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97 results for “arachnid”
Рис. 3. Ритм ночной активности паукообразных Mesobuthus eupeus, Galeodes araneoides, Lycosa praegrandis. Fig. 3. The rhythm of the night activity of arachnids Mesobuthus eupeus, Galeodes araneoides, Lycosa praegrandis. in Comparison of trophic spectra and hunting strategies of some large arachnids (Arachnida: Scorpiones, Solifugae, Aranei) in semi-desert biocenoses of Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)
Рис. 3. Ритм ночной активности паукообразных Mesobuthus eupeus, Galeodes araneoides, Lycosa praegrandis. Fig. 3. The rhythm of the night activity of arachnids Mesobuthus eupeus, Galeodes araneoides, Lycosa praegrandis.
Рис. 1. ПреΔпочтитеΛьное отношение паукообразных (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) к объектам питания по способу переΔвижения жертвы: I – Λетающие; II – прыгающие; III – бегающие; IV – хоΔящие; V – поΛзающие; VI – маΛопоΔвижные; VII – непоΔвижные. Fig. 1. Preferred attitude of arachnids (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) to food objects by the method of movement of pray: I – flying; II – jumping; III – running; IV – walking; V – crawling; VI – sluggish; VII – motionless. in Comparison of trophic spectra and hunting strategies of some large arachnids (Arachnida: Scorpiones, Solifugae, Aranei) in semi-desert biocenoses of Gobustan (Eastern Azerbaijan)
Рис. 1. ПреΔпочтитеΛьное отношение паукообразных (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) к объектам питания по способу переΔвижения жертвы: I – Λетающие; II – прыгающие; III – бегающие; IV – хоΔящие; V – поΛзающие; VI – маΛопоΔвижные; VII – непоΔвижные. Fig. 1. Preferred attitude of arachnids (1 – Galeodes araneoides, 2 – Lycosa praegrandis, 3 – Mesobuthus eupeus) to food objects by the method of movement of pray: I – flying; II – jumping; III – running; IV – walking; V – crawling; VI – sluggish; VII – motionless.
An arachnid's guide to being an ant: Morphological and behavioural mimicry in ant-mimicking spiders
<p>Batesian mimicry imposes several challenges to mimics and evokes adaptations in multiple sensory modalities. Myrmecomorphy, morphological and behavioral resemblance to ants, is seen in over 2000 arthropod species. Ant-like resemblance is observed in at least 13 spider families despite spiders having a distinct body plan compared to ants. Quantifying the extent to which spiders' shape, size, and behavior resemble model ants will allow us to comprehend the evolutionary pressures that have facilitated myrmecomorphy. <em>Myrmaplata</em> <em>plataleoides</em> are thought to closely resemble weaver ants, <em>Oecophylla</em> <em>smaragdina</em>. In this study, we quantify the speed of movement of model, mimic, and non-mimetic jumping spiders. We use traditional and geometric morphometrics to quantify traits such as foreleg and hindleg size and body shape between the model ant, mimic, and non-mimics. Our results suggest that while the mimics closely resemble the model ants in speed of movement, they occupy an intermediate morphological space compared to the model ants and non-mimics. We suggest that ant-mimicking spiders are better at mimicking ants' locomotory movement than morphology and overall body shape. Our study provides a framework to understand the multimodal nature of mimicry and helps discern the relative contributions of such traits that drive mimetic accuracy in ant-mimicking spiders.</p>
FIG. 1 in Diversité des Arachnides dans les îles d'Hyères (Porquerolles et Port-Cros, Var, France). Modifications au cours du siècle
FIG. 1. — Les îles d'Hyères et la côte méditerranéenne varoise. Échelle: 10 km.
