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Fig. 10. Head morphology. A–C in Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species
Fig. 10. Head morphology. A–C. Zischkaia pacarus (Godart, 1824) (DZ 36.728). A. Ventral view. B. Frontal view. C. Lateral view. D–F. Z. saundersii (Butler, 1867) (DZ 36.029). D. Ventral view. E. Frontal view. C. Lateral view.
Fig. 4 in Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome
Fig. 4. Nhambikuara mima comb. nov., male (MGCL-LOAN-175) and female genitalia (FLMNH-MGCL-278955). A – lateral; B – dorsal; C – ventral; D – aedeagus, lateral; E – aedeagus, dorsal; F – female lateral; G – female ventral.
Fig. 2 in Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome
Fig. 2. Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov., male (YPH-0574) and female (DZ 33.900) genitalia. A – male lateral; B – male dorsal; C – male ventral; D – male aedeagus, lateral; E – male aedeagus, dorsal; F – female lateral; G – female ventral. Abbreviations: sa – saccus; te – tegumen; un – uncus; va – valva; gn – gnathos; ae – aedeagus; co – cornuti; bu – bursae coppulatrix; db – ductus bursae; pa – papilla anallis; st – sterigma; sg – signa.
Fig. 5 in Before it is too late: description of a new genus and species of butterfly from a highly threatened Brazilian biome
Fig. 5. Natural habitats of Nhambikuara cerradensis gen. et sp. nov. in the Cerrado: A – Itirapina, São Paulo; B – Brasília, Distrito Federal and Nhambikuara mima comb. nov.: C – Sirinhaém, Pernambuco; D – an individual in its natural habitat in Guiana, Surama, north Rupuruni (Photo: David Geale).
Fig. 6 in 'Species' from two different butterfly genera combined into one: description of a new genus of Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with unusually variable wing pattern
Fig. 6. Recorded localities of Sepona punctata (based on all examined material; see text for details). Black dots = "griseola" phenotype; white dots = "punctata" phenotype; gray dots = intermediate phenotypes.
Fig. 4 in 'Species' from two different butterfly genera combined into one: description of a new genus of Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with unusually variable wing pattern
Fig. 4. Variation in wing pattern of Sepona punctata (all from Brazil). A, Abunã, Rio Madeira, Rondônia; B, Porto Velho, Rondônia; C, Estação Ecológica do Alto Acre, Acre; D, Porto Acre, PAD Humaitá, Acre; E, Conceição do Mato dentro, Minas Gerais; F, Parque Municipal do Trabijú, Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo (A, B, D – males; C, E, F – females).
Fig. 5 in 'Species' from two different butterfly genera combined into one: description of a new genus of Euptychiina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) with unusually variable wing pattern
Fig. 5. Relationships among Sepona punctata and selected species in the "Taygetis clade" and several outgroups inferred with maximum likelihood. Numbers near branch nodes are bootstrap branch support. Names in parentheses for Sepona punctata refer to the phenotype of the voucher specimens (see text).
Figure 7 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 7. Male and female genitalia of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. [coll. RMBH]. (A) Male genitalia of P. nebrodensis [France; slide RMBH G0328]: (A1) lateral view, (A2) ventral view, (A3) dorsal view, (A4) aedeagus, (A5) uncus, and (A6) apical process of the valva. (B) Male genitalia of P. nebrodensis [France; slide RMBH G0330]: (B1) dorsal view, (B2) aedeagus, (B3) uncus, and (B4) apical process of the valva. (C) Male genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Moldova; slide RMBH G0279]: (C1) lateral view, (C2) ventral view, (C3) dorsal view, (C4) aedeagus, (C5) uncus, and (C6) apical process of the valva. (D) Male genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Belarus; slide RMBH G0004]: (D1) dorsal view, (D2) aedeagus, (D3) uncus, and D4) apical process of the valva. (E) Female genitalia of P. nebrodensis [France; slide RMBH G0331]. (F) Female genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Moldova; slide RMBH G0280]. (G) Female genitalia of P. mnemosyne [Belarus; slide RMBH G0005]. Black arrows indicate diagnostic features of the two species (see differential diagnosis for detail). (Photos: Artem A. Frolov).
Figure 6 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 6. Forewing scales of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. [coll. RMBH]. (A) Position of the enlarged fragment with scale patterns at the forewing. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [France]. (C) Female of P. mnemosyne [Moldova]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [Northern European Russia]. (E) Male of P. nebrodensis [France]. (F) Male of P. nebrodensis [France]. (G) Male of P. mnemosyne [Moldova]. (H) Male of P. mnemosyne [Northern European Russia]. Red and blue arrows indicate diagnostic features of each species for the female and male, respectively (see differential diagnosis for detail). (Graphics and photos: Ivan N. Bolotov).
