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136 results for “behavioural ecology”
Behavioural ecology meets oncology: quantifying the recovery of animal behaviour to a transient exposure to a cancer risk factor
<p>Wildlife is increasingly exposed to sublethal transient cancer risk factors, including mutagenic substances, which activate their anti-cancer defences, promote tumourigenesis, and may negatively impact populations. Little is known about how exposure to cancer risk factors impacts the behaviour of wildlife. Here, we investigated the effects of a sublethal, short-term exposure to a carcinogen at environmentally relevant concentrations on the activity patterns of wild <em>Girardia tigrina</em> planaria during a two-phase experiment, consisting of a 7-day exposure to cadmium period followed by a 7-day recovery period. To comprehensively explore the effects of the exposure on activity patterns, we employed the double hierarchical generalized linear model framework which explicitly models residual intraindividual variability in addition to the mean and variance of the population. We found that exposed planaria were less active compared to unexposed individuals and were able to recover to pre-exposure activity levels albeit with a reduced variance in activity at the start of the recovery phase. Planaria showing high activity levels were less predictable with larger daily activity variations and higher residual variance. Thus, the shift in behavioural variability induced by an exposure to a cancer risk factor can be quantified using advanced tools from the field of behavioural ecology. This is required to understand how tumourous processes affect the ecology of species.</p>
Figure 5 in Chrysoritis Butler (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Aphnaeinae) - Part II: Natural history: morphology, ecology, and behaviour, with accounts of larval ecology and insights into the aphytophagous C. dicksoni (Gabriel)
Figure 5 – Obscure iridescent scales of C. amatola stat. nov. (left) and C. aridus (right).
Figure 2 – C. t in Chrysoritis Butler (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Aphnaeinae) - Part II: Natural history: morphology, ecology, and behaviour, with accounts of larval ecology and insights into the aphytophagous C. dicksoni (Gabriel)
Figure 2 – C. t. thysbe aedeagus: (a) lateral view, (b) with vesica everted, (c) dorsal view.
Figure 6 – A in Chrysoritis Butler (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Aphnaeinae) - Part II: Natural history: morphology, ecology, and behaviour, with accounts of larval ecology and insights into the aphytophagous C. dicksoni (Gabriel)
Figure 6 – A common posture of C. thysbe psyche male (Kotzesrus).
Figure 12 in Chrysoritis Butler (Papilionoidea: Lycaenidae: Aphnaeinae) - Part II: Natural history: morphology, ecology, and behaviour, with accounts of larval ecology and insights into the aphytophagous C. dicksoni (Gabriel)
Figure 12 – Silken refuge of C. perseus larva.
Fig. 2 in Impact of ecotourism on the fish fauna of Bonito region (Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil): ecological, behavioural and physiological measures
Fig. 2. Image illustrating tourists at the beginning of the snorkeling excursion (Lima, 2008).
Figure 3 in Ecology and behaviour of the 'road tarantulas' Eupalaestrus weijenberghi and Acanthoscurria suina (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Uruguay
Figure 3. Distribution of the beetle Diloboderus abderus in the surveyed areas.
Figure 6 in Ecology and behaviour of the 'road tarantulas' Eupalaestrus weijenberghi and Acanthoscurria suina (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Uruguay
Figure 6. Temporal distribution of tarantulas captured by pit-fall traps.
Figure 2 in Ecology and behaviour of the 'road tarantulas' Eupalaestrus weijenberghi and Acanthoscurria suina (Araneae, Theraphosidae) from Uruguay
Figure 2. Geographical distribution of Acanthoscurria suina in the surveyed areas of Uruguay.
