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220 results for “beta diversity”

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dryad36/100

Understanding the local drivers of beta-diversity patterns under climate change: The case of seaweed communities in Galicia, North West of the Iberian Peninsula

Aim: To understand spatial-temporal changes (beta-diversity) in coastal communities and their drivers in the context of climate change. Coastal ecosystems are extremely exposed and dynamic, where changes in seaweed assemblages have been associated with changing water temperatures. However, at the local scale, the effects of changes in the upwelling events and related stressors seek further exploration. Location: Galicia rías, North West of the Iberian Peninsula Methods: Using data collected in 42 sampling localities in Galicia rias and over two time periods (1998 and 2014), we analyzed changes in the seaweed community's composition through time and space. We calculated the temporal beta diversity index and spatial beta diversity as the pairwise composition differences between sampling localities. We use generalized dissimilarity models, to identify local environmental drivers of spatial and temporal beta-diversity. Results: We found a significant change in seaweed communities of Galicia rias, between 1998 and 2014 (temporal beta-diversity). They were mostly related to species loss rather than to species replacement. The dissimilarity among localities (spatial beta diversity) was significantly higher in 2014 than 1998. Nitrate concentration was consistently predicted as the main driver of both temporal and spatial beta-diversity patterns. Main conclusions: Unlike other studies in marine ecosystems, our results suggest that observed changes in the structure of perennial seaweed assemblages in Galicia Rias might lead to a local biotic heterogenization, indirectly linked to climate change through changes in nutrients availability and the upwelling intensity. Changes in Galicia seaweed communities call scientific attention to the importance of local stressors in climate change studies.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Multiple dimensions of bird beta diversity support that mountains are higher in the tropics

Aim We examine latitudinal effects of breeding bird taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional β-diversity (Tβ, Pβ and Fβ, respectively) along elevational gradients to test predictions derived from Janzen's (1967) classic ideas that tropical mountains represent stronger dispersal barriers than temperate mountains. Location Global Taxon Birds Methods Using a global dataset from 46 mountains, we examine latitudinal patterns of Tβ, Pβ, and Fβ, and their components: β rich and β repl. For each mountain and each dimension of diversity we calculated (a) total β-diversity, (b) the steepness of distance decay patterns, and (c) within-mountain variability in pairwise β-diversity and regressed each one of these response variables against absolute latitude. We predicted that tropical montane biotas would have (1) overall higher Tβ, Pβ, and Fβ, (2) faster distance decay patterns and (3) higher within-mountain variability in pairwise β-diversity. Furthermore, we expected the richness component β rich to be more important in temperate mountains, and the replacement component β repl in tropical mountains. Results Latitude had a negative effect on total β-diversity for all dimensions of diversity. Similarly, metrics of Tβ and Pβ mostly agree with our expectations, whereas Fβ showed contrasting results with steeper distance decay curves and higher within-mountain variability in temperate mountains. Overall, β rich was a more important component at high elevations in the tropics and across elevations in temperate mountains, and β repl more important in tropical low and mid-elevations. Main Conclusions Our findings are consistent with tropical mountain assemblages containing species with narrow elevational distributions, low dispersal ability and potentially high allopatric speciation, resulting in high β-diversity across elevations. Contrasting results for Fβ indicate high niche packing in tropical assemblages, with most changes in functional diversity among assemblages involving species redundant in trait space. --

opencc-zeroMay 2021View details →

dryad36/100

Abundance and beta-diversity of bumble bees, wildflowers, and their interactions in the Berchtesgadener Alps

The structuring of biological communities along mountain slopes is complex, and elevational range shifts in response to climate change involve more than merely tracking suitable temperature envelopes. When species move, they do so in the context of biological communities, and the outcomes of these movements depend on how and to what extent biotic interactions are reordered. Bumble bees (Hymentopera: *Bombus* spp.) are cold-adapted species associated with mountain habitats, and they are already exhibiting upslope range shifts that are expected to result in habitat loss, novel competitive interactions, and the rewiring of pollination networks. Predicting and interpreting these shifts, however, requires an understanding of the current elevational patterns of bumble bees and their floral mutualists that are being acted upon by climate change. We recorded bumble- bee-flower interactions over three years along an 1400 m elevational gradient in the German Alps. Using nonlinear modeling, we analyze the elevational patterns at the nested levels of species abundance, species β-diversity, and interaction β-diversity. We demonstrate that the tree line ecotone is (1) a distributional interface between low/mid- and high-elevation bumble bee species, (2) a threshold above which floral resource availability sharply decreases, and (3) a zone of accelerated turnover of floral composition and bumble- bee-flower interactions. The implications of these findings extend beyond the particular case of bumble bees to demonstrate that linear elevational temperature gradients are ecologically punctuated, and the outcomes of climate-induced range shifts will depend on dynamics at the tree line ecotone.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Discrepancies between the drivers of alpha and beta plant diversity in arable field margins

