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Impacts of abiotic and biotic factors on terrestrial leeches in
<p>Haemadipsid leeches are ubiquitous inhabitants of tropical and sub-tropical forests in the Indo-Pacific region. They are increasingly used as indicator taxa for biomonitoring, yet very little is known about their basic ecology. For example, to date no study has assessed the occurrence and distribution of haemadipsid leeches across naturally occurring gradients within intact habitats. We analysed a long-term data set (2012-2020) on the closely related tiger (Haemadipsa picta) and brown (Haemadipsa spp.) leech species to investigate if and how abiotic and biotic factors influence their occurrence across a gradient of forest types at an undisturbed tropical rainforest site in Indonesian Borneo. We compared a series of negative binomial mixed models and found that, of the abiotic factors, soil moisture had the largest positive effect on encounter rates of both leech species. Among biotic factors, forest type had differential effects on counts of the two species: while tiger leech counts were greater in low elevation forest types, brown leech counts were greater in high elevation forest types. Additionally, we found that the presence of one species had a positive effect on the presence of the other species. Finally, our results show that the tiger leech has a narrower distribution, being restricted to lower elevation forest types with higher water retention, suggesting that the tiger leech could be more sensitive to lower soil moisture levels.</p>
Terrestrial Parasite Tracker indexed biotic interactions and review summary
<p>PLEASE CONTACT AUTHORS IF YOU CONTRIBUTED AND WOULD LIKE TO BE LISTED AS A CO-AUTHOR.</p> <p>Terrestrial Parasite Tracker indexed biotic interactions and review summary.</p> <p>The Terrestrial Parasite Tracker (TPT) project began in 2019 and is funded by the National Science foundation to mobilize data from vector and ectoparasite collections to data aggregators (e.g., iDigBio, GBIF) to help build a comprehensive picture of arthropod host-association evolution, distributions, and the ecological interactions of disease vectors which will assist scientists, educators, land managers, and policy makers. Arthropod parasites often are important to human and wildlife health and safety as vectors of pathogens, and it is critical to digitize these specimens so that they, and their biotic interaction data, will be available to help understand and predict the spread of human and wildlife disease.</p> <p>This data publication contains versioned TPT associated datasets and related data products that were tracked, reviewed and indexed by Global Biotic Interactions (GloBI) and associated tools. GloBI provides open access to finding species interaction data (e.g., predator-prey, pollinator-plant, pathogen-host, parasite-host) by combining existing open datasets using open source software.</p> <p>If you have questions or comments about this publication, please open an issue at https://github.com/ParasiteTracker/tpt-reporting or contact the authors by email.</p> <p>Funding:<br> The creation of this archive was made possible by the National Science Foundation award "Collaborative Research: Digitization TCN: Digitizing collections to trace parasite-host associations and predict the spread of vector-borne disease," Award numbers DBI:1901932 and DBI:1901926</p> <p>References:<br> Jorrit H. Poelen, James D. Simons and Chris J. Mungall. (2014). Global Biotic Interactions: An open infrastructure to share and analyze species-interaction datasets. Ecological Informatics. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2014.08.005.