More intraguild prey than pest species in arachnid diets may compromise biological control in apple orchards
<p>Understanding the full diet of natural enemies is necessary for evaluating their role as biocontrol agents, because many enemy species do not only feed on pests but also on other natural enemies. Such intraguild predation can compromise pest control if the consumed enemies are actually better for pest control than their predators. In this study, we used gut metabarcoding to quantify diets of all common arachnid species in Swedish and Spanish apple orchards. For this purpose, we designed new primers that reduce amplification of arachnid predators while retaining high amplification of all prey group. Results suggest that most arachnids consume a large range of putative pest species on apple but also a high proportion of other natural enemies, where the latter constitute almost a third of all prey sequences. Intraguild predation also varied between regions, with a larger content of heteropteran bugs in arachnid guts from Spanish orchards. There was also a tendency for cursorial spiders to have more intraguild prey in the gut than web spiders. Two groups that may be overlooked as important biocontrol agents in apple orchards seem to be theridiid web spiders and opilionids, where the latter had several small-bodied pest species in the gut. These results thus provide important guidance for what arachnid groups that should be targets of management actions, even though additional information is needed to quantify all direct and indirect interactions occurring in the complex arthropod food webs in fruit orchards.</p>
More intraguild prey than pest species in arachnid diets may compromise biological control in apple orchards
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An arachnid’s guide to being an ant: Morphological and behavioural mimicry in ant-mimicking spiders
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Can sexual selection promote within-species divergence of male genitalia? A study case with a male-dimorphic arachnid
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Systemic paralogy and function of retinal determination network homologs in arachnids
<p>Arachnids are important components of cave ecosystems and display many examples of troglomorphisms, such as blindness, depigmentation, and elongate appendages. Little is known about how the eyes of arachnids are specified genetically, let alone the mechanisms for eye reduction and loss in troglomorphic arachnids. Additionally, paralogy of Retinal Determination Gene Network (RDGN) homologs in spiders has convoluted functional inferences extrapolated from single-copy homologs in pancrustacean models. Here, we investigated a sister species pair of Israeli cave whip spiders (Arachnopulmonata, Amblypygi, <i>Charinus</i>) of which one species has reduced eyes. We generated the first embryonic transcriptomes for Amblypygi, and discovered that several RDGN homologs exhibit duplications. We show that paralogy of RDGN homologs is systemic across arachnopulmonates (arachnid orders that bear book lungs), rather than being a spider-specific phenomenon. A differential gene expression (DGE) analysis comparing the expression of RDGN genes in field-collected embryos of both species identified candidate RDGN genes involved in the formation and reduction of eyes in whip spiders. To ground bioinformatic inference of expression patterns with functional experiments, we interrogated the function of three candidate RDGN genes identified from DGE in a spider, using RNAi in the spider <i>Parasteatoda tepidariorum</i>. We provide functional evidence that one of these paralogs, <i>sine oculis/Six1 A </i>(<i>soA</i>), is necessary for the development of all arachnid eye types. Our results support the conservation of at least one RDGN component across Arthropoda and establish a framework for investigating the role of gene duplications in arachnid eye diversity.</p>
Data from: The walking dead: blender as a tool for palaeontologists with a case study on extinct arachnids
This paper serves two roles. First, it acts as an introduction to Blender, an open-source computer graphics program, which can be of utility to paleontologists. To lessen the software's otherwise steep learning curve, a step-by-step guide to create an idealized reconstruction of a fossil in the form of a three-dimensional model in Blender, or to use the software to render results from 'virtual paleontology' techniques, is provided as an online supplemental data file. Second, here we demonstrate the use of Blender with a case study on the extinct trigonotarbid arachnids. We report the limb articulations of members of the Devonian genus Palaeocharinus on the basis of exceptionally preserved fossils from the Rhynie Cherts of Scotland. We use these newly reported articulations to create a Blender model, and draw comparisons with the gait of extant arachnids to produce as accurate a representation of the trigonotarbid flexing its limbs and walking as possible, presented in additional online supplemental data files. Knowledge of the limb articulations of trigonotarbid arachnids also allows us to discuss their functional morphology: trigonotarbids' limbs and gait were likely comparable to extant cursorial spiders, but lacked some innovations seen in more derived arachnids.
Data from: Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins
Spiders are an important animal group, with a long history. Details of their origins remain limited, with little knowledge of their stem group, and no insights into the sequence of character acquisition during spider evolution. We describe a new fossil arachnid, Idmonarachne brasieri gen. et sp. nov. from the late Carboniferous (Stephanian, ca. 305–299 Ma) of Montceau-les-Mines, France. It is three-dimensionally preserved within a siderite concretion, allowing both laboratory- and synchrotron-based phase-contrast computed tomography (CT) reconstruction. The latter is a first for siderite-hosted fossils, and has allowed us to investigate fine anatomical details. Although distinctly spider-like in habitus, this remarkable fossil lacks a key diagnostic character of Araneae: spinnerets on the underside of the opisthosoma. It also lacks a flagelliform telson found in the recently recognised, spider-related, Devonian–Permian Uraraneida. Cladistic analysis resolves our new fossil as sister group to the spiders: the spider stem-group comprises the uraraneids and I. brasieri. Whilst we are unable to demonstrate the presence of spigots in this fossil, the recovered phylogeny suggests the earliest character to evolve on the spider stem-group is the secretion of silk. This would have been followed by the loss of a flagelliform telson, and then the ability to spin silk using spinnerets. This last innovation defines the true spiders, significantly postdates the origins of silk, and may be key to the group's success. The Montceau-les-Mines locality has previously yielded a mesothele spider (with spinnerets). Evidently, late Palaeozoic spiders lived alongside Palaeozoic arachnid grades which approached the spider condition, but did not express the full suite of crown-group autapomorphies.