Ecological and behavioural drivers of offspring size in marine teleost fishes
<p>Aim:<strong> </strong>Our aim was to evaluate the role of ecological and life-history factors in shaping global variation in offspring size in a marine clade with a diverse range of parental care behaviours.</p> <p>Location:<strong> </strong>Global.</p> <p>Time period: Data sourced from literature published from 1953 until 2019.</p> <p>Major taxa studied:<strong> </strong>Marine teleost fishes.</p> <p>Methods:<strong> </strong>We compiled a species-level dataset of egg and hatchling size for 1,639 species of marine fish across 45 orders. We used Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to evaluate the relationship between offspring size and environmental factors (i.e., mean temperature, chlorophyll-<i>a</i> and dissolved oxygen content together with their annual variation), as well as latitude, reproductive strategy, parental body size and fecundity. We also tested long-standing hypotheses about the co-evolution of offspring size and the presence of parental care in BayesTraits.</p> <p>Results: After controlling for parental body size and phylogenetic history, we find that increased egg size is associated with colder and oxygen-rich waters, while hatch size further depends on food supply and the reproductive strategy exhibited by the species. Irrespective of the initial investment in egg size, species with parental care or demersal egg development yield larger hatchlings compared to pelagic spawners. We also demonstrate that hatch size has co-evolved with advanced forms of care in association with parental body but fail to find a relationship with other types of care.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Our study shows that parental care behaviours, together with environmental context, influence the evolution of classic life-history trade-offs on a global scale. While the initial investment in eggs is driven primarily by temperature and oxygen content, hatchling size also reflects the impact of care an offspring has received throughout development. In support of the 'offspring-first' hypothesis, we find that an increase in hatch size drives the evolution of advanced care provision. </p>
The effects of ecology and behaviour on the evolution of colouration in Coraciiformes
<p>What drives the evolution of plumage colour in birds? Bird colour is likely to be under both natural and sexual selection where natural selection may favour evolution towards crypsis or camouflage whereas sexual selection may favour evolution towards conspicuousness. The responses to selection are predicted to relate to species' ecology, behaviour, and life history. Key hypotheses have focused on habitat and light environment, breeding strategy, territoriality, and hunting behaviour. We tested these potential causes of colour variation in the Coraciiformes, a colourful clade of non-passerine birds, using phylogenetic comparative methods and data on plumage colouration and brightness measured from museum specimens. We found that correlates of colour evolution in Coraciiformes vary across body regions and depend on the focal colour property (hue or brightness). While light environment showed widespread effects on colouration in multiple body regions for both hue and brightness, selection pressures related to behavioural characteristics had more spatially localized effects (e.g. territoriality on wing feather brightness and hunting strategy on belly hue). Our results reveal both general patterns that may hold across other bird clades and more nuanced effects of selection that are likely to be mediated through the visual ecology of the signaller and receiver and the behavioural characteristics of Coraciiform species. </p>
Behaviour across time and space–how large scale ‘trait-based’ approaches can shape behavioural ecology
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Ecological and behavioural drivers of offspring size in marine teleost fishes
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The effects of ecology and behaviour on the evolution of colouration in Coraciiformes
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Behavioural ecology meets oncology: quantifying the recovery of animal behaviour to a transient exposure to a cancer risk factor
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Maladaptive migration behaviour in hybrids links to predator-mediated ecological selection
<p>1. Different migratory species have evolved distinct migratory characteristics that improve fitness in their particular ecological niches. However, when such species hybridize, migratory traits from parental species can combine maladaptively and cause hybrids to fall between parental fitness peaks, with potential consequences for hybrid viability and species integrity. 