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FIGURE 18 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
FIGURE 18. Highest maximum-likelihood tree (-ln = 8673.71) from the 2760 aligned nuclear RAG-1 DNA positions. The maximum-likelihood analysis chose one of the 62 equally parsimonious trees. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and comparative parsimony decay indices are presented below branches in bold (Macey 2005). Branches that appear in parsimony analyses have the parsimony decay index plotted. Branches with no parsimony cost but are not present in strict consensus trees are listed as a "0" decay value. Branches that conflict with the parsimony analysis have a negative decay value representing the number of parsimony steps cost to obtain the maximum-likelihood branch. Bold italic bootstraps are those that differ from parsimony analysis. A dash above a branch is one that had a bootstrap value above 50% in the parsimony analysis but does not in this analysis. Outgroups (Laudakia, Bufoniceps, and Trapelus), and Phrynocephalus clades and lineages previously identified are labeled to the right as A–M (clades that are broken are numbered).
PLATE VIII. Outgroup taxa and Phrynocephalus mimicry adaptations. (A) Laudakia caucasia; (B) habitat of A, Big Balkan Mountains, Turkmenistan; (C) Trapelus sanguinolentus; (D) habitat of C, Repetek, Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan; (E) P. turcomanus illustrating false large head with eyes on body-back; and (F) P. mystaceus illustrating false enlarged mouth with red capillary-beds. in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE VIII. Outgroup taxa and Phrynocephalus mimicry adaptations. (A) Laudakia caucasia; (B) habitat of A, Big Balkan Mountains, Turkmenistan; (C) Trapelus sanguinolentus; (D) habitat of C, Repetek, Karakum Desert, Turkmenistan; (E) P. turcomanus illustrating false large head with eyes on body-back; and (F) P. mystaceus illustrating false enlarged mouth with red capillary-beds.
PLATE VI in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE VI. Species of the northern Tibetan Plateau. (A) P. hongyuanensis; (B) habitat of A, near Waqên, northeastern Tibet in Sichuan Province; (C) P. roborowskii-1; (D) habitat of C, Chaka Depression, Qinghai Province; (E) P. vlangalii-1; and (F) habitat of E, near Heimahe, south side of Qinghai Lake, Qinghai Province.
FIGURE 4 in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
FIGURE 4. Strict consensus of three equally parsimonious trees of 4425 steps from the 1595 included (839 informative) aligned mitochondrial DNA positions. Bootstrap values are presented above branches and decay indices are presented below branches in bold. Outgroups (Laudakia, Bufoniceps, and Trapelus), and well-supported Phrynocephalus clades and lineages are identified to the right as A–M.
PLATE VII. Species of the low elevation deserts in China (A-D) and northern Caspian Basin in Russia (E-F). (A) P. przewalskii-3; (B) habitat of A, Shapatou (foreground), Yellow River, Gobi Desert, Ningxia; (C) P. salenskyi-1; (D) habitat of C, near Jimsar, Junggar Depression, Xinjiang; (E) P. guttatus; and (F) habitat of E, west side of Caspian Sea in Dagestan. in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE VII. Species of the low elevation deserts in China (A-D) and northern Caspian Basin in Russia (E-F). (A) P. przewalskii-3; (B) habitat of A, Shapatou (foreground), Yellow River, Gobi Desert, Ningxia; (C) P. salenskyi-1; (D) habitat of C, near Jimsar, Junggar Depression, Xinjiang; (E) P. guttatus; and (F) habitat of E, west side of Caspian Sea in Dagestan.
PLATE IV in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE IV. Small species inhabiting hard substrates in the Caspian Basin of Turkmenistan. (A) P. rossikowi; (B) habitat of A, along the Amu-Darya River; (C) P. raddei; (D) habitat of C, Karakum Desert, north of Ashkhabad; (E) P. bannikovi; and (F) habitat of E, Big Balkan Mountains.
PLATE III. Species of southern Tibet and soft substrate habitats in the Caspian Basin. (A) P. theobaldi; (B) habitat of A, near Yangbajain, north of Lhasa, southern Tibet; (C) P. sogdianus; (D) P. interscapularis; (E) P. mystaceus; and (F) habitat of D and E, Karakum Desert. north of Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan. in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE III. Species of southern Tibet and soft substrate habitats in the Caspian Basin. (A) P. theobaldi; (B) habitat of A, near Yangbajain, north of Lhasa, southern Tibet; (C) P. sogdianus; (D) P. interscapularis; (E) P. mystaceus; and (F) habitat of D and E, Karakum Desert. north of Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan.
PLATE V in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE V. Large species inhabiting hard substrates in the Caspian Basin of Turkmenistan (A-D) and Kazakhstan (E-F). (A) P. golubewii; (B) habitat of A, near Bami, southern edge of Karakum Desert; (C) P. turcomanus; (D) habitat of C, southern edge of Karakum Desert; (E) P. helioscopus; and (F) habitat of E, Barsakel'mes Island, Aral Sea.
PLATE II in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE II. Species of the Helmand Basin in Afghanistan and Iranian Plateau. (A) P. luteoguttatus; (B) P. clarkorum; (C) P. ornatus; (D) habitat of A and B, Registan Desert, Afghanistan; (E) P. scutulatus; and (F) habitat of E, near Khabr, southern Iran.