Data from: Gone with the rain: negative effects of rainfall on male mating success in a nest-building arachnid
In nest-building species, offspring survival and reproductive success of parental individuals are strongly influenced by nest quality. Thus, quantifying the influence of abiotic conditions on nest integrity is important to predict the effects of weather variability on the fitness of parental individuals. Here we investigated how rainfall affects nest integrity and how nest integrity influences males' attractiveness and nest tenure. Our study species was the harvestman Quindina limbata, in which males build mud nests on fallen logs and protect the eggs against predators and fungi. Our dataset comprises 12 months of regular inspections of 149 nests in a Costa Rican rainforest. We found that almost 50% of the nests were destroyed by rainfall. The drag force caused by rainfall running on the fallen log surface negatively affected nest integrity. Fungi cover on nests was influenced by an interaction between rainfall and nest position on the fallen log. Irrespective of their body size, males in nests with high integrity received more eggs than males in nests with low integrity. Fungi cover did not influence the number of eggs received by the males. Finally, nest integrity and fungi cover did not affect nest tenure, but males that did not receive eggs for a long time tended to abandon their nests. Considering that intense rainfall occurs all year long in tropical forests, males should build their nests in protected sites that preserve nest structure. Protected sites may keep nest structure better preserved, improve offspring survival, attract more females, and increase males' reproductive success.
FIGURES 1–6 in The arachnid order Schizomida in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a new species of Rowlandius and new records of Stenochrus portoricensis (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae)
FIGURES 1–6. Rowlandius linsduarteae sp. nov. 1, male flagellum (holotype), dorsal view; 2, ditto, ventral view; 3, ditto, lateral view; 4, male pedipalp, retrolateral view; 5, female chelicerae (paratype, IBSP 004), retrolateral view (setae from basal segment omitted); 6, female internal genitalia (paratype, IBSP 004), dorsal view. GT, guard tooth; LL, lateral lobes of spermathecae; ML, median lobes of spermathecae; SE, serrula. Scale bars: 1–3, 6, 0.1 mm; 4, 0.2 mm; 5, 0.05 mm.
FIGURE 9 in The arachnid order Schizomida in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a new species of Rowlandius and new records of Stenochrus portoricensis (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae)
FIGURE 9. Records of geographic distribution of Rowlandius sul Cokendolpher & Reddell, R. linsduarteae sp. nov. and of Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin in Brazil. The point represented by Hubbardiidae (?) refers to an unidentified specimen from the state of Pernambuco (see text for more details). Records of S. portoricensis are from the current study and from Tourinho & Kury (1999). The gray areas show the original limits of the two large Brazilian forest biomes, the Amazonia (left) and the Atlantic Forest (right).
FIGURES 7–8. Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin. 7 in The arachnid order Schizomida in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a new species of Rowlandius and new records of Stenochrus portoricensis (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae)
FIGURES 7–8. Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin. 7, female left pedipalp, prolateral view (IBSP 42) (the arrow points to the mesal spur of patella); 8, female internal genitalia, dorsal view (IBSP 41). LL, lateral lobes of spermathecae; ML, median lobes of spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 1–6. Figs 1–3. Holotype Ceratophyllus arcuegens Holland, 1952 in Name-bearing type specimens in the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids & Nematodes (CNC): Blattodea, Dermaptera, Notoptera, Mecoptera, Megaloptera, Myriapoda, Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Phthiraptera, Pseudoscorpiones, Psocoptera, Raphidioptera & Siphonaptera
FIGURES 1–6. Figs 1–3. Holotype Ceratophyllus arcuegens Holland, 1952 (1) lateral (2) front of slide (3) back of slide images. Figs 4–6. Holotype Xanthippus corallipes brooksi Vickery, 1967 (4) dorsal (5) lateral (6) label images.
Chronicle of Nature - Phenology of Arachnids of Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve
Arachnids Phenology dataset compiled in the context of Chronicle of Nature program in Bryansk Forest Nature Reserve (Russian Federation) consisting of 11 records collected during 11 years between 1996 and 2007.
Chronicle of Nature - Phenology of Arachnids of Kaniv Nature Reserve
Arachnids Phenology dataset compiled in the context of Chronicle of Nature program in Kaniv Nature Reserve (Ukraine) consisting of 21 records collected during 21 years between 1977 and 2017.
Chronicle of Nature - Phenology of Arachnids of Visimsky Nature Biosphere Reserve
Arachnids Phenology dataset compiled in the context of Chronicle of Nature program in Visimsky Nature Biosphere Reserve (Russian Federation) consisting of 33 records collected during 33 years between 1979 and 2012.
Chronicle of Nature - Phenology of Arachnids of FGBU GPZ Kologrivskij Les name after M.G. Sinicin
Arachnids Phenology dataset compiled in the context of Chronicle of Nature program in FGBU GPZ Kologrivskij Les name after M.G. Sinicin (Russian Federation) consisting of 3 records collected during 2 years between 2010 and 2011.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.