Field margins are major habitats for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem functioning in agricultural landscapes, but biotic homogenization of plant communities threatens their ecological and agronomic functions. Our objective is to assess the effects of field margin structure and long-term management of herbaceous layer over 20 years (1995–2015) on the taxonomic and functional α- and β-diversity, and the functional composition of herbaceous plant communities. In 2015, we surveyed 302 field margins in bocage landscapes of Brittany (France). Results were very similar between taxonomic and functional diversity but revealed discrepancies between α- and β-diversity. Deep ditches, mowing, and grazing increased α-diversity but did not affect β-diversity. Denser hedgerows had lower α-diversity than other field margins but contributed to β-diversity by harboring more unique sets of species or life strategies. Long-term herbicide spraying in field margins and cropping intensity in adjacent habitats did not affect α-diversity, but had more complex effects on β-diversity and selected for common weeds. Preservation of dense hedgerows and abandonment of herbicide spraying are key measures to prevent the establishment of common weeds and biotic homogenization in field margins. Above all, our study shows how important it is to go beyond α-diversity to make robust conservation and restoration decisions.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Unravelling the factors affecting taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional beta diversity of stream macroinvertebrate communities in the World's Third Pole

Aim: Disentangling how stochastic and deterministic processes contribute to variation in beta diversity is a common goal for ecologists and biogeographers. However, such studies are scarce in alpine streams, especially when different diversity facets are considered. Here, we combined different approaches to examine the drivers of taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional beta diversities and discussed how our results can inform community assembly and biodiversity conservation in Tibetan streams. Location: Tibet Plateau Taxon: Macroinvertebrates Methods: We first partitioned multiple facets of beta diversity (Btotal) into species replacement (Brepl) and richness difference (Brich) as well as local (LCBD) or species (SCBD) contributions. Then, we applied ordination methods to examine the relative importance of local, climatic and spatial factors on Btotal, Brepl and Brich, respectively. We explored community assembly rules using null models based on trait and phylogeny structure. Results: Btotal displayed high values and was primarily driven by Brepl. Local, climatic and spatial factors were poor predictors of the different facets of beta diversity. Null models showed that the diversity metrics did not differ from those of null expectations, suggesting that most individual streams might be occupied by species that were merely random draws from the functional or phylogenetic pools available in this region. Partitioning beta diversity into LCBD and SCBD implied that the upper canyon streams were more unique than those at lower elevations and can be valuable for biodiversity conservation. Main conclusions: Analyzing multiple facets of beta diversity provide important insights into community assembly that cannot be acquired by focusing on taxonomic diversity only. Using a multi-faceted approach involving species, phylogenetic and trait data, our study not only sheds light on the assembly mechanisms of macroinvertebrate communities in alpine streams but also bring inspiration for biodiversity conservation in the 'World's Third Pole' that is highly sensitive to global change.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

zenodo36/100

Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change

This release contains the code and data used in the paper: Wu-Bing Xu et al., Global beta-diversity of angiosperm trees is shaped by Quaternary climate change. Sci. Adv. 9, eadd8553 (2023). DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.add8553">10.1126/sciadv.add8553</a>

openother-openDec 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Biotic pressures and environmental heterogeneity shape beta-diversity of seedling communities in tropical montane forests

Many theories have been proposed to explain the high diversity of plants in the tropics. However, we lack an understanding of the processes that drive plant diversity and community assembly at different spatial scales. Here, we applied beta-diversity partitioning to test how biotic and abiotic factors are associated with seedling beta-diversity in a tropical montane forest in Southern Ecuador. We recorded seedling communities on 81 subplots at nine plots located at three elevations along a 2000-m elevational gradient. We measured biotic pressures (i.e. herbivory and fungal pathogen attacks) and environmental conditions (i.e. soil moisture and canopy closure) at all subplots and related them to species turnover and richness differences in seedling communities within and between elevations. We found that species turnover increased with differences in biotic dissimilarity within elevations, while differences in species richness within elevations increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Between elevations, species turnover increased with increasing environmental dissimilarity. Our findings show that species turnover and changes in species richness are related differently to abiotic and biotic factors, and that the importance of these factors for shaping seedling diversity is scale-dependent. Our study contributes to better understand the processes driving seedling beta-diversity and the assembly of plant communities in highly diverse tropical montane forests.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

dryad36/100