PLATE I in A molecular phylogenetic hypothesis for the Asian agamid lizard genus Phrynocephalus reveals discrete biogeographic clades implicated by plate tectonics
PLATE I. Species of the Arabian Peninsula and Iranian Plateau. (A) P. arabicus-2; (B) habitat of A, near Al Ashkhara, Oman; (C) P. longicaudatus; (D) habitat of C, near Al Hij, Bar Al Hikman Peninsula, Oman; (E) P. maculatus-2; and (F) habitat of E, near Sirjan, southern Iran.
Data from: Incubation temperature and parental identity determine sex in the Australian agamid lizard Ctenophorus pictus
Sex determination in Australian agamid lizards show a complex framework of different mechanisms, varying even among closely related taxa. It is clear that discrete classification of these species as either having genetic (GSD) or environmental sex determination (ESD) does not agree with empirical data. Although many species in this group show temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), recent evidence suggests additional genetic or epigenetic effects. A proposed model explaining the adaptive significance and evolution of TSD in short-lived agamids predicts that selection will favor temperature-biased sex ratios in species with intense male-male competition. Here we use experimental incubation at (near) constant temperatures to test whether the sex of Australian painted dragons (Ctenophorus pictus) is influenced by temperature, building on previous research yet to have reached an agreement regarding the role of temperature in this species. In the present study, incubation temperature and parental identity affected hatchling sex suggesting that environment and genetics may work in concert to determine sex in this species. Although our results are consistent with TSD, our data cannot rule out a temperature-by-sex effect on egg or hatchling mortality. However, our findings together with the observed differences of sex determination systems in closely related species within this genus may provide novel opportunities to address fundamental questions in the evolution of sex determination systems.
Repeatability and heritability of social reaction norms in a wild agamid lizard
In the evolutionary transition from solitary to group living, it should be adaptive for animals to respond to the environment and choose when to socialise to reduce conflict and maximise access to resources. Due to the associated proximate mechanisms (e.g. neural network, endocrine system), it is likely that this behaviour varies between individuals according to genetic and non-genetic factors. We used long-term behavioural and genetic data from a population of eastern water dragons (Intellagama lesueurii) to explore variation in plasticity of social behaviour, in response to sex ratio and density. To do so, we modelled individual variation in social reaction norms, which describe individuals' mean behaviour and behavioural responses to changes in their environment, and partitioned variance into genetic and non-genetic components. We found that reaction norms were repeatable over multiple years, suggesting that individuals consistently differed in their behavioural responses to changes in the social environment. Despite high repeatability of reaction norm components, trait heritability was below our limit of detection based on power analyses (h2 < 0.12), leading to very little power to detect heritability of plasticity. This was in contrast to a relatively greater amount of variance associated with environmental effects. This could suggest that mechanisms such as social learning and frequency-dependence may shape variance in reaction norms, which will be testable as the dataset grows. --
FIGURE 13. Pterygosoma adramitana Jack, 1961, female. A, dorsal view B in New species and records of scale mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from Arabian agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)
FIGURE 13. Pterygosoma adramitana Jack, 1961, female. A, dorsal view B, cheliceral digits in dorsal view C, tarsus III in lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in New species and records of scale mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from Arabian agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)
FIGURE 2. Pterygosoma aqabensis sp. nov., female; details. A, gnathosoma in dorsal view; B, gnathosoma in ventral view; C, tarsus I in dorsal view; D, tarsus II in dorso-lateral view. E, tarsus III in lateral view.
FIGURE 6 in New species and records of scale mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from Arabian agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)
FIGURE 6. Pterygosoma dhofarensis sp. nov., female; details. A, tarsus I in lateral view; B, tarsus II in lateral view; C, tarsus III in dorso-lateral view; D, gnathosoma in dorsal view.
FIGURE 12 in New species and records of scale mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from Arabian agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)
FIGURE 12. Pterygosoma aqabensis sp. nov. female. A, dorsal view B, gnathosoma in dorsal view C, genital area in vental view.
FIGURE 10. Pterygosoma adramitana Jack, 1961 in New species and records of scale mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from Arabian agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)
FIGURE 10. Pterygosoma adramitana Jack, 1961, female; details. A, tarsus I in dorso-lateral view; B, tarsus II in dorso-lateral view; C, tarsus III in lateral view; D, gnathosoma in ventral view E, cheliceral digits in dorsal view.
FIGURE 11. Pterygosoma adramitana Jack, 1961, male. A, dorsal view B, ventral view C in New species and records of scale mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from Arabian agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)
FIGURE 11. Pterygosoma adramitana Jack, 1961, male. A, dorsal view B, ventral view C, gnathosoma in ventral view.
FIGURE 1 in New species and records of scale mites (Acari: Pterygosomatidae) from Arabian agamid lizards (Squamata: Agamidae)
FIGURE 1. Pterygosoma aqabensis sp. nov., female. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, postero-lateral seta.
FIGURE 4 in Systematic and taxomonic revaluation of four little known Asian agamid species, Calotes kingdonwardi Smith, 1935, Japalura kaulbacki Smith, 1937, Salea kakhienensis Anderson, 1879 and the monotypic genus Mictopholis Smith, 1935 (Reptilia: Agamidae)
FIGURE 4. Adult male of Pseudocalotes kakhienensis new comb. (NHM [18]93.10.9.4); dorsal view (A), lateral view showing heterogenous scales (B), profile of head (C).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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