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139 results for “breeding season”

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zenodo36/100

Figure 2 in Effect of season and housing systems on various physiobehavioral attributes of local breed of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Southern Punjab, Pakistan

Figure 2. Mean values for meteorological attributes during different study seasons.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

dryad36/100

A small vocal repertoire during the breeding season expresses complex behavioral motivations and individual signature in the Common Coot

Background: Although acoustic communication plays an essential role in the social interactions of Rallidae, our knowledge of how Rallidae encode diverse types of information using simple vocalizations is limited. We recorded and examined the vocalizations of a Common Coot (Fulica atra) population during the breeding season to test the hypotheses that 1) different call types can be emitted under different behavioral contexts, and 2) variation in the vocal structure of a single call type may be influenced both by behavioral motivations and individual signature. We measured a total of 61 recordings of 30 adults while noting the behavioral activities in which individuals were engaged. We compared several acoustic parameters of the same call type emitted under different behavioral activities to determine how frequency and temporal parameters changed depending on behavioral motivations and individual differences. Results: We found that adult Common Coots had a small vocal repertoire, including 4 types of call, composed of a single syllable that was used during 9 types of behaviors. The 4 calls significantly differed in both frequency and temporal parameters and can be clearly distinguished by discriminant function analysis. Minimum frequency of fundamental frequency (F0min) and duration of syllable (T) contributed the most to acoustic divergence between calls. Call a was the most commonly used (in 8 of the 9 behaviors detected), and maximum frequency of fundamental frequency (F0max) and interval of syllables (TI) contributed the most to variation in call a. Duration of syllable (T) in a single call a can vary with different behavioral motivations after individual vocal signature being controlled. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that several call types of a small repertoire, and a single call with function-related changes in the temporal parameter in Common Coots could potentially indicate various behavioral motivations and individual signature. This study advances our knowledge of how Rallidae use "simple" vocal systems to express diverse motivations and provides new models for future studies on the role of vocalization in avian communication and behavior.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

zenodo36/100

Figure 2 in Do male tree frogs feed during the breeding season? Stomach flushing of five syntopic hylid species in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Figure 2. Frequency of animal items ingested by 50 calling male frogs per species.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

zenodo36/100

Figure 1 in Do male tree frogs feed during the breeding season? Stomach flushing of five syntopic hylid species in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Figure 1. Frequency of animal and plant items ingested by 50 calling male frogs per species.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

dryad36/100

Local timing of rainfall predicts the timing of moult within a single locality and the progress of moult among localities that vary in the onset of the wet season in a year-round breeding tropical songbird

Rainfall seasonality is likely an important cue for timing key annual cycle events like moult in birds living in seasonally arid environments, but its precise effect is difficult to establish because seasonal rainfall may affect other covarying annual events such as breeding in the same way. In central Nigeria, however, Common Bulbuls Pycnonotus barbatus moult in the wet season but only show weak breeding seasonality. This suggests that moult is more sensitive to rainfall than breeding, but a similar outcome is possible if moult is simply periodic. We tested the relationship between rainfall and moult in Common Bulbuls at a single location over 18 years: on average moult started 5th May (± 41 days: 25th March–15th June), being on average later than the onset of the rains which is usually mid-April. The likelihood of finding a moulting Common bulbul was best predicted by rainfall 9–15 weeks before moult was scored. We then tested the generality of this across populations: the progress of moult should, therefore, correlate with the average timing of the wet season along a spatial environmental gradient where the rains start at different times each year south-to-north of Nigeria. To test this, we modelled moult progress just before the rains across 15 localities 6°–13° N as a function of the onset of the wet season among localities. As predicted, moult progressed further in localities with earlier wet seasons, confirming that the onset of moult is timed to the onset of the wet season in each locality despite weak breeding seasonality in the Common Bulbul. This strategy may evolve to maintain optimal annual cycle routine in seasonal environments where breeding is prone to unpredictable local perturbations like nest predation. It may, however, be less obvious in temperate systems where all annual cycle stages are seasonally constrained, but it may help with explaining the high frequency of breeding–moult overlaps in tropical birds.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

dryad36/100

No seasonal curtailment of the Eurasian Skylark's (Alauda arvensis) breeding season in German heterogeneous farmland

