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148 results for “burying beetle”
Fig. 2 in Differences in Early Seasonal Activity of Three Burying Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Silphidae:NicrophorusF.) in Poland
Fig. 2. Early seasonal activity of three Nicrophorus species. 2A, 3A, 4A = second, third, and fourth weeks of April; 1M, 2M, 3M, 4M = first, second, third, and fourth weeks of May; 1J = first week of June.
Fig. 4 in Differences in Early Seasonal Activity of Three Burying Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Silphidae:NicrophorusF.) in Poland
Fig. 4. Activity of Nicrophorus humator in three types of habitat (meadow, forest, and forest edge) during the first weeks of seasonal activity. 2A, 3A, 4A = second, third, fourth weeks of April; 1M, 2M, 3M, 4M = first, second, third, fourth weeks of May; 1J = first week of June.
Fig. 3 in Differences in Early Seasonal Activity of Three Burying Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Silphidae:NicrophorusF.) in Poland
Fig. 3. Activity of burying beetles in three types of habitats (meadow, forest, and forest edge) during the first weeks of seasonal activity. A) Activity of Nicrophorus vespillo, B) Activity of Nicrophorus vespilloides. 2A, 3A, 4A = second, third, fourth weeks of April; 1M, 2M, 3M, 4M = first, second, third, fourth weeks of May; 1J = first week of June.
Fig. 5 in Differences in Early Seasonal Activity of Three Burying Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Silphidae:NicrophorusF.) in Poland
Fig. 5. Day of carcass colonization by individuals of Nicrophorus vespillo. A) Differences among types of habitats, B) Differences among months.
Fig. 6 in Differences in Early Seasonal Activity of Three Burying Beetle Species (Coleoptera: Silphidae:NicrophorusF.) in Poland
Fig. 6. Dendrogram with single linkage and squared Euclidean distance showing similarities in temperature of meadow, forest, and forest edge habitats.
Fig. 1. Other trap designs tested during this study. a in A New Sampling Protocol for the Endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Fig. 1. Other trap designs tested during this study. a) Three cup trap designed to allow rapid servicing; b) pipe trap constructed from PVC pipe; c) double cup trap allows variably sized carrion to be used; d) variation of double cup trap; e) covered bucket trap restricts air movement resulting in bait aging slowly; f) single plastic cup trap (1.2 liter).
Fig. 3. The 18.9 in A New Sampling Protocol for the Endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Fig. 3. The 18.9 liter bucket used for the majority of this study. The bucket was buried in the ground and a berm of soil (6–8 cm) was formed around the bucket lip. Bait is placed in the screen container. A plastic rain cover is placed over the bucket and supported by wood or stones. Wire screen is used over the bucket in areas with vertebrate scavenger activity.
Fig. 2 in A New Sampling Protocol for the Endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Fig. 2. Double bucket trap. The bottom of one bucket was removed and replaced by window screen; the screen bucket was placed within the second bucket containing whole carrion.
Sex-specific influence of communal breeding experience on parenting performance and fitness in a burying beetle
<p>Communal breeding, wherein multiple conspecific individuals live and reproduce together during a single breeding event, may generate immediate benefits in terms of defence and reproduction. However, the carry-over effects of events in communal breeding on individual behaviour and fitness remain less studied. We experimentally tested the immediate and carry-over effects of communal breeding on parenting performance and fitness in the burying beetle (<em><span>Nicrophorus vespilloides</span></em>). These beetles bury carcasses as food resource for their offspring and themselves, and provide extended care to the developing larvae on the buried carcass. We subjected individuals of varying sizes to communal (i.e. group-breeding) or non-communal breeding (i.e. pair-breeding) experience during their first breeding event, and subsequently to non-communal breeding during their second breeding event, and measured parental effort and reproductive success during both breeding events. In communal groups, large individuals became dominant and monopolized the carcass. At the first breeding attempt, large males in communal groups spent more time providing care than large males in non-communal groups, while such a difference was not observed for large females and small females or males in communal and non-communal groups. Reproductive success was similar for individuals that bred in communal and non-communal groups during their first reproductive event, indicating no significant immediate benefits of communal breeding in terms of reproduction. Compared to males that originated from non-communal groups, males from communal groups produced a similar number, but heavier larvae during their second breeding attempt, whereas such an effect was not observed for females. Our results provide evidence for sex-specific effects of communal breeding experience on parenting performance and fitness. Such observed sex differences in carry-over effects of communal breeding on fitness may generate sexual conflict over parental effort in social animals.</p>
Carcass size, not source or taxon, dictates breeding performance and carcass use in burying beetle
<p>This repository contains the data and R code for analyzing the breeding outcomes, carcass use, and larval growth of the burying beetle as well as the nutritional composition of carcass tissue. (Information below is also provided in the README file.)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>01_Data_Raw: </strong>This folder contains three original datasheets recorded during data collection.</p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_All.xls": This file contains the raw data on carcass attributes, parent sizes, breeding outcomes, and carcass use from the breeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one breeding pair.</p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data.xls": This file contains the raw data on the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses from the nutritional composition analysis. Each row represents an observation from one carcass tissue sample.