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Fig. 4 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 4. Upper molars of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016, from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Holotype (HG-M016) from Shangheshou area; right ultimate premolar and M1–M6 in buccal (A1) and occlusal (A2) views, showing the corresponding cusps on different teeth. B. ZGY0053 from Dapingfang; left upper molars (M1–M6) in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2), and lingual (B3) views. Image in B3 is horizontally flipped for convenience of comparison.

Fig. 5 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 5. Lower teeth of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China), right c–m6 in lingual (A1) and occlusal (A2) views (with the dentary bone segmented away) and in posterobuccal view (A5), left p5–m6 in buccal (A3) and occlusal (A4) views. See also Figs. 3 and 7.

Fig. 3 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 3. CT-rendered lower jaws and dentitions of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053), from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A1–A3, left upper and lower dentition and dentary in medial (only teeth), lateral, and occlusal views, respectively. A4–A6, right upper and lower dentition and dentary in lateral, medial, and occlusal views, respectively. Note: angular end is not the mandibular condyle (see Fig. 6); coronoid tubercle, mis-labelled as "cp" in Han and Meng (2016: fig. 10). Upper and lower teeth in A1, A2, A4, A5 are in the original position that were preserved. Arrows in A2, A4 point to mental foramina (note the difference between the two mandibles). Question mark in A5 points to a faint groove that is not the Meckelian groove (compared to that of Origolestes lii in Fig. 6B).

Fig. 1 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 1. New specimen of Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Partial skeleton in dorsal view that is preserved in the main slab. B. CT rendered partial skull; mostly ventral portion with teeth in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views and mainly the skull roof in dorsal (B3) and ventral (B4) views.

Fig. 7 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 7. Comparison of molars between of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M2) in buccal (A1) and occlusal (A2) views; lower molars (m1–m3) in occlusal (A3) and lingual (A4) views (modified from Mao et al. 2020). B. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M4) in buccal (B1) and occlusal (B2) views; lower molars (m1–m4) in occlusal (B3) and lingual (B4) views. Image in B1 has been vertically reversed for convenience of comparison. The lower teeth (m1–m4) in B3 and B4 were composite from better preserved left m2–m3 (reversed) and right dentitions (m1, m4). The angular lines indicate the symmetrical (O. lii) and asymmetrical (L. sheni) crown outline and the embrasure.

Fig 6 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig 6. Comparison of the mandibular morphologies of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (holotype, HG-M016) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Shangheshou area, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; posterior portion of the right mandible in buccal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; right mandible in buccal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. The mandible in B was slightly displaced at the crack (marked with the arrow) and has been digitally restored (see Mao et al. 2020).

Fig. 2 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 2. CT-images of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016, from Aprian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Holotype (HG-M016) from Shangheshou area; A1, virtual skull remains with the lingual side of the right mandible exposed (see Han and Meng 2016: fig. 1); A2, virtual skull remains with the lateral side of the right mandible exposed (this side of the skull is embeded in the matrix and not visible except for the part of cheek teeth that were needle-prepared from the back side of the slab (Han and Meng 2016: figs. 1, 5); A3, a CT-slice showing the contrast of bone and matrix and revealing the roots of some teeth. B. ZGY0053 from Dapingfang, a CT-section through the skull (showing the root conditions). Note there is no tooth germ under any cheek teeth in both specimens in A3 and B.

Fig. 6 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 6. SEM and SRXTM images of the indeterminate alga; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN103-361; A1, SEM image; A2, A3, A4, close-up views of polygonal cells. B. ELISN111-78; B1, SEM image; B3, 3D rendering; B4, B6, B7, virtual sections; B5, B8, close-up views of B4 and B7 (respectively). Intervals between cells, white arrowheads (A4, B2, B5); cell clumps, white arrows (B1, B4, B6); intervals between cell and membrane, black arrowheads (B2, B8).

Fig. 4 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 4. Measurements of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. and concave opening. A. Histogram of maximal length and width of bowl-shaped fossils. B. Histogram of maximal length and width of concave opening. C. Scatter diagram indicating a linear relationship between the maximal length and width of C. irregulatus. D. A linear relationship between the maximal length and width of the concave opening.

Fig. 3 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 3. SEM images of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. with a deep central concavity; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN72-52, holotype; A1, front view; A2, back view. B. ELISN163-729; B1, front view; B2, back view. C. ELISN133-60. D. ELISN163-339. Cell clumps, white arrows (A, C, D); gaps between cell clumps, black arrows (A, B1). Fossils are arranged in order of size, suggesting a possible sequence of growth and development.

Fig. 2 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 2. SEM images of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. with a shallow central concavity; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN80-91; A1, front view; A2, back view. B–D. ELISN85-39, ELISN163-455, ELISN164-15, respectively. E. ELISN164-271; E1, front view; E2, close-up view. Cell clumps, white arrows (A, C, D); gaps between cell clumps, black arrows (B, E); external membrane, equilateral arrowheads (B, C, D). The specimens are selected and arranged in order of size so as to indicate a possible sequence of growth and development.

Fig. 1 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 1. Geological map (A; modified from Han et al. 2016), stratigraphic column (B), and typical fossils (C–E) from Cambrian the Shizhonggou section in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. C. Carinachitid Carinachites spinatus Qian, 1977. D. Anabaritid Anabarites trisulcatus Missarzhevsky in Voronova and Missarzhevsky, 1969. E. Olivooid Olivooides multisulcatus Qian, 1977.