</p> <p>GloBI Data Review Report</p> <p>Datasets under review:<br> - University of Michigan Museum of Zoology Insect Division. Full Database Export 2020-11-20 provided by Erika Tucker and Barry Oconner. accessed via https://github.com/EMTuckerLabUMMZ/ummzi/archive/6731357a377e9c2748fc931faa2ff3dc0ce3ea7a.zip on 2022-10-12T18:43:37.491Z<br> - Academy of Natural Sciences Entomology Collection for the Parasite Tracker Project accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/ansp-para/archive/5e6592ad09ec89ba7958266ad71ec9d5d21d1a44.zip on 2022-10-12T18:45:13.893Z<br> - Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, J. Linsley Gressitt Center for Research in Entomology accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/bpbm-ent/archive/c085398dddd36f8a1169b9cf57de2a572229341b.zip on 2022-10-12T18:47:33.370Z<br> - Texas A&M University, Biodiversity Teaching and Research Collections accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/brtc-para/archive/f0a718145b05ed484c4d88947ff712d5f6395446.zip on 2022-10-12T18:49:42.688Z<br> - Brigham Young University Arthropod Museum accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/byu-byuc/archive/4a609ac6a9a03425e2720b6cdebca6438488f029.zip on 2022-10-12T18:50:01.049Z<br> - California Academy of Sciences Entomology accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/cas-ent/archive/562aea232ec74ab615f771239451e57b057dc7c0.zip on 2022-10-12T18:50:25.480Z<br> - Clemson University Arthropod Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/cu-cuac/archive/6cdcbbaa4f7cec8e1eac705be3a999bc5259e00f.zip on 2022-10-12T18:50:53.662Z<br> - Denver Museum of Nature and Science (DMNS) Parasite specimens (DMNS:Para) accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/dmns-para/archive/2a15f657d5e2d7a6ee6359ee30e630bde8fea2ee.zip on 2022-10-12T18:52:36.684Z<br> - Field Museum of Natural History IPT accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/fmnh/archive/6bfc1b7e46140e93f5561c4e837826204adb3c2f.zip on 2022-10-12T19:19:24.919Z<br> - Illinois Natural History Survey Insect Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/inhs-insects/archive/38692496f590577074c7cecf8ea37f85d0594ae1.zip on 2022-10-12T19:21:30.100Z<br> - UMSP / University of Minnesota / University of Minnesota Insect Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/min-umsp/archive/3f1b9d32f947dcb80b9aaab50523e097f0e8776e.zip on 2022-10-12T19:22:18.235Z<br> - Milwaukee Public Museum Biological Collections Data Portal accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/mpm/archive/9f44e99c49ec5aba3f8592cfced07c38d3223dcd.zip on 2022-10-12T19:22:42.835Z<br> - Museum for Southwestern Biology (MSB) Parasite Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/msb-para/archive/f13bfa0d5493057198639d566f744379c05179f3.zip on 2022-10-12T20:46:06.063Z<br> - The Albert J. Cook Arthropod Research Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/msu-msuc/archive/38960906380443bd8108c9e44aeff4590d8d0b50.zip on 2022-10-12T21:02:26.320Z<br> - Ohio State University Acarology Laboratory accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/osal-ar/archive/876269d66a6a94175dbb6b9a604897f8032b93dd.zip on 2022-10-12T21:02:46.553Z<br> - Frost Entomological Museum, Pennsylvania State University accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/psuc-ento/archive/30b1f96619a6e9f10da18b42fb93ff22cc4f72e2.zip on 2022-10-12T21:02:57.714Z<br> - Purdue Entomological Research Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/pu-perc/archive/e0909a7ca0a8df5effccb288ba64b28141e388ba.zip on 2022-10-12T21:03:17.696Z<br> - Texas A&M University Insect Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/tamuic-ent/archive/f261a8c192021408da67c39626a4aac56e3bac41.zip on 2022-10-12T21:03:56.509Z<br> - University of California Santa Barbara Invertebrate Zoology Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/ucsb-izc/archive/4d997dbe8e86398f9f7f4d7851013e788073ae9c.zip on 2022-10-12T21:05:27.222Z<br> - University of Hawaii Insect Museum accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/uhim/archive/53fa790309e48f25685e41ded78ce6a51bafde76.zip on 2022-10-12T21:05:40.778Z<br> - University of New Hampshire Collection of Insects and other Arthropods UNHC-UNHC accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/unhc/archive/f72575a72edda8a4e6126de79b4681b25593d434.zip on 2022-10-12T21:05:59.319Z<br> - Scott L. Gardner and Gabor R. Racz (2021). University of Nebraska State Museum - Parasitology. Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology. University of Nebraska State Museum. accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/unl-nsm/archive/6bcd8aec22e4309b7f4e8be1afe8191d391e73c6.zip on 2022-10-12T21:06:07.054Z<br> - Data were obtained from specimens belonging to the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM), Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC and digitized by the Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit (WRBU). accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/usnmentflea/archive/ce5cb1ed2bbc13ee10062b6f75a158fd465ce9bb.zip on 2022-10-12T21:06:43.102Z<br> - US National Museum of Natural History Ixodes Records accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/usnm-ixodes/archive/c5fcd5f34ce412002783544afb628a33db7f47a6.zip on 2022-10-12T21:06:51.935Z<br> - Price Institute of Parasite Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/utah-piper/archive/43da8db550b5776c1e3d17803831c696fe9b8285.zip on 2022-10-12T21:07:03.317Z<br> - University of Wisconsin Stevens Point, Stephen J. Taft Parasitological Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/uwsp-para/archive/f9d0d52cd671731c7f002325e84187979bca4a5b.zip on 2022-10-12T21:07:14.513Z<br> - Giraldo-Calderón, G. I., Emrich, S. J., MacCallum, R. M., Maslen, G., Dialynas, E., Topalis, P., … Lawson, D. (2015). VectorBase: an updated bioinformatics resource for invertebrate vectors and other organisms related with human diseases. Nucleic acids research, 43(Database issue), D707–D713. doi:10.1093/nar/gku1117. accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/vectorbase/archive/00d6285cd4e9f4edd18cb2778624ab31b34b23b8.zip on 2022-10-12T21:07:22.543Z<br> - WIRC / University of Wisconsin Madison WIS-IH / Wisconsin Insect Research Collection accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/wis-ih-wirc/archive/34162b86c0ade4b493471543231ae017cc84816e.zip on 2022-10-12T21:07:52.105Z<br> - Yale University Peabody Museum Collections Data Portal accessed via https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/yale-peabody/archive/43be869f17749d71d26fc820c8bd931d6149fe8e.zip on 2022-10-12T21:16:57.226Z</p> <p>Generated on:<br> 2022-10-12</p> <p>by:<br> GloBI's Elton 0.12.4 <br> (see https://github.com/globalbioticinteractions/elton).</p> <p>Note that all files ending with .tsv are files formatted <br> as UTF8 encoded tab-separated values files.</p> <p>https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/text/tab-separated-values</p> <p><br> Included in this review archive are:</p> <p>README:<br> This file.</p> <p>review_summary.tsv:<br> Summary across all reviewed collections of total number of distinct review comments.</p> <p>review_summary_by_collection.tsv:<br> Summary by reviewed collection of total number of distinct review comments.</p> <p>indexed_interactions_by_collection.tsv: <br> Summary of number of indexed interaction records by institutionCode and collectionCode.</p> <p>review_comments.tsv.gz:<br> All review comments by collection.</p> <p>indexed_interactions_full.tsv.gz:<br> All indexed interactions for all reviewed collections.</p> <p>indexed_interactions_simple.tsv.gz:<br> All indexed interactions for all reviewed collections selecting only sourceInstitutionCode, sourceCollectionCode, sourceCatalogNumber, sourceTaxonName, interactionTypeName and targetTaxonName.</p> <p>datasets_under_review.tsv:<br> Details on the datasets under review.</p> <p>elton.jar: <br> Program used to update datasets and generate the review reports and associated indexed interactions.</p> <p>datasets.zip:<br> Source datasets used by elton.jar in process of executing the generate_report.sh script.</p> <p>generate_report.sh:<br> Program used to generate the report</p> <p>generate_report.log:<br> Log file generated as part of running the generate_report.sh script</p>