2. Here, we take advantage of a natural cross-breeding incident to study migratory behaviour in naturally occurring hybrids as well as in their parental species and explore links between migratory traits and predation risk. 3. To achieve this, we used electronic tags and passive telemetry to record detailed individual migration patterns (timing and number of migratory trips) in two common freshwater fish species, roach (Rutilus rutilus), common bream (Abramis brama) as well as their hybrids. Next, we scanned for tags regurgitated by a key avian predator (great cormorant, Phalacrocorax carbo) at nearby roosting sites, allowing us to directly link migratory behaviour to predation risk in the wild. 4. We found that hybrid individuals showed a higher number of short, multi-trip movements between lake and stream habitats as compared to both parental species. The mean date of first lake departure differed between bream and roach by more than 10 days, while hybrids departed in two distinct peaks that overlapped with the parental species' averages. Moreover, the probability of cormorant predation increased with multi-trip movement frequency across species and was higher for hybrids. 5. Our data provide novel insights into hybrid viability, with links to predator-mediated ecological selection. Increased exposure to predators via maladaptive migratory behaviour reduces hybrid survival and can thereby reinforce species integrity.</p>
Data from: Rapid generation of ecologically relevant behavioural novelty in experimental cichlid hybrids
<p>The East African cichlid radiations are characterised by repeated and rapid diversification into many distinct species with different ecological specialisations and by a history of hybridization events between non-sister species. Such hybridization might provide important fuel for adaptive radiation. Interspecific hybrids can have extreme trait values or novel trait combinations and such transgressive phenotypes may allow some hybrids to explore ecological niches neither of the parental species could tap into. Here, we investigate the potential of second-generation (F2) hybrids between two generalist cichlid species from Lake Malawi to exploit a resource neither parental species is specialised on: feeding by sifting sand. Some of the F2 hybrids phenotypically resembled fish of species that are specialised on sand sifting. We combined experimental behavioural and morphometric approaches to test whether the F2 hybrids are transgressive in both morphology and behaviour related to sand sifting. We then performed a quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis using RADseq markers to investigate the genetic architecture of morphological and behavioural traits. We show that transgression is present in several morphological traits, that novel trait combinations occur, and we observe transgressive trait values in sand sifting behaviour in some of the F2 hybrids. Moreover, we find QTLs for morphology and for sand sifting behaviour, suggesting the existence of some loci with moderate to large effects. We demonstrate that hybridization has the potential to rapidly generate novel and ecologically relevant phenotypes that may be suited to a niche neither of the parental species occupies. Interspecific hybridization may thereby contribute to the rapid generation of ecological diversity in cichlid radiations.</p>
Data from: Comparative feeding behaviour of native and introduced terrestrial snails tracks their ecological impacts
A developing body of theory and empirical evidence suggest that feeding behaviour as measured by the functional response (FR) can assist researchers in assessing the relative potential ecological impacts and competitive abilities of native and introduced species. Here, we explored the FRs of two land snails that occur in SW Ontario, one native (Mesodon thyroidus) and one non-indigenous (Cepaea nemoralis) to Canada. The non-indigenous species appears to have low ecological impact and inferior competitive abilities. Consistent with theory, while both species conformed to Type II functional responses, the native species had a significantly higher attack rate (5.30 vs 0.41, respectively) and slightly lower handling time (0.020 vs. 0.023), and hence a higher maximum feeding rate (50.0 vs 43.5). The non-indigenous species exhibited a significantly longer time to contact for a variety of food types, and appeared less discriminating of paper that was offered as a non-food type. The non-indigenous species also ate significantly less food when in mixed species trials with the native snail. These feeding patterns match the known low ecological impact of the introduced snail and are consistent with the view that it is an inferior competitor relative to the native species. However, field experimentation is required to clarify whether the largely microallopatric distributions of the two species in SW Ontario reflect competitive dominance by the native species or other factors such as habitat preference, feeding preferences or predator avoidance. The relative patterns of feeding behaviour and ecological impact are, however, fully in line with recent functional response theory and application.
FIGURES 13–14. Atopopus tarsalis egg. Fig. 12 in The nymph of Atopopus tarsalis Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae): first description, ecology and behaviour
FIGURES 13–14. Atopopus tarsalis egg. Fig. 12: general shape; Fig. 13: detail of the micropyle area.
FIGURES 11–12. Atopopus tarsalis Fig. 11 in The nymph of Atopopus tarsalis Eaton, 1881 (Ephemeroptera, Heptageniidae): first description, ecology and behaviour
FIGURES 11–12. Atopopus tarsalis Fig. 11: abdominal pattern of three different nymphs; Fig. 12: wings pattern of the male imago.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.