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Figure 19 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 19. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. Orange arrows indicate possible source of morphological changes. A, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus at localities 98LC-2, 98LC-2 and E-126. B, discriminant analysis within Operculinoides floridensis at localities 98 LC-1, CA-215 and CA-216. C, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis at localities 98LC-1, CA-125 and NOR-UN.

Figure 7. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 7. A, schematic diagram showing the Eocene depositional environments in sections from western and central Cuba (modified from Cotton 2012). B, schematic diagram showing depth zonation of nummulitid species and larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) present in the Eocene section across the depositional gradient (modified from Beavington-Penney & Racey 2004).

Figure 4 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 4. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. A, discriminant analysis between Operculinoides and Palaeonummulites species; B, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus from different localities; C, discriminant analysis within O. floridensis from different localities; D, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis from different localities.

Figure 9 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 9. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Angelita Quarry section, western Cuba.

Figure 6 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 6. Stratigraphical ranges of the nummulitid species from the Cuban sections and their correlation with the standard planktonic zones. A, Pearson et al. (2006); B, Berggren et al. (1995); C, Martini (1971); D, Agnini et al. (2014).

Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; genera are separated by different shapes (squares = Operculinoides; polygons = Palaeonummulites; triangles = Heterostegina). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Heterostegina sp. indet. and Operculinoides. C, discriminant analysis of Heterostegina species and Operculinoides or Palaeonummulites species; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.

Figure 2 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 2. Measurements of characters in equatorial section. A, embryonic apparatus; B, marginal test spiral; C, chamber measurements; D, example individual, Operculinoides floridensis, specimen 98LC-1H-648.

Figure 1. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 1. A, schematic tectonic map of western and central Cuba (after Iturrlade-Vinent 1994), with locations of the stratigraphical sections and samples. B, stratigraphical relations of Eocene units in western and central Cuba, slightly modified from Garćıa-Delgado & Torres-Silva (1997); stratigraphical ranges of the studied sections: A, 98LC-2; B, 98LC-1; C, LM-52; D, NOR-UN; E, 98MT-1; F, E-126; G, CA-215.

Figure 3. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 3. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; colours accord with the results of the K-means cluster analysis. Numbers indicate the measured type material: 1, Nummulites stritoreticulatus, holotype; 2, N. macgillavry (from Butterlin 1981); 3, Operculinoides trinitatensis, holotype; 4, O. spiralis, holotype; 5. O. kugleri, holotype; 6, N. trinitatensis (from Butterlin 1961); 7, O. willcoxi (from Barker 1939); 8, O. willcoxi (from Cole 1941); 9, O. floridensis (from Frost & Langenheim 1974); 10, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 11, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 12, O. soldadensis (from Vaughan & Cole 1941); 13, O. suteri (from Caudri 1996); 14, N. floridensis (from Butterlin 1961). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Nummulites from 98LC-2 and Palaeonummulites from 98LC-1. C, discriminant analysis between the interpreted species: Nummulites striatoreticulatus, Palaeonummulites trinitatensis, Operculinoides floridensis and Operculinoides soldadensis; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.

Figure 9 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 9. Paleogeographic reconstruction for the late Silurian, base map from Scotese (2014, map 73), showing possible vertebrate dispersal route from the Baltic to the circum-Arctic and thence south to western Laurentia.

Figure 8. A–K in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 8. A–K. Scales of thelodont Barlowodus sp. cf. B. floralis from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section, all level 430.5'. A, UCR 10746-31 in baso-lateral view; B, UCR 10746-35 in crown view; C, UCR 10746-36 in crown view; D, UCR 10746-34 in crown view; E, UCR 10746-42 in crown view; F, UCR 10746-29 in crown view; G, UCR 10746-24 in crown view; H, UCR 10746-38 in crown view; I, UCR 10746-23 in crown view; J, K, UCR 10746-14, in crown view, and close up of dorsal mid-crown showing ultrasculpture and taphonomic effects. Scale bars=0.2 mm; anterior to left except A, D, G, I. See Table 1 for meterage.

