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55 results for “ancestral reconstruction”
Supplementary material 5 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Figure S2
Supplementary material 1 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Table S1
Supplementary material 3 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Table S3
Supplementary material 2 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Table S2
Supplementary material 4 from: Hundsdoerfer AK, Kitching IJ (2020) Morphological evolution in Hyles Hübner, 1819 hawkmoths (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae): reconstructing the ancestral Hyles habitus. Nota Lepidopterologica 43: 181-210. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.43.49512
Figure S1
Data from: Elucidating the functional evolution of heat sensors among Xenopus species adapted to different thermal niches by ancestral sequence reconstruction
Ambient temperature fluctuations are detected via the thermosensory system which allows animals to seek preferable thermal conditions or escape from harmful temperatures. Evolutionary changes in thermal perception have thus potentially played crucial roles in niche selection. The genus Xenopus (clawed frog) is suitable for investigating the relationship between thermal perception and niche selection due to their diverse latitudinal and altitudinal distributions. Here we performed comparative analyses of the neuronal heat sensors TRPV1 and TRPA1 among closely related Xenopus species (X. borealis, X. muelleri, X. laevis, and X. tropicalis) to elucidate their functional evolution and to assess whether their functional differences correlate with thermal niche selection among the species. Comparison of TRPV1 among four extant Xenopus species and reconstruction of the ancestral TRPV1 revealed that TRPV1 responses to repeated heat stimulation were specifically altered in the lineage leading to X. tropicalis which inhabits warmer niches. Moreover, the thermal sensitivity of TRPA1 was lower in X. tropicalis than the other species, although the thermal sensitivity of TRPV1 and TRPA1 was not always lower in species that inhabit warmer niches than the species inhabit cooler niches. However, a clear correlation was found in species differences in TRPA1 activity. Heat-evoked activity of TRPA1 in X. borealis and X. laevis, which are adapted to cooler niches, was significantly higher than in X. tropicalis and X. muelleri which are adapted to warmer niches. These findings suggest that the functional properties of heat sensors changed during Xenopus evolution, potentially altering the preferred temperature ranges among species.
Fig. 2 in Reconstruction of the ancestral metazoan genome reveals an increase in genomic novelty
Fig. 2 Novelty in ancestral genomes. a Proportion of Novel HG in the Ancestral HG for different holozoan ancestors. b Percentage of Core HG that are novel, and percentage of highly preserved genes among the Novel HG across different LCA. c Number of Protein Class GO hits for the fruit fly representatives of the Novel HG for the various phylogenetic nodes
Table 4. Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction results for Liphistius using S in Molecular phylogeny, biogeography, and species delimitation of segmented spider genus Liphistius (Araneae: Liphistiidae) in Thailand
<p><b>Table 4.</b> Molecular dating and ancestral area reconstruction results for <i>Liphistius</i> using S-DIVALIKE+J. The letters A–I correspond to geographical locations shown in Figure 4. The notation shows the biogeographic event in the phylogenetic tree (Fig. 4A) includes →: from the parent node to descendent nodes; ^: Sympatric speciation; |: Vicariance.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Diversification events</b></th><th><b>Dates</b></th><th><b>DIVALIKE+J</b></th><th></th><th></th></tr><tr><th></th><th><b>(Mya)</b></th><th><b>Ancestral areas</b></th><th><b>Process</b></th><th><b>Route and probability</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Liphistiidae</th><td>100</td><td>BCI 13.60</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>BCI→I|BC</td></tr><tr><th>(Fig. 4, number 1)</th><td></td><td>CEI 13.33</td><td>Vicariance:1</td><td>prob:.02</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>BEI 10.96</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Heptathelinae</th><td>58.43</td><td>I 100</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>I→I^I→I| I</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob: 1.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of <i>Liphistius</i></th><td>53.61</td><td>BC 14.34</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>BC→C|B</td></tr><tr><th>(Fig. 4, number 2)</th><td></td><td>CE 14.05</td><td>Vicariance:1</td><td>prob:.03</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>C 12.37</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of <i>L. indra</i> + <i>L.</i></th><td>45.51</td><td>C 45.23</td><td>Dispersal:1</td><td>C→CE→C|E</td></tr><tr><th><i>lahu</i> (Fig. 4, number 3)</th><td></td><td>E 38.20</td><td>Vicariance:1</td><td>prob:.45</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>CE 16.50</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of <i>trang</i> species</th><td>49.61</td><td>B 39.38</td><td>Dispersal:1</td><td>B→DB→D|B</td></tr><tr><th>group + <i>bristowei</i> species group (Fig. 3, number 4)</th><td></td><td>D 30.43</td><td>Vicariance:1</td><td>prob:.30</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>BD 14.72</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of <i>bristowei</i> spe-</th><td>32.86</td><td>D 75.76</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>D→D^D→D|D</td></tr><tr><th>cies group (Fig. 4, number 5)</th><td></td><td>C 21.28</td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob:.55</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>A 2.02</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of <i>trang</i> species</th><td>46.54</td><td>B 99.88</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>B→B^B→B| B</td></tr><tr><th>group (Fig. 4, number 6)</th><td></td><td>A 0.08</td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob: 1.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>H 0.01</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Sibumasu I</th><td>41.39</td><td>B 100</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>B→B^B→B|B</td></tr><tr><th>clade (Fig. 4, number 7)</th><td></td><td></td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob: 1.