The lack of suitable nesting sites is one key driver behind the farmland bird crisis in Europe. Winter cereals become impenetrable for ground-breeding birds like the Eurasian Skylark (Alauda arvensis), curtailing breeding time. Stable Skylark populations depend on multiple breeding attempts per year; thus, the widespread cultivation of winter cereals has strongly contributed to their tremendous decline. Crop diversification is thought to be a potential measure to counteract this development. Therefore, we explored how individual Skylarks respond to the decreasing suitability of winter cereals as nesting habitat in heterogeneous but otherwise conventionally managed farmland. Our study focused on: i) the degree to which Skylarks prematurely cease nesting activity, switch nesting habitats, or breed on linear structures like tramlines. Additionally, we analyzed: ii) if nest success decreases throughout the breeding season and iii) how often Skylarks make a successful breeding attempt per year. We radio-tagged 28 adults in a German population during April 2018 and 2019, tracked half of them for more than 3 months, and measured their breeding success. Additionally, we monitored nests of untagged pairs, resulting in 96 nests found. None, except one tagged individual, stopped breeding activity before July 1st. Home ranges were mainly stable, but Skylarks switched nesting habitats away from winter cereals to crops like sugar beet or set-aside. High-risk nesting sites like corn and linear structures played a minor role in breeding. Overall, Mayfield logistic regressions revealed no seasonal decrease in nest success, and tagged Skylarks had sufficient time to make 1.5 – 1.8 breeding attempts, of which 0.8 were successful. We suggest that heterogeneous farmland in our study area, which enabled diversely composed home ranges, prevented a curtailment of the breeding season. Thus, our study reinforces the need for crop diversification which gives Skylarks a chance to survive in modern farmland.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: A test of the competitive ability – cold tolerance trade-off hypothesis in seasonally breeding beetles

Closely related species that use similar resources often differ in their seasonal patterns of activity, but the factors that limit their distributions across seasons are unknown for most species. One hypothesis to explain seasonal variation in the distributions of species involves a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance, where tolerance to the cold compromises competitive ability in warmer (benign) temperatures, either at the level of the individual or population. We tested both individual-level and population-level mechanisms of this hypothesis in two co-occurring species of temperate burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus sayi, N. orbicollis) that differ in their seasonal patterns of activity. We measured cold tolerance, breeding activity as a function of temperature, and competitive ability as a function of temperature and season. Consistent with our hypothesis, the mid-season N. orbicollis was less able to function at the cold temperatures that characterize early spring, when the early-season N. sayi is most active. The larger beetle, however, always won one-on-one competitive trials at warm temperatures, regardless of species, inconsistent with an individual-level trade-off. N. orbicollis was usually larger and successful when competing for the same carrion later in the season, mostly because of its larger population size, consistent with a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance acting at the population level. Our findings suggest that cold temperatures limit the mid-season N. orbicollis from earlier spring emergence, while competitive pressure from the more abundant, larger N. orbicollis constrains the early-season N. sayi from remaining active through the summer.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

dryad36/100

Datasets for: Colony-nesting gulls restrict activity levels of native top carnivore during the breeding season

Although nesting in colonies can offer substantial reproductive benefits for many seabird species, increased visibility to predators remains a significant disadvantage for most colony-breeders. To counteract this, some seabird species have evolved aggressive nest defense strategies to protect vulnerable eggs and chicks. Here we used an experimental approach to test whether colony inhabitance by breeding gulls (Larus spp.) in western Norway impacts visitation rates of a native, mammalian predator, the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) during the breeding season. Camera traps were placed inside of and on the periphery of seabird colonies prior to the breeding season and left to run for one continuous year. Sighting frequency of otters on these cameras was compared to a control region free of gull nesting. We found that otter activity was significantly reduced on the colonies when gulls were incubating and rearing chicks, compared to time periods when gulls were building nests and absent from the colonies. Rhythmic activity patterns did not seem to be significantly impacted by the presence of gulls. This study provides clear evidence that certain colony-nesting species can have a direct, negative impact on visitation rates of a native carnivore. Seasonal carnivore activity patterns are likely to be highly dependent on differing nesting strategies and level of nest defense by seabirds.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Data from: Acoustic indices estimate breeding bird species richness with daily and seasonally variable effectiveness in lowland temperate Białowieża forest

Biodiversity monitoring is important to follow temporal changes of the environment. We examined whether acoustic indices can be used as a rapid and easy-to-apply tool for bird biodiversity estimation in one of the least changed European lowland forests – the Białowieża Forest. We collected soundscape recordings in early and late spring at 84 randomly chosen recording points. At each recording point, we analysed 72 1-min sound samples to evaluate how well acoustic indices predict bird species richness from the perspective of a single sound sample, single survey, and recording point, and how they follow the daily pattern of singing activity. For each 1-min sound sample, we prepared a list of vocalizing bird species and calculated three acoustic indices: Bioacoustic Index (BI), Acoustic Complexity Index (ACI), and Acoustic Diversity Index (ADI). We found that from the perspective of a single 1-min sound sample, BI best predicts the bird species richness, independently of time in the season but variably across the day, while ACI and ADI showed weaker and seasonally and daily variable dependency. The correlation between each index and the number of bird species was stronger in the early survey than in the late survey. All acoustic indices followed daily bird activity patterns, yet they provided greater values before the peak of the species richness estimated by manual spectrogram scanning and listening to recordings. We showed that acoustic indices correlate moderately to strongly with the bird species richness obtained by manual spectrogram scanning and listening to recordings by humans. Therefore, acoustic indices can be used as a tool for rapid estimation of bird biodiversity in temperate forests. However, daily and seasonal variation in effectiveness of acoustic indices should be taken into account in the analysis.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

dryad36/100