Fig. 5 in New materials of multicellular algae from the earliest Cambrian Kuanchuanpu biota in South China

Fig. 5. Internal structure of problematic alga Calathophycus irregulatus Tang gen. et sp. nov. revealed by Micro-CT; Kuanchuanpu Formation, Fortunian, Terreneuvian, Cambrian in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi Province, China. A. ELISN72-52, holotype; A1, SEM image; A2, 3D rendering; A3, A5, virtual sections; A4, A6, close-up views. B. ELISN164-15; B1, SEM image; B2, 3D rendering; B3, B4, B7, virtual sections; B5, B6, close-up views. Gap between cell clumps, black arrows (A4, B6, B7); gaps between cells, white arrowhead (A4); interval between polygonal cells, white arrowhead (B5); interval between cells and clumps, black arrowheads (A6, B5, B6); cell clumps, white arrows (B3, B7); external membrane, equilateral arrowhead (B6).

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Fig. 2 in A Lujiatun-like dinosaurian assemblage from the Jehol Biota of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China

Fig. 2. Fossils found in the Xidayingzi site from the Early Cretaceous Ningcheng Basin, Inner Mongolia. A. Sinovenator-like troodontid dinosaur (SDUST-V1062), the left pes is exposed in medial view. B. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sp. (PMOL-AD00163), the maxilary teeth are loosely arranged and exposed in lateral view. C. Neornithischian dinosaur Jeholosaurus sp. (SDUST-V1063), the scapulocoracoid, humerus, ulna, and radius in lateral view. D. Euhelopus-like sauropod (SDUST-V1064), digital image of the tooth crown in medial view. E. Indeterminated lizard (PMOLAR00268), digital image of the fragmentary mandible in lingual view. F. Symmetrodont-like mammal (PMOL-AM00036), digital image of the mandible in lingual view.

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Fig. 1 in A Lujiatun-like dinosaurian assemblage from the Jehol Biota of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China

Fig. 1. Map of the Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Hebei (A) showing location of the Xidayingzi site and the outcrops of the Lujiatun Unit of the Yixian Formation of the Jehol Biota in Beipiao, western Liaoning Province, China. Stratigraphic column (B) and corresponding photographic image (C) of the Early Cretaceous Xidayingzi site.

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Fig. 2 in A new euarthropod from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 2. Euarthropods Astutuscaris bispinifer gen. et sp. nov. (A, B) and Guangweicaris spinatus Luo, Fu, and Hu, 2007 (C, D) collected from Cambrian Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang village, Yunnan, China. A. RCP 0002a, specimen before preparation. B. RCP 0002b, specimen before preparation (B1, B2) and after preparation (B3). C. RCP 0003, a small and incomplete specimen about 16 mm in length. D. RCP 0004, a small specimen about 17 mm in length. Natural light photographs (A1, B1, C, D); fluorescent photographs (A2, B2, B3,). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod; ey, eye; fa, frontal appendage; gut, digestive tract; hs, head shield; lim, limb; p1–p5, podomeres 1–5; st, stalk; T1–T11, tergites 1–11; ts, terminal spine.

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Fig. 1 in A new euarthropod from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 1. Euarthropod Astutuscaris bispinifer gen. et sp. nov. from the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang village, Yunnan, China. A. RCP 0002a, part of the sole specimen; showing the head shield, 11 imbricated tergites most with pleural spines, and two terminal spines (A1, A2); possible eyes (A3, A4, A5); first appendages with small spines (A3, A4, white arrows); endopod with at least five podomeres (A6). B. RCP 0002b, counterpart of the sole specimen; note the 11 imbricated tergites and trunk limbs (B1, B2); restored specimenby digitally combining the part and counterpart, the dashed line indicating the contact (B3); interpretive drawing of the narrow doublures of thoracic tergites marked in dark grey (B4); T7–T10 and pleural spines (B5); detail of the unknown structure (B6); the limb with an endopod and a possible exopod (B7); single endopod under T1 and T2 respectively (B8); T11 and two separate spines being marked (B9). Natural light photographs (A1, A3, A4, B1, B8); fluorescent photographs (A2, A5–A6, B2, B3, B5–B7, B9). Abbreviations: en, endopod; ex, exopod; ey, eye; fa, frontal appendage; gut, digestive tract; hs, head shield; lim, limb; p1–p5, podomeres 1–5; st, stalk; T1–T11, tergites 1–11; ts, terminal spine.

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Fig. 7 in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 7. Tamisiocarididae indet. from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang section, Yunnan, China. YKLP 12419, a partial frontal appendage. Counterpart (A1, A2), part (A3, A4). Photographs (A1, A3) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4). Abbreviations: aux, auxiliary spine; en, endite; pd, podomere.

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Fig. 3 in The endemic radiodonts of the Cambrian Stage 4 Guanshan Biota of South China

Fig. 3. Amplectobeluid radiodont "Anomalocaris" kunmingensis Wang, Huang, and Hu, 2013, from the Cambrian (Stage 4) Guanshan Biota, Lihuazhuang section, Yunnan, China. YKLP 12414, details of left frontal appendage (A1, A2), details of oral cone (A3, A4). Photographs (A1, A3) and explanatory drawing (A2, A4). Abbreviations: co, central opening; ds, dorsal spine; en, endite; lp?, putative left large plate; pd, podomere; pp? putative posterior plate; rp, right large plate; s?, shaft podomere; sp, small plate. Numbers indicate individual small plates between posterior and left plates.