Figure 7 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 7. Thelodont scales from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section, all level 430.5' except B, C, G, K, L, P, Q. A. Trimerolepis sp. cf. T. tricava. UCR 10746-43 in crown view. B. Trimerolepis sp. AMF97876 (Parkes 1995, fig. 22.19, 20) from level 503', base view. C.?Lanarkia sp. UCR 944-20 (level 527.25') in lateral view. D.?Turinia sp. UCR10746-19, showing taphonomic effects and ultrasculpture, in crown view. E-J. Nikolivia spp. E. UCR 10746-13 with cell pattern on surface in crown view; F, UCR 10746-20 in crown view; G, AMF97875 (Parkes 1995, fig. 22.17, 18) from level 402' with possible bite marks, in crown view; H, UCR 10746-27 in ventral basal view; I, UCR 10746-25 showing taphonomic effects in crown view; J, Nikolivia sp. cf. N. auriculata, UCR 10746-18 in crown view. K, L. Apalolepis sp. AMF97872 (level 503') (Parkes 2005, fig. 22.11, 12), crown and basal views. M-O. Talivalia sp. cf. T. elongata. M, UCR 10746-17 in crown view; N, UCR 10746-37 in crown view; O, UCR 10746-21 in lateral view. P-S. Barlowodus sp. cf. B. tridens. P, Q, AMF97874 (level 875') in crown and basal views (Parkes 2005, fig. 22.15, 16). R, S, UCR 944-21 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view, closeup in S showing striated ultrasculpture. Scale bars=0.2 mm; anterior to left or top, otherwise arrow points to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.

Figure 6 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 6. Chondrichthyan and stem osteichthyan scales from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section; A, C–G, light microscope images of whitened specimens; B, ESEM image. A-C. Ellesmereia schultzei. A, scale UCR 10746- 44 (level 430.5') in crown view (from Suppl. 1, fig. 5); B, UCR 10746-28 (level 430.5') in anterolateral-crown view; C, scale UCR10746-45 (level 430.5' in crown and lateral views (from Suppl. 1, fig. 4). D. Polymerolepis sp. scale UCR 10752-1 (level 458.67') in crown view (from Suppl. 1, fig. 11). E-G. Lophosteus sp. cf. L. superbus. E, dermal bone fragment 10754-1 (level 468') in external view (from Suppl. 1, fig. 12); F, G, tubercles UCR951-1, 2 (level 457') in crown views (from Suppl. 1, fig. 10). Scale bars=0.25 mm, anterior of scale is up or to left, otherwise arrow points to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.

Figure 5. Funicristata nevadaensis n. gen. n in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 5. Funicristata nevadaensis n. gen. n. sp. from the uppermost Silurian of the Birch Creek II section. A–C. UCR 10750-3 (level 456.5') in crown views and magnified view of the crown ridges; D, E. UCR 10750-2 (level 456.5') in crown and lateral views; F, G. UCR 10746-10 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and crown views; H, I. UCR 10746-8 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; J, K. UCR 10750-10 (level 456.5') vertical longitudinal section; L. UCR 10750-12 (level 456.5') horizontal section through crown. Abbreviations: c=canal; en=enameloid; h=hyphal boring; po=pore openings. Scale bars=0.1 mm in A, B, D–L, 0.01 mm in C; anterior is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.

Figure 4 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 4. Nostovicina and Nostolepis sp. acanthodian scales from the Siluro-Devonian boundary levels of the Birch Creek II section. A. Nostovicina sp. cf. N. elegans: UCR 10755-1 (level 470.2') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 13). B–D, J. Nostovicina laticristata: B. UCR 10768-10 (level 518.3') in crown view; C, D. UCR 10768-6 (level 518.3') in anterocrown and crown views; J. UCR 10768-11 (level 518.3') horizontal thin section through crown. E–I, K, L. Nostovicina sp. cf. N. guangxiensis; E. UCR 5443-1 (level 562.6') in anterocrown view; F, G. UCR 5443-3 (level 562.6') in crown and lateral views; H. UCR 5443-4 (level 562.6') in posterocrown view; I. UCR 5443-6 (level 562.6') in crown view; K, L. UCR 5443-7 (level 562.6') vertical transverse section, magnified view of crown structure in L. M–P. Nostovicina sp. cf. N. lacrima: M. UCR 5439-8 in lateral view; N. UCR 5439-6 in posterior view; O. UCR 5439-4 (level 549') in lateral view; P. UCR 10768-1 (level 518.3') in anterior view. Q–T. Nostolepis matukhini: Q, R. UCR 5443-2 (level 562.6') in crown and laterocrown views; S, T. UCR 5443-5 (level 562.6') in crown and anterocrown views. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; h=hyphal borings; Sf=Sharpey's fiber bundles. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to right or up, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.