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Sinbumasu II–</th><td>42.48</td><td>B 99.76</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>B→B^B→B|B</td></tr><tr><th>IV and Indochina clades (Fig. 4, number 8)</th><td></td><td>A 0.18</td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob:.96</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>G 0.03</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Shibumasu II</th><td>30.56</td><td>B 99.91</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>B→B^B→B|B</td></tr><tr><th>(Fig. 4, number 9)</th><td></td><td>A 0.09</td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob:.97</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Shibumasu</th><td>38.89</td><td>B 96.03</td><td>Dispersal:1</td><td>B→AB→A|B</td></tr><tr><th>III–IV and Indochina clade (Fig. 4, number 10)</th><td></td><td>A 2.65</td><td>Vicariance:1</td><td>prob:.48</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>G 0.67</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Shibumasu III</th><td>31.69</td><td>A 51.95</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>A→A^A→A| A</td></tr><tr><th>(Fig. 4, number 11)</th><td></td><td>B 48.05</td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob:.26</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Shibumasu</th><td>34.81</td><td>B 96.15</td><td>Dispersal:1</td><td>B→BG→B| G</td></tr><tr><th>IV + Indochina clade (Fig. 4, number 12)</th><td></td><td>G 1.94</td><td>Vicariance:1</td><td>prob:.48</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>H 1.90</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Shibumasu IV</th><td>17.02</td><td>B 100</td><td>Dispersal:0</td><td>B→B^B→B|B</td></tr><tr><th>(Fig. 4, number 13)</th><td></td><td></td><td>Vicariance:0</td><td>prob: 1.00</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>The most recent common ancestor of Indochina</th><td>31.15</td><td>G 50.43</td><td>Dispersal:1</td><td>G→GH→G|H</td></tr><tr><th>clade (Fig. 4, number 14)</th><td></td><td>H 49.38</td><td>Vicariance:1</td><td>prob:.50</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td>D 0.20</td><td>Extinction:0</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>
Data from: Ancestral state reconstruction, rate heterogeneity, and the evolution of reptile viviparity
Virtually all models for reconstructing ancestral states for discrete characters make the crucial assumption that the trait of interest evolves at a uniform rate across the entire tree. Although methods for identifying evolutionary rate shifts in continuous characters have attracted recent attention (e.g. Eastman et al., 2011, Stack et al., 2011), such methods for discrete characters have only very recently been developed (Beaulieu et al., 2013, Beaulieu and O'Meara 2014) and have yet to be widely used. However, ancestral state reconstructions of discrete characters are being performed on increasingly large phylogenies, where it is likely that evolutionary rates will vary greatly between different clades (Beaulieu and O'Meara 2014). Here, we show how failure to account for such variable evolutionary rates can cause highly anomalous (and likely incorrect) results, while three methods that accommodate rate variability yield the opposite, more plausible, and more robust reconstructions. The random local clock method, implemented in BEAST, estimates the position and magnitude of rate changes on the tree, split BiSSE estimates separate rate parameters for pre-specified clades, and the hidden rates model partitions each character state into a number of rate categories. The importance of accounting for rate heterogeneity in ancestral state reconstruction is highlighted empirically with a new analysis of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles. Additionally, simulations show the inadequacy of traditional models when characters evolve with both asymmetry (different rates of change between states within a character) and heterotachy (different rates of character evolution across different clades).
Data from: ProtASR: an evolutionary framework for ancestral protein reconstruction with selection on folding stability
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Data from: Ancestral state reconstruction, rate heterogeneity, and the evolution of reptile viviparity
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Data from: Elucidating the functional evolution of heat sensors among Xenopus species adapted to different thermal niches by ancestral sequence reconstruction
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Fig. 2. PARAMO pipeline.The panels A–E in PARAMO: A Pipeline for Reconstructing Ancestral Anatomies Using Ontologies and Stochastic Mapping
Fig. 2. PARAMO pipeline.The panels A–E represent the five steps of the pipeline (see the text). (E) The size of the stochastic maps S4–S9 is reduced for the illustrative purpose. (F) Three levels of anatomical hierarchy. Abbreviations: C: character, S: stochastic map, ind.: independent character, dep. and syn.: hierarchically and synchronously dependent characters, respectively.
Fig. 1 a Dated phylogeny and ancestral area reconstruction for 147 in Against all odds: reconstructing the evolutionary history of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) despite high levels of incongruence and reticulate evolution
Fig. 1 a Dated phylogeny and ancestral area reconstruction for 147 Scrophularia species, on a majority-rule consensus tree obtained from Bayesian analysis of combined plastid trnQ-rps16 intergenic spacer and trnL-trnF region alongside coded indels. Branches indicate levels of support, based on posterior probabilities (PP) and plotted bootstrap support values (BS) from Maximum Likelihood optimization; bold PP ≥ 95 or BS ≥ 85, semi-bold PP ≥ 90 or BS ≥ 75, thin PP <90/BS <75. Seven additional nodes only supported by ML (BS ≥ 50) were added manually but not incorporated into further analyses. Gray bars on the right denote Clades 1–18 and main species groups as discussed in the text. An arrow indicates the position of the Himalayan-Tibetan endemic genus Oreosolen. Single accessions displaying hard incongruence among (2ISP-coded) nuclear and plastid trees are marked in bold; Clades 7 and 5 (excluding S. chlorantha; plus S. cryptophila) as a whole are also hardly incongruent. The occurrence of large indels as defined in Table 2 is indicated next to each accession with the respective length type number;
Figure 1 in The tight genome size of ants: diversity and evolution under ancestral state reconstruction and base composition
Figure 1. Fluorescence intensity histograms obtained from three different species, with Drosophila melanogaster as internal standard, stained with propidium iodide (PI; A–C) or 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; D–F). The x-axis corresponds to the scale of fluorescence intensity, and the y-axis represents the number of nuclei with that fluorescence intensity.
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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