→ Fig. 9. Antiarchan fish Bothriolepis leptocheira jeremejevi (Rohon, 1900), Sosnogorsk locality, Sosnogorsk Formation, lowermost Famennian, anterior median dorsal (A–G) and posterior median dorsal (H–M) plates of the trunk armour. A. IG KSC 155/5 in dorsal (A1) and visceral (A2) views. B. IG KSC 155/108 in dorsal (B1) and visceral (B2) views. C. IG KSC 155/97 in dorsal view. D. IG KSC 155/113 in dorsal (D1) and visceral (D2) views. E. IG KSC 155/140 in dorsal (E1) and visceral (E2) views. F. Impression of the dorsal surface of IG KSC 155/42. G. IG KSC 155/44 in dorsal view. H. Fragment of IG KSC 155/7 in dorsal view. I. IG KSC 155/1 in dorsal (I1) and visceral (I2) views. J. IG KSC 155/71 in dorsal view. K. Slightly deformed IG KSC 155/70 in dorsal (K1) and visceral (K2) views. L. IG KSC 155/158 in dorsal view. M. IG KSC 155/157 in dorsal (M1) and visceral (M2) views. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; alr, postlevator thickening; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; cf.ADL, cf.AMD, and cf.MxL, area overlapping ADL, AMD or MxL respectively; cr.tp, posterior transversal internal crest; dlg1 and dlg2, anterior and posterior oblique dorsal sensory line groove; dma, tergal angle; dmr, dorsal median ridge; f.retr, levator fossa; grm, ventral median groove; l, lateral corner; mvr, median ventral ridge; MxL, mixilateral plate; npn, postnuchal notch; oa.ADL, oa.MxL and oa.PMD, area overlapped by ADL, MxL or PMD respectively; pa, posterior corner; pma, posterior marginal area; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate; pr.p, posterior process of AMD; pr.pl, external postlevator process; prv2, posterior ventral process of dorsal wall of trunk armour; pt1 and pt2, anterior and posterior ventral pit; pua, posterior unornamented area of PMD; rf, "round fossula"; sna, supranuchal area; tb, ventral tuberosity. in A new assessment of the Late Devonian antiarchan fish Bothriolepis leptocheira from South Timan (Russia) and the biotic crisis near the Frasnian-Famennian boundary
→ Fig. 9. Antiarchan fish Bothriolepis leptocheira jeremejevi (Rohon, 1900), Sosnogorsk locality, Sosnogorsk Formation, lowermost Famennian, anterior median dorsal (A–G) and posterior median dorsal (H–M) plates of the trunk armour. A. IG KSC 155/5 in dorsal (A1) and visceral (A2) views. B. IG KSC 155/108 in dorsal (B1) and visceral (B2) views. C. IG KSC 155/97 in dorsal view. D. IG KSC 155/113 in dorsal (D1) and visceral (D2) views. E. IG KSC 155/140 in dorsal (E1) and visceral (E2) views. F. Impression of the dorsal surface of IG KSC 155/42. G. IG KSC 155/44 in dorsal view. H. Fragment of IG KSC 155/7 in dorsal view. I. IG KSC 155/1 in dorsal (I1) and visceral (I2) views. J. IG KSC 155/71 in dorsal view. K. Slightly deformed IG KSC 155/70 in dorsal (K1) and visceral (K2) views. L. IG KSC 155/158 in dorsal view. M. IG KSC 155/157 in dorsal (M1) and visceral (M2) views. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; alr, postlevator thickening; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; cf.ADL, cf.AMD, and cf.MxL, area overlapping ADL, AMD or MxL respectively; cr.tp, posterior transversal internal crest; dlg1 and dlg2, anterior and posterior oblique dorsal sensory line groove; dma, tergal angle; dmr, dorsal median ridge; f.retr, levator fossa; grm, ventral median groove; l, lateral corner; mvr, median ventral ridge; MxL, mixilateral plate; npn, postnuchal notch; oa.ADL, oa.MxL and oa.PMD, area overlapped by ADL, MxL or PMD respectively; pa, posterior corner; pma, posterior marginal area; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate; pr.p, posterior process of AMD; pr.pl, external postlevator process; prv2, posterior ventral process of dorsal wall of trunk armour; pt1 and pt2, anterior and posterior ventral pit; pua, posterior unornamented area of PMD; rf, "round fossula"; sna, supranuchal area; tb, ventral tuberosity.
