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Fig. 14 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 14. Strict consensus of 34 trees. Length = 2219, CI = 0.2881, RI – 0.7500. 100 taxa are included. Goniopholididae are monophyletic, with Calsoyasuchus the most basal form. Goniopholis forms a paraphyletic group with respect to Anteophthalmosuchus. Sunosuchus is polyphyletic, spread among several groups including Eutretauranosuchus, Kansajsuchus, and the European goniopholidids. All European goniopholidids form a monophyletic group to the exclusion of the Asian and North American forms. Tomistoma and Gavialis cluster together to the exclusion of Alligator.

Fig. 7. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 7. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 frontoparietal region from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan, PIN 2399-308, in posterior (A), ventral (B), anterior (C), dorsal (D), and lateral (E) views, clearly demonstrating the trapezoidal shape of the skull roof, and the near-circular fenestrae.

Fig. 6. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 6. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 specimens from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan. A. Portion of frontal bone and posterior end of nasal, PIN 2399-310. B. Broken portion of a left maxilla, PIN 2399-307. C. Anterior section of right nasal bone, PIN 2399-306. D. Example of dorsal dermal osteoderm, PIN 2399-312. In ventral (A –D ) and dorsal (A –D ) views.

Fig. 1 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 1. Adult crocodylomorph "Sunosuchus" thailandicus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1980, PIN 4174-1, from the Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) of Shar Teeg, Mongolia. A. Rostrum, quadrates, and occipital condyle in dorsal aspect. B, C. Rostrum and mandible in left (B) and right (C) views. Photographs (A 1 –C 1) and explanatory drawings (A –C ).

Fig. 13 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 13. Strict consensus of 324 trees. Length = 2305, CI = 0.2872, RI = 0.7497. 102 crocodilomorph taxa are included. The inclusion of "Sunosuchus" thailandicus and material formerly ascribed to Turanosuchus aralensis results in a large polytomy including Eusuchia, Goniopholididae, Pholidosauridae, and Metriorhynchidae. Relationships within Goniopholididae for the most part collapse. A notable exception is the association of Eutretauranosuchus and "Sunosuchus" junggarensis, which suggests that this is a very strongly supported relationship.

Fig. 2 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Crocodylomorph "Sunosuchus" thailandicus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1980 dentition, PIN 4174-1, from the Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) of Shar Teeg, Mongolia. A. Rostrum in palatal aspect. Photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Anterior mandible in dorsal view, from symphysis to the anterior edge of the external mandibular fenestra.

Fig. 11 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 11. Poorly preserved mandibular symphysis of?Goniopholididae gen. et sp. indet. (previously Turanosuchus aralensis Efimov, 1988) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kazakhstan, PIN 2229-507, in dorsal view, with majority of tooth alveoli present but damaged. For full explanation see text.

Fig. 5. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975, holotype, PIN 2399-301 from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan. Right premaxilla of an adult crocodilian in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. Photographs (A1–C1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2).

Fig. 12 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 12.?Goniopholididae gen. et sp. indet. (previously Turanosuchus aralensis Efimov, 1988) from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Zhirkindek Formation, Kazakhstan, material formerly attributed to Turanosuchus aralensis Efimov, 1988. A. Section of left dentary, PIN 2229-506, including two complete and two incomplete alveoli in dorsal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Dermal osteoderm, PIN 2229-503, in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views. C. Fragmented right maxilla, PIN 2229-502 (demonstrating the sinusoidal condition also seen in PIN 4174-1), in ventral (C1) and dorsal (C2) views. D. Posterior portion of left mandible, PIN 2229-501, in dorsal (D1), lateral (D2), and medial (D3) views.

Fig. 9. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 9. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 left angular region of the mandible. Specimens from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan, PIN 2399-453, in ventral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), and lateral (D) views.

Fig. 8. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 8. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 basioccipital region and quadrate, preserving several nerve and vascular foramina. Specimens from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan. A. PIN 2399-308 (second part) in posterior (A1), ventral (A2), and dorsal (A3) views. B. PIN 2399-468, a quadrate in posterior (B1), dorsal (B2), and ventral (B3) views.