</p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Data.xls": This file contains the raw data on the larval weight from the feeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one larva.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>02_R_Code:</strong> This folder contains the R scripts for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "01_Data_Cleaning.R": This script cleans and organizes the raw datasheets in the folder "<strong>01_Data_Raw</strong>" and saves the cleaned datasheets in the folder "<strong>03_Outputs > Data_Clean</strong>" for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "02_Models_by_Carcass_Source.R": The script analyzes the relationships between carcass size vs. breeding outcomes and carcass use efficiency on lab and wild carcasses.</p> <p>File "03_Models_by_Carcass_Taxon.R": The script analyzes the breeding outcomes on wild carcasses (mammals, birds, and reptiles).</p> <p>File "04_Models_Nutrition_and_Larval_Growth.R": This script analyzes the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses as well as the larval growth on these carcasses.</p> <p>File "05_Figures.R": This script generates the figures in the study.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>03_Outputs: </strong>This folder contains a subfolder "<strong>Data_Clean</strong>", which contains three cleaned datasheets used for data analyses and visualization.</p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_Clean.csv": This file contains cleaned data on carcass attributes, parent sizes, breeding outcomes, and carcass use from the breeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one breeding pair.</p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data_Clean.csv": This file contains the cleaned data on the tissue nutrient content of lab and wild carcasses from the nutritional composition analysis. Each row represents an observation from one carcass tissue sample.</p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Clean.csv": This file contains the cleaned data on the larval weight from the feeding experiments. Each row represents an observation from one larva.</p> <p> </p> <p><em>Column descriptions</em></p> <p>File "Breeding_Data_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. date: The starting date of the breeding experiments.</p> <p>2. carcass_sp_Chinese: The Chinese name of the carcass animal.</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. carcass_weight: The initial weight of the carcass (g).</p> <p>6. parent_generation: The generation number of the breeding parents.</p> <p>7. pair_id: The ID of the breeding pair.</p> <p>8. generation_pair_id: The combined ID of the generation number and breeding pair.</p> <p>9. male_size: The pronotum width of the male parent (mm).</p> <p>10. female_size: The pronotum width of the female parent (mm).</p> <p>11. clutch_size: The number of eggs laid by the female.</p> <p>12. n_larvae: The number of larvae.</p> <p>13. total_larval_mass: The total weight of the larvae.</p> <p>14. carcass_weight_loss: The difference between the initial carcass weight and the carcass weight at the end of the breeding experiments.</p> <p>15. breeding_success: Whether there was at least one larva in the breeding container.</p> <p>16. prop_eggs_developed: The proportion of eggs that developed as larvae, calculated as the number of larvae divided by clutch size.</p> <p>17. average_larval_mass: The average weight of each larva, calculated as the total larval weight divided by the number of larvae.</p> <p>18. larval_density: The density of larvae on the carcass, calculated as the number of larvae divided by carcass weight.</p> <p>19. prop_carcass_used: The proportion of carcass tissue used by the larvae, calculated as carcass weight loss divided by the initial carcass weight.</p> <p> </p> <p>File "Nutrition_Data_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. block_id: The ID of the analysis.</p> <p>2. carcass_id: The ID of the carcass.</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. tissue_type: The type of the carcass tissue sampled (muscle or viscera).</p> <p>6. tissue_replication: The replication number of the tissue sample from each carcass.</p> <p>7. wet_mass_g: The wet weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>8. water_mass_g: The water weight of the tissue sample (g). </p> <p>9. dry_mass_g: The dry weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>10. protein_mass_g: The protein weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>11. fat_mass_g: The fat weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>12. total_mass_g: The total water, protein, and fat weight of the tissue sample (g).</p> <p>13. prop_protein: The proportion of protein content in the tissue sample, calculated as the protein weight divided by the total weight.</p> <p>14. prop_fat: The proportion of protein content in the tissue sample, calculated as the fat weight divided by the total weight.</p> <p> </p> <p>File "Larval_Growth_Clean.csv":</p> <p>1. block_id: The ID of the experimental block (two rounds of feeding experiments were conducted).</p> <p>2. carcass_id: The ID of the carcass (nested within the experimental block).</p> <p>3. carcass_type: The source of the carcass (lab or wild).</p> <p>4. carcass_taxon: The taxon of the carcass (mammal, bird, or reptile).</p> <p>5. tissue_type: The type of the carcass tissue sampled (muscle or viscera).</p> <p>6. larva_replication: The larva replication number (nested within each tissue type and carcass ID).</p> <p>7. tissue_mass_g: The weight of the carcass tissue fed to the larva.</p> <p>8. family_id: The family ID of the parents of the larva. </p> <p>9. success: Whether the larva survived.</p> <p>10. initial_larval_mass_g: The larval weight at the start of the experiment (g). </p> <p>11. end_larval_mass_g: The larval weight at the end of the experiment (g). </p> <p>12. larval_weight_gain_g: The difference between the initial larval weight and the end larval weight (g). </p> <p>13. mean_prop_protein: The average protein content of the three tissue samples from each carcass.</p> <p>14. mean_prop_fat: The average fat content of the three tissue samples from each carcass.</p> <p> </p>
Fig. 4. Marked American burying beetles. A in Elytron-Branding as a Permanent Marking Technique forNicrophorusFabricius (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Fig. 4. Marked American burying beetles. A) Teneral beetle marked on the distal maculation of the left elytron, B) Senescent beetle marked on the basal maculation of the left elytron.