Data and scripts for: Idiosyncratic responses to biotic and environmental filters in wood-inhabiting fungal communities
<p>These files include the data, the scripts, and the pipeline for bioinformatic analyses for reproducing the results presented in the manuscript "<em>Idiosyncratic responses to biotic and environmental filters in wood-inhabiting fungal communities</em>".</p> <p>Description of the files can be found from the README.docx file.</p>
Biotic interactions promote local adaptation to soil in plants - Supplementary data
<p>Although different ecological factors shape adaptative evolution in natural habitats, we know little about how their interactions impact local adaptation. Here we used eight generations of experimental evolution with outcrossing <em>Brassica rapa</em> plants as a model system, in eight treatment groups that varied in soil type, herbivory (with/without aphids), and pollination mode (hand- or bumblebee-pollination), to study how biotic interactions affect local adaptation to soil. First, we show that several plant traits evolved in response to biotic interactions in a soil-specific way. Second, using a reciprocal transplant experiment, we demonstrate that significant local adaptation to soil-type evolved in the "number of open flowers", a trait used as a fitness proxy, but only in plants that evolved with herbivory and bee pollination. Whole genome re-sequencing of experimental lines revealed that biotic interactions caused a 10-fold increase in the number of SNPs across the genome with significant allele frequency change, and that alleles with opposite allele frequency change in different soil types (antagonistic pleiotropy) were most common in plants with an evolutionary history of herbivory and bee pollination. Our results demonstrate that the interaction with mutualists and antagonists can facilitate local adaptation to soil type through antagonistic pleiotropy. </p>
Fig. 27 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 27 Hadrodontinae from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to beP1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, Hadrodontina aequabilis (S2 element) (Staesche); SHA344, PIMUZ 39141. B–E, Hadrodontina aequabilis (P2 element) (Staesche); B LAR214, PIMUZ 39142; C QIA13, PIMUZ 39143; D LIL500, PIMUZ 39144, E SHA344, PIMUZ 39145. F–M Hadrodontina aequabilis (Staesche); F LIL502, PIMUZ 39146; G LIL503, PIMUZ 39147; H QIA134, PIMUZ 39148; I QIA134, PIMUZ 39149; J QIA 133, PIMUZ 39150; K LIL502, PIMUZ 39151; L LIL501, PIMUZ 39152; M LIL501, PIMUZ 39153
Fig. 25 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 25 Novispathodinae from Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A–F, Icriospathodus zaksi (Buryi); A LAR205, PIMUZ 39170; B LIL508, PIMUZ 39171; C LIL508, PIMUZ 39172; D LAR204, PIMUZ 39173; E LIL510, PIMUZ 39174; F LAR203, PIMUZ 39175. G–L Icriospathodus aff. crassatus (Orchard); G LIL510, PIMUZ 39159; H LIL508, PIMUZ 39160; I LAR203, PIMUZ 39161; J LIL509, PIMUZ 39162; K LAR202, PIMUZ 39163; L LAR210, PIMUZ 39164. M, O, P Icriospathodus collinsoni (Solien); M SHA313, PIMUZ 39165; O SHA320, PIMUZ 39166; P LIL515A, PIMUZ 39167. N Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); SHA320, PIMUZ 39319
Fig. 24 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 24 Novispathodinae and uncertain from Qiakong, Laren,Shanggang, and Lilong. Magnification is ×80.The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, D, G, H Triassospathodus homeri (Bender);A LIL515C,PIMUZ 39313; D QIA155, PIMUZ 39314;G LIL513B, PIMUZ 39315; H LIL515B, PIMUZ 39316. B, E, F Triassospathodus aff. symmetricus (Orchard);B QIA138, PIMUZ 39306; E LIL505,PIMUZ 39307; F QIA136, PIMUZ 39308. C, I–Q Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); C QIA140,PIMUZ 39326; I SHA313, PIMUZ 39327;J QIA143, PIMUZ 39328; K QIA144, PIMUZ 39329;L QIA141, PIMUZ 39330; M LIL515D, PIMUZ 39331; N LIL509, PIMUZ 39332; O LIL513B,PIMUZ 39333; P LIL513B,PIMUZ 39334;Q LIL513A, PIMUZ 39335.R–T Aduncodina unicosta (Ding); R BAN5, PIMUZ 39100;S SHA320,PIMUZ 39101; T SHA318,PIMUZ 39102
