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2,006 results for “andes”
Plant dispersal strategies of high tropical alpine communities across the Andes
<p>• Dispersal is a key ecological process that influences plant community assembly. Therefore, understanding whether dispersal strategies are associated with climate is of utmost importance, particularly in areas greatly exposed to climate change. We examined alpine plant communities located in the mountain summits of the tropical Andes across a 4000 km latitudinal gradient. We investigated species dispersal strategies and tested their association with climatic conditions and their evolutionary history.</p> <p>• We used dispersal-related traits (dispersal mode and growth form) to characterize dispersal strategies for 486 species recorded on 49 mountain summits. Then we analysed the phylogenetic signal of traits and investigated the association between dispersal traits, phylogeny, climate and space using structural equation modelling and fourth-corner analysis together with RLQ ordination.</p> <p>• A median of 36% species in the communities were anemochorous (wind-dispersed) and herbaceous. This dispersal strategy was followed by the barochory-herb combination (herbaceous with unspecialised seeds, dispersed by gravity) with a median of 26.3% species in the communities. The latter strategy was common among species with distributions restricted to alpine environments.</p> <p>• While trait states were phylogenetically conserved, they were significantly associated with a temperature gradient. Low minimum air temperatures, found at higher latitudes/elevations, were correlated with the prevalence of barochory and the herb growth form, traits that are common among Caryophyllales, Brassicaceae and Poaceae. Milder temperatures, found at lower latitudes/elevations, were associated with endozoochorous, shrub species mostly from the Ericaceae family. Anemochorous species were found all along the temperature gradient, possibly due to the success of anemochorous Compositae species in alpine regions. We also found that trait state dominance was more associated with the climatic conditions of the summit than with community phylogenetic structure. Although the evolutionary history of the tropical Andean flora has also shaped dispersal strategies, our results suggest that the environment had a more predominant role.</p> <p>• Synthesis: We showed that dispersal related traits are strongly associated with a gradient of minimum air temperatures in the Andes. Global warming may weaken this key filter at tropical alpine summits, potentially altering community dispersal strategies in this region and thus, plant community structure and composition.</p>
FIGURES 20 – 25. A. framea, n in Andesipolis, a puzzling new genus of cyclostome Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from the Chilean Andes, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURES 20 – 25. A. framea, n. sp. 20: mesosoma, lateral view, with epicnemial carina indicated by arrow. 21: propodeum and anterior metasomal tergites, nearly dorsal view, with areolar “ crossbridge ” indicated by arrow. 22: metasoma and ovipositor mechanism, lateral view, with straight ovipositor highlighted by arrow. 23: Head, posterolateral view, showing occipital carina meeting mandibular socket without meeting any obvious hypostomal carina. 24: closeup of ovipositor tip. 25: even closerup of ovipositor tip.
FIGURES 14 – 19. A. whartoni, n in Andesipolis, a puzzling new genus of cyclostome Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from the Chilean Andes, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURES 14 – 19. A. whartoni, n. sp. 14: mesoscutum through metanotum, dorsal view, with mesonotal midpit and sutoscutellar scrobe indicated by arrows. 15: propodeum and anterior metasomal tergites, dorsal view, with obsolescent anterior portions of propodeal areola and dorsal carina of first metasomal tergite indicated by arrows. 16: mesosoma, lateral view, with epicnemial carina indicated by arrow. 17: metasoma and ovipositor mechanism, lateral view, with upturned ovipositor highlighted by arrow. 18: head, anterior view, with strong malar suture indicated by arrow. 19: hind tarsal claw, with prominent basal lobe indicated by arrow.
FIGURES 10 – 13. A in Andesipolis, a puzzling new genus of cyclostome Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from the Chilean Andes, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURES 10 – 13. A. sp., male. 10: genitalia capsule, ventral view. 11: metasoma, dorsal view, with distinct dorsope and dorsal carinae indicated by arrow. 12: head, posterior view, complete occipital carinae indicated by arrow. 13: mesosoma through propodeum, dorsal view, with mesonotal midpit, sutoscutellar scrobe and pentagonal propodeal areola indicated by arrows.
FIGURES 4 – 9. A. masoni, n in Andesipolis, a puzzling new genus of cyclostome Braconidae (Hymenoptera) from the Chilean Andes, with descriptions of three new species
FIGURES 4 – 9. A. masoni, n. sp. 4: third antennal segment, dorsal view. 5: mesosoma, lateral view, with epicnemial carina indicated by arrow. 6: mesoscutum through metanotum, dorsal view, with mesonotal midpit and sutoscutellar scrobe indicated by arrows. 7: propodeum and anterior metasomal tergites, dorsal view, with obsolescent anterior portions of propodeal areola indicated by arrows. 8: hind tarsal claw, simple type indicated by arrow. 9: metasoma and ovipositor mechanism, lateral view, with straight ovipositor highlighted by arrow.
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new species of Euptychia Hübner, 1818 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the western Andes
FIGURE 2. Genitalia of E. favonius: A) male genitalia, in lateral view; B) aedeagus, in lateral view; C) juxta, in posterior view; D) female genitalia, in posterior view; E) lamella antevaginalis, in ventral view; F) ductus bursae and corpus bursae, in dorsal view; G) signa (SN- 15 - 131; SN- 15 - 126) Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 10 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 10. Scatterplots of PC1 and PC2 generated by the principal component analyses and LD1 and LD2 generated by the linear discriminant analyses performed on meristic variables (scale counts). See table 7 for corresponding summary statistics. Figure color-coded following species labels in figure 11.
