating above ground biomass with IBM's granite-geospatial-biomass model
<p>This dataset contains merged Harmonized Landsat-Sentinel 2 (HLS2) (L30 only) and Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation (GEDI) L4A data following CRS:4326. It has been assembled for estimating above ground biomass with a fine-tuned granite geospatial foundation model developed by IBM Research. Please see https://huggingface.co/ibm-granite/granite-geospatial-biomass for more information on data preparation and model use.</p> <p><strong>HLS2—</strong>Masek, J., J. Ju, J. Roger, S. Skakun, E. Vermote, M. Claverie, J. Dungan, Z. Yin, B. Freitag, C. Justice. HLS Sentinel-2 MSI Surface Reflectance Daily Global 30m v2.0. 2021, distributed by NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, https://doi.org/10.5067/HLS/HLSS30.002 </p> <p><strong>GEDI L4A—</strong>Dubayah, R.O., J. Armston, J.R. Kellner, L. Duncanson, S.P. Healey, P.L. Patterson, S. Hancock, H. Tang, M.A. Hofton, J.B. Blair, and S.B. Luthcke. 2021. GEDI L4A Footprint Level Aboveground Biomass Density, Version 1. ORNL DAAC, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA. https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/1907</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.