Figure 3 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 3. Poracanthodid and ischnacanthid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section. A–E,?F,?G. Gomphonchoporus hoppei: A. UCR 949-1 (level 567.3') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 24); B. UCR 944-11 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view; C, D. UCR 5439-2 (level 549') in anterocrown and laterocrown views; E. UCR 5439-3 (level 549') in basal view; F. UCR 5439-7 (level 549') in crown view; G. UCR 5439-1 (level 549') in anterocrown view. H–J. Zemlyacanthus menneri: UCR 10815-1, 2, 3 (level 556.5'), in crown views (from Supplement 1, fig. 22). M–P. Trundlelepis cervicostulata: K, L. UCR 10768-4 (level 518.3') in anterior and lateral views; M. UCR 944-17 (level 527.25') in crown view; N. UCR 944-3 (level 527.25') in crown view; O. UCR 944-23 (level 527.25'), vertical longitudinal thin section; P. UCR 944-22 (level 527.25'), horizontal thin section through crown. Q, R. Poracanthodidae gen., sp. indet. sensory line scale UCR 930-3 (level 395') in crown and posterior views. S-V. Gomphonchus sandelensis: S, T. UCR 10746-11 (level 430.5') in crown and lateral views; U, V. UCR 930-7 (level 395') in antero- and posterocrown views. W–Z. Gomphonchus mediocostatus: W. UCR 944-6 (level 527.25') in crown view; X. UCR 944-16 (level 527.25') in crown view; Y. UCR 942-1 (level 526') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 20); Z. UCR 944-19 (level 527.25') in laterocrown view. Abbreviations: cgz=crown growth zones; dt=dentine tubules; h=hyphal borings; vc=vertical canals. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.

Figure 2 in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 2. Poracanthodid acanthodian scales from Upper Silurian levels of the Birch Creek II section, SEM images. A–G. Poracanthodes punctatus: A, B. UCR 930-2 (level 395') in lateral and posterobasal views; C. UCR 930-6 (level 395') in posterobasal view; D, E. UCR 930-5 (level 395') in crown and posterocrown views; F, G. UCR 930-1 (level 395') in lateral and basal views. H–P,?Q–V. Poracanthodes canadensis: H, I. UCR 930-4 (level 395') in crown view; J, K. UCR 10746-6 (level 430.5') in crown view plus closeup of crown pores; L–N. UCR 10750-6 (level 456.5') in anterior and crown views, and closeup of pores near hyphal borings; O. UCR10746-5 (level 430.5') in laterocrown view; P. UCR 540-1 (level 510') in crown view (from Supplement 1, fig. 17); Q–S. UCR 10768-3 (level 518.3') in crown, anterocrown views, and closeup of posterior crown surface; T. UCR 930-8 (level 395'), horizontal thin section through crown; U, V. UCR 10746-12 (level 430.5'), vertical thin section through anterior half of crown; W–BB. Radioporacanthodes porosus: W, X. UCR 10750-7 (level 456.5') in crown and anterocrown views; Y, Z. UCR 10746-4 (level 430.5') in anterocrown and lateral views; AA. UCR 10746-9 (level 430.5') in crown view; BB. UCR 10750-11 (level 456.5'), horizontal thin section through crown, showing two radial pore canals, viewed with Nomarski optics. CC–EE. Radioporacanthodes scheii: CC. UCR 10750-5 (level 456.5') in crown view; DD, EE. UCR 10750- 1 (level 456.5') in crown view plus closeup of pores and hyphal borings. Abbreviations: arc=arcade canals; b=scale base; c=scale crown; h=hyphal borings; n=neck; p=pore; pc=pore canal; pco=pore canal opening under posterior crown; pr=pore canal opening row on crown surface; rc=radial canal. Scale bars=0.1 mm, anterior of scale is to left or down, otherwise arrows point to anterior. See Table 1 for meterage.

Figure 1. Birch Creek II in Late Silurian to earliest Devonian vertebrate biostratigraphy of the Birch Creek II section, Roberts Mountains, Nevada, U.S.A.

Figure 1. Birch Creek II section, central Roberts Mountains, Nevada. A. locality map, topographic map showing locations of sections BC II, BC III, WC I, WC IV after Murphy (2016, appendix 1). B. stratigraphic column through the uppermost Silurian– lowermost Devonian (after Klapper and Murphy 1975, fig. 5; scale on left is in feet; X denotes their proposed Silurian–Devonian boundary at approx. 567'=172.8 m level); to the right, stratigraphically significant conodont ranges in red, graptolites in blue (see Murphy 2016, fig. 2).

Figure 16 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 16. Operculinoides floridensis (Heilprin). A–C, Loma Candelaria; A, 98LC-1-651; B, 98LC-1-667; C, 98LC-1-815. D, E, Loma Viǵıa; D, CA-216-F3-16; E, CA-216-D1a. F, Loma El Santo, CA-215-852. G, Loma Jabaco, LM-52-759. H, Angelita Quarry, 98MT-1. A–D, F and G are A forms in equatorial section; E and F are A forms in axial section.