FIGURE 8 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 8. Boxplots showing variation in scale counts among Tropidurus chromatops, T. etheridgei, and T. azurduyae.
FIGURE 7 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 7. Scatterplots of PC1 and PC2 generated by the principal component analyses and LD1 and LD2 generated by the linear discriminant analyses performed on morphometric variables. See table 4 for corresponding summary statistics. Figure color-coded following species labels in figure 11.
FIGURE 6 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 6. Live specimens of Tropidurus chromatops Harvey and Gutberlet, 1998 from isolated granitic outcrops ~30 km W Florida, Santa Cruz, Bolivia (14° 36′ 17.28″ S, 61° 29′ 32.64″ W — WGS84 system; ~309 m). A, C, Adult female (MHNC-R 3003). B, D, Adult male (MHNC-R 3018).
FIGURE 5 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 5. Adult male of Tropidurus chromatops Harvey and Gutberlet, 1998 (MHNC-R 3018), illustrating the expanded lateral neck mite pockets and the colorful facial mask with touches of blue and cream, characteristic of the species.
FIGURE 4 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 4. Preserved holotype of Tropidurus azurduyae (adult male, MHNC-R 3011). A, Dorsal head. B, Ventral head. C, Lateral head. D, Ventral body. E, Lateral body. F, Dorsal body.
FIGURE 3 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 3. Live specimens of Tropidurus etheridgei Cei, 1982 and T. azurduyae. A, C, Adult male of T. etheridgei (AMNH-R 176273) from Orloff, Colonia 15, Filadelfia, Boquerón, Paraguay (22° 19′ 58.42″ S, 59° 55′ 00.02″ W — WGS84 system; ~136 m). B, D, Adult female of T. etheridgei (AMNH-R 176277) from Estancia Esmeraldas, Boquerón, Paraguay (20° 59′ 15.81″ S 61° 59′ 27.90″ W — WGS84 system; ~329 m). E, G, Adult female (allotype MHNC-R 3009) of T. azurduyae. F, H, Adult male (holotype MHNC-R 3011) of T. azurduyae.
FIGURE 1 in A new collared lizard (Tropidurus: Tropiduridae) endemic to the Western Bolivian Andes and its implications for seasonally dry tropical forests
FIGURE 1. Habitats visited in the Torotoro National Park, Potosí, Bolivia. A–D, Prepuna (18° 7′ 10.92″ S, 65° 48′ 30.24″ W — WGS84 system; ~2798 m). E–G, Inter-Andean dry valleys at the type locality of Tropidurus azurduyae (18° 5′ 54.24″ S, 65° 44′ 57.48″ W — WGS84 system; ~2264 m). H, Adult male of T. azurduyae, sighted (not collected) at the type locality of the species.
Drivers of plant diversity, community composition, functional traits and soil processes along an alpine gradient in the central Chilean Andes
<p>The datasets in this repository include plant community surveys, hyperspectral reflectance data at the leaf and canopy level, leaf trait data, and soil chemistry data collected at five sites along an elevation gradient of 2400m-3500m in the Chilean Andes (33°S, 70°W). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the environmental drivers of community assembly processes along the elevation gradient.</p>
Data and code for publication: "Floristic Patterns in the Andes of Northern Patagonia's Forests"
<p>This dataset supports the study "Floristic Patterns in the Andes of <br>Northern Patagonia's Forests" published in Vegetation Classification and Survey, which<br>investigates the relationship between plant communities and environmental drivers in <br>the Andes of northwest Patagonia, Argentina. It also employs both expert-based and <br>numerical classification methods to explore floristic patterns across steep gradients <br>of aridity and temperature. The project provides a detailed dataset of 141 vegetation <br>samples, using advanced statistical methods to define six distinct plant communities <br>and their environmental drivers. It aims to refine existing vegetation classifications <br>for the study area and inform conservation efforts.</p>
FIGURA 2 in Anuros del norte de los andes: patrones de riqueza de especies y estado de conservación
FIGURA 2: Número de especies, endemismo y porcentaje de endemismo de anuros en las unidades fisiográficas del norte de los Andes.
FIGURA 1 in Anuros del norte de los andes: patrones de riqueza de especies y estado de conservación
FIGURA 1: (A) Número de especies de anuros descritas por décadas en el norte de los Andes. La década de 2010 va hasta 2017. (B) Riqueza de especies y endemismos por familia; las familias Microhylidae y Ranidae no son mostradas debido a su muy bajo número de especies.
FIGURA 6 in Anuros del norte de los andes: patrones de riqueza de especies y estado de conservación
FIGURA 6: Número de especies amenazadas de extinción en cada una de las unidades fisiográficas del norte de los Andes.
FIGURA 3 in Anuros del norte de los andes: patrones de riqueza de especies y estado de conservación
FIGURA 3: Patrones de riqueza de especies y endemismos altitudinales de los anuros del norte de los Andes. (A) riqueza y endemismo generales en diferentes intervalos altitudinales, mostrando sólo las familias representadas por más de cinco especies; (B) rangos altitudinales (máximo y mínimo) de las especies de anuros del norte de los Andes.
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