Fig. 23 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 23 Novispathodinae from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, B, D, E, H, I, Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); A, LIL509, PIMUZ 39320; B, LIL509, PIMUZ 39321; D, QIA202, PIMUZ 39322; E, LIL509, PIMUZ 39323; H, LIL509, PIMUZ 39324; I, BAN2, PIMUZ 39325. C, F, G, Triassospathodus homeri (Bender); C, LAR231C, PIMUZ 39310; F, QIA155, PIMUZ 39311; G, SHA318, PIMUZ 39312
Fig. 22 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 22 Novispathodinae from Laren and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, D Icriospathodus cf. crassatus? (Orchard); A BAN1, PIMUZ 39168; D LIL513A, PIMUZ 39169. B, E Novispathodus brevissimus (Orchard); B LIL513B, PIMUZ 39194; E LIL514A, PIMUZ SQL55056. C, F Novispathodus cf, brevissimus (Orchard); C LIL513A, PIMUZ 39196; F, LIL514A, PIMUZ 39198
Fig. 21 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 21 Novispathodinae from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A–J, L, M, Novispathodus brevissimus (Orchard); A LIL515A, PIMUZ 39184; B LIL513A, PIMUZ 39185; C BAN2, PIMUZ 39186; D SHA312, PIMUZ 39187; E SHA313, PIMUZ 39188; F LIL515A, PIMUZ 39189; G LIL509, PIMUZ 39190; H LIL509, PIMUZ 39191; I LIL514B, PIMUZ 39192; J LIL509, PIMUZ 39193; L QIA141, PIMUZ 39195; M QIA144, PIMUZ 39197. K, Novispathodus clinatus (Orchard and Sweet in Orchard); BAN5, PIMUZ 39207
Fig. 28 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 28 Hadrodontinae from Shanggang. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, C, E Hadrodontina aequabilis (Staesche); A SHA 345C, PIMUZ 39154; C SHA345C, PIMUZ 39155; E SHA344C, PIMUZ 39156. B, D Hadrodontina aequabilis (P2 element) (Staesche); B SHA345C, PIMUZ 39157; D SHA345C, PIMUZ 39158
Fig. 19 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 19 Novispathodinae from Qiakong, Laren and Lilong. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A Novispathodus cf. brevissimus (Orchard); LIL515C, PIMUZ 39199. B, F Novispathodus brevissimus (Orchard); B LIL515B, PIMUZ 39200; F BAN1, PIMUZ 39201. C Triassospathodus homeri (Bender); LIL515D, PIMUZ 39317. D, H Novispathodus?brevissimus (Orchard); D LIL515D, PIMUZ 39202; H LIL514A, PIMUZ 39203. E Triassospathodus cf. homeri (Bender); LIL515C, PIMUZ 39318. G, K, O–Q Novispathodus n. sp. A; G LIL504, PIMUZ 39251; K LIL504, PIMUZ 39252; O LIL505, PIMUZ 39253; P LIL505, PIMUZ 39254; Q LIL505, PIMUZ 39255. I, L, M, Triassospathodus symmetricus (Orchard); I QIA141, PIMUZ 39336; L LIL512, PIMUZ 39337; M LIL514A, PIMUZ 39338. J Novispathodus ex gr. pingdingshanensis (Zhao & Orchard); QIA138, PIMUZ 39237. N Triassospathodus cf. symmetricus; LIL514B, PIMUZ 39339. R Novispathodus praebrevissimus n.sp; LIL505, PIMUZ 39289
Fig. 15 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 15 Neogondolellinae and Mullerinae from Qiakong, Laren and Shanggang. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, D Neospathodus bevelledi n. sp.; A SHA333, PIMUZ 39176; D, SHA332, PIMUZ 39177. B, J Discretella aff. discreta (MÜller); B SHA304, PIMUZ 39104; J SHA334, PIMUZ 39105. C, L Discretella discreta (MÜller); C SHA334, PIMUZ 39107; L SHA332, PIMUZ 39108. E Guangxidella bransoni (MÜller); SHA304, PIMUZ 39139. F, H, K, M, P Discretella pseudodieneri n. sp.; F QIA124, PIMUZ 39120; H QIA124, PIMUZ SQL54990; K QIA121, PIMUZ 39121; M QIA120, PIMUZ 39122; P LAR232, PIMUZ 39123. G Discretella cf. discreta (MÜller); QIA120, PIMUZ 39109. I sp. indet.; QIA120, PIMUZ 39294. N Discretella? n. sp. B; LAR232, PIMUZ 39112. O Discretella? n. sp. C; SHA342, PIMUZ 39114