Fig. 3 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Crocodylomorph "Sunosuchus" thailandicus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1980, PIN 4174-1, from the Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) of Shar Teeg, Mongolia. Occipital condyle in lateral (A) and posterior (B) views.

Fig. 4 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Teeth of crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Central Asia. A. "Sunosuchus" thailandicus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1980, left mandibular tooth of PIN 4174-1. Tooth is from mid-mandible and is similar in size to all of the other mandibular teeth, which show little size variation. B, C. Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975. B. Caniniform tooth of PIN 2399-313 in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), and lateral (B3) views. The tooth is characterized by prominent ridges, including a distinctive "double keel" on the posterior side of the tooth. The tooth is from the anterior part of the jaw. C. Molariform tooth of PIN 2399-314 in posterior (C1), anterior (C2), and lateral (C3) views. The tooth shares the ridges characteristic of Kansajsuchus, including a less prominent version of the double keel, but is blunter, and derived from the posterior part of the jaw.

Fig. 10. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 10. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 postcranial material from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan. A. Cervical vertebra, PIN 2399-304, in anterior (A 1) and lateral (A 2) views. B. Left femur, PIN 2399-318, in posterior (B ) and lateral (B ) views.

Fig. 14 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 14. Map (slightly modified from Vasiliev et al. 2004) of the Tethys (dark grey) and Paratethys (light grey) region in early late Miocene times, showing the main mammalian localities with and without Dorcatherium, and the tentative extent of the provinces discussed in the text. 1, North−Western Province; 2, North−Dacian Province; 3, Balkano−Iranian (= Sub−Paratethyan) Province; 4, Greek Macedonian Province; 5, Eastern Aegean Province; 6, Anatolian Province.

Fig. 13 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 13. Plot of length vs. distal width of the metacarpal of some large late Miocene Giraffidae. Black symbols are for "Palaeogiraffa", others are for Samotherium.

Fig. 9 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 9. Measurements of the cross−section of the lower i2s in various Proboscideans. From Tassy (1986: fig. 14) and y = Yulafll.

Fig. 2 in Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Indarctos arctoides, TTMEU−CY−46, Yulafli, Turkey, Vallesian, late Miocene. Left mandibular ramus, lateral (A) and occlusal (B) views of p2–m2 (stereo).

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Fig. 15. A–H in Biogeographic and Biostratigraphic Implications of the Serratognathus bilobatus Fauna (Conodonta) from the Emanuel Formation (Early Ordovician) of the Canning Basin, Western Australia

Fig. 15. A–H, Stiptognathus borealis (Repetski, 1982). (A), M element, CPC39902, WCB705/243, posterior view (IY129-033). B–D, Sa element; B,C, CPC39903, WCB705/243, (B), upper-posterior view (IY118-006), (C), upper-anterior view (IY118-007); (D), CPC39904, WCB705/243, upper view showing the cross section of the cusp (IY118-004). E–G, Sb element, E,G, CPC39905, WCB705/133, (E), basal-posterior view (IY117-041), (G), posterior view (IY117-039). (F), CPC39906, WCB705/243, basal view (IY118-015). (H), Pb element, CPC39907, WCB705/243, antero-inner lateral view (IY118-008). I–K, Triangulodus bifidus Zhen in Zhen et al., 2006. Sd element, CPC39908, WCB705/133, (I), basal view (IY116-056), (J,K), posterolateral views (IY116-058, IY116-057). L–T, Semiacontiodus sp. cf. S. cornuformis (Sergeeva, 1963). L,M, Sa element, CPC39909, WCB705/133, (L), posterior view (IY126-027); (M), posterolateral view (IY126-028). N,O, Sb element; (N), CPC39910, 161–166 m, inner lateral view (IY132-012); (O), CPC39911, 161–166 m, outer lateral view (IY132-014). P–T, Sc element; P–R, CPC39912, 161–166 m, (P), inner lateral view (IY132-016); (Q), basal view (IY132-018); (R), outer lateral view (IY132-017). S,T, CPC39913, WCB705/133, (S), inner lateral view (IY127-018); (T), close up showing fine striae (IY127-019). Scale bars 100 µm unless otherwise indicated.