Fig. 3 in Contrasting Influence of Natural Nighttime Illumination on Capture Rates of the American Burying Beetle and Roundneck Burying Beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Fig. 3. Seasonal dynamics of illumination of the moon (%) and raw trap counts for the A) Oklahoma and B) Nebraska data sets. Raw counts do not account for trap number, clouds, or other weather variables.
Fig. 1 in Contrasting Influence of Natural Nighttime Illumination on Capture Rates of the American Burying Beetle and Roundneck Burying Beetle (Coleoptera: Silphidae)
Fig. 1. Predicted and observed counts of burying beetles in Oklahoma at differing levels of illumination. A) Predicted number of American burying beetles and C) roundneck burying beetles caught per night per 23 traps (± SE) given the model that count was affected by illumination, clouds, and their interaction. For predictions, all variables other than % illumination and cloud cover were held constant (low temperature, average humidity, top wind speed, and trap number at their mean value across the data set and precipitation at none). B) Observed number of American burying beetles and D) roundneck burying beetles caught in either 16 or 32 traps for different levels of illumination.
Fig. 1 in Population Estimate of the Endangered American Burying Beetle, Nicrophorus americanus Olivier (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in South Dakota
Fig. 1. From top to bottom: South Dakota, U.S.A. showing location of the extant Nicrophorus americanus population; total area sampled for Nicrophorus americanus from 1995–2004 illustrating positive and negative sampling results; sampling sites used for the population estimate in 2005.
Data from: Harsh nutritional environment has positive and negative consequences for family living in a burying beetle
<p><span>Harsh environmental conditions in form of low food availability for both offspring and parents alike can affect breeding behaviour and success. There has been evidence that food-scarce environments can induce competition between family members, and this might be intensified when parents are caring as a pair and not alone. On the other hand, it is possible that a harsh, food-poor environment could also promote cooperative behaviours within a family, leading, for example, to the higher breeding success of pairs than of single parents. We studied the influence of a harsh nutritional environment on the fitness outcome of a family living in the burying beetle <em>Nicrophorus vespilloides</em>. These beetles use vertebrate carcasses for reproduction. We manipulated food availability on two levels: before and during breeding. We then compared the effect of these manipulations in broods with either single females or biparentally breeding males and females. We show that pairs of beetles that experienced a food-poor environment before breeding consumed a higher quantity of the carcass than well-fed pairs or single females. Nevertheless, they were more successful in raising a brood with higher larval survival compared to pairs that did not experience a food shortage before breeding. We also show that food availability during breeding and social condition had independent effects on the mass of the broods raised, with lighter broods in biparental families than in uniparental ones and on smaller carcasses. Our study thus indicates that a harsh nutritional environment can increase both cooperative as well as competitive interactions between family members. Moreover, our results suggest that it can either hamper or drive the formation of a family because parents choose to restrain reproductive investment in a current brood or are encouraged to breed in a food-poor environment, depending on former experiences and their own nutritional status.</span></p>
Early-life effects on body size in each sex interact to determine reproductive success in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides
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Data from: Harsh nutritional environment has positive and negative consequences for family living in a burying beetle
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Data from: Selection on an antagonistic behavioral trait can drive rapid genital coevolution in the burying beetle, Nicrophorus vespilloides
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Data from: Resource availability, but not polyandry, influences sibling conflict in a burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides
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Sex-specific influence of communal breeding experience on parenting performance and fitness in a burying beetle
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