Fig. 14 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 14 Neogondolellinae, Novispathodinae and uncertain from Shanggang. Magnification is × 80. The scale bar is 400 μm. All elements are considered to be P1 elements if not specifically identified otherwise. A, Eurygnathodus costatus (Staesche); SHA325, PIMUZ 39130. B Eurygnathodus hamadai (Koike); SHA326, PIMUZ 39131. C, D, F, G Novispathodus ex gr. waageni (Sweet); C SHA328, PIMUZ 39238; D SHA328, PIMUZ 39239; F SHA325, PIMUZ 39240; G SHA326, PIMUZ 39241. E Neospathodus ex gr. cristagalli (Huckriede); SHA330, PIMUZ 39182. H Neospathodus dieneri (Sweet); SHA338, PIMUZ 39181
Fig. 12 Calibration between U in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 12 Calibration between U-Pb ages and fossiliferous beds, UAZs, δ13Crecord, climatic proxies and conodont diversity. A U–Pb ages (after carb Widmann et al., 2020). B Geological timescales with Early Triassic substages C ammonoid biochronozones modified from Brayard and Bucher (2008), D Conodont beds from South China (this work), E Newly established conodont UAZs from South China. See Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. F Evolution of the composite δ13Crecord during the Smithian and early Spathian from Qiakong, Laren, Shanggang, Lilong (see also Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6). G Temporal carb evolution of species- genera- and subfamily-diversity (after Fig. 10), H δ18Cfrom conodont apatite from Pakistan (after Goudemand et al., 2019). phos I: Palynological events (after Hermann et al. 2011)
Fig. 10 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 10 Temporal evolution of species- genera- and subfamily-diversity (succession of UAZs) for all the characteristic (part of UAZ) conodonts from South China during the Smithian and Spathian interval. Calculated from the optimal solution given in Fig. 8. Note the Early Smithian and Early Spathian radiation and the late Smithian and middle/late Spathian extinction. Absolute ages from Widmann (2019) and Widmann et al., (2020)
Fig. 1 A in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 1 A Locations of the studied sections in the Nanpanjiang Basin (Luolou platform) (modified from Bagherpour et al., 2017). a—flood alluvial facies, b—shallow water siliclastic deposit, c—carbonate platform, d—slope, e—basin. Sections: 1—Qiakong, 2—Laren, 3—Shanggang, 4—Lilong, 5—Youping cascade. B Simplified palaeogeographical map of the Early Triassic (modified after the PANALESIS plate tectonic model of Vérard, 2019) South China indicated with a star
Fig. 8 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 8 Sequences of Unitary Association (UAs), Unitary Associations Zones (UAZs), lateral reproducibility and dissimilarity index (D) resulting from the biochronological analyses of the 19 sections in South China from the final run. Note the grey shades in the upper figure with rather poor lateral reproducibility and/or poor dissimilarity index of the UA2, UA3, UA4, UA5, UA6, UA7, UA9, UA10, UA11, UA12, UA13, UA14, UA15, UA16, UA17, UA18, UA19, UA20, UA21 and UA22. This 20 UAs were merged into a final total of 11 UAZs (lower figure)
Fig. 11 in A Unitary Association-based conodont biozonation of the Smithian-Spathian boundary (Early Triassic) and associated biotic crisis from South China
Fig. 11 Faunal turnover rate for all the relying conodont UAZs from South China during the Smithian and Spathian interval. Calculated from the optimal solution given in Fig. 8. Note the early Smithian and early Spathian radiation and the late Smithian and middle/late Spathian extinction
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