Figure 5 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 5. Forewing venation of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. (A) Male of P. nebrodensis [France: Pyrenees, foothill of Mt. Neouville]. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [the same locality]. (C) Male of P. mnemosyne [Moldova]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [Linnaeus's lectotype, Finland; redrawn after Honey and Scoble 2001a]. Red arrows indicate diagnostic features of the two species (see differential diagnosis for detail). (Graphics: Ivan N. Bolotov).
Figure 4 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 4. Dorsal view of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. specimens [coll. RMBH]. (A) Male of P. nebrodensis [France: Pyrenees, foothill of Mt. Neouville]. (B) Female of P. nebrodensis [the same locality]. (С) Male of P. mnemosyne [Republic of Belarus: 5 km E from Ruda Yavorskaya village]. (D) Female of P. mnemosyne [the same locality]. (Photos: Artem A. Frolov).
Figure 1 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 1. Ranges of taxa within the Parnassius mnemosyne species complex. (1) Range of P. nebrodensis stat. rev. (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2008; Todisco et al. 2010; Condamine et al. 2018; Litman et al. 2018; Dapporto et al. 2019; this study). (2) Approximate range of P. sp. 'Middle East' (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008). (3) Range of P. mnemosyne s. str. (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011; Bolotov et al. 2013): (3a) confirmed range, and (3b) uncertain distribution. (4) Approximate boundary of P. mnemosyne s. str. and P. sp. 'Middle East' ranges (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011; Bolotov et al. 2013). (5) Type locality of P. nebrodensis stat. rev. in Italy [Sicily: "monti Nebrodi"] (Turati 1907). (6) Type locality of P. mnemosyne s. str. in Finland (Honey and Scoble 2001, 2001a). (Map: Mikhail Y. Gofarov).
Figure 3 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 3. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of Parnassius (subgenus Driopa) taxa based on the COI haplotype sequences (Table 1). The red stars indicate the species-level clades supported by mPTP species-delimitation model. The name of each sequence contains the following information: GenBank accession number | sampling region. An asterisk indicates Parnassius nebrodensis sequence from the type locality (Nebrodi, Sicily). The black numbers near branches indicate bootstrap support values of IQ-TREE/BPP of MrBayes. Outgroup is not shown.
Figure 2 in Parnassius nebrodensis: A threatened but neglected Apollo butterfly species from Southern Europe (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Figure 2. Range of Parnassius nebrodensis Turati, 1907 stat. rev. and a narrow contact zone between allopatric ranges of this species and P. mnemosyne (Linnaeus, 1758) s. str. based on DNA sequence data. (1) Range of P. nebrodensis (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008; Michel et al. 2008; Todisco et al. 2010; Condamine et al. 2018; Litman et al. 2018; Dapporto et al. 2019; this study). (2) Occurrences of P. nebrodensis: (2a) Pyrenees (sample used for morphological and molecular analyses in this study), and (2b) other areas (data: Gratton 2006; Gratton et al. 2008). (3) Type locality of P. nebrodensis in Italy [Sicily: "monti Nebrodi"] (Turati 1907). (4) Type localities of nominal taxa that were described as P. mnemosyne subspecies but are being considered as synonyms of P. nebrodensis under this study (see Table 5 for detail). (5) A southern fragment of P. mnemosyne s. str. range adjoining the contact zone with P. nebrodensis (data: Weiss 1999; Gratton et al. 2008; Kudrna et al. 2011): (5a) confirmed range, and (5b) uncertain distribution. (6) A contact zone between P. nebrodensis and P. mnemosyne s. str. ranges. (Map: Mikhail Y. Gofarov).
Linked collectors and determiners for: Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Revision of the poorly known Neotropical butterfly genus Zischkaia Forster, 1964 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae), with descriptions of nine new species". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/98f587bb-3baf-4961-89a0-5679c0dcf731">https://bionomia.net/dataset/98f587bb-3baf-4961-89a0-5679c0dcf731</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/98f587bb-3baf-4961-89a0-5679c0dcf731">https://gbif.org/dataset/98f587bb-3baf-4961-89a0-5679c0dcf731</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data for: Combining environmental niche models, multi-grain analyses, and species traits identifies pervasive effects of land use on butterfly biodiversity across Italy
<p><span>Understanding how species respond to human activities is paramount to ecology and conservation science, one outstanding question being how large-scale patterns in land use affect biodiversity. To facilitate answering this question, we propose a novel analytical framework that combines Environmental Niche Models, multi-grain analyses, and species traits. We illustrate the framework capitalizing on the most extensive dataset compiled to date for the butterflies of Italy (106,514 observations for 288 species), assessing how agriculture and urbanization have affected biodiversity of these taxa from landscape to regional scales (3–48 km grains) across the country while accounting for its steep climatic gradients.</span></p> <p><span>Multiple lines of evidence suggest pervasive and scale-dependent effects of land use on butterflies in Italy. While land use explained patterns in species richness primarily at grains ≤ 12 km, idiosyncratic responses in species highlighted "winners" and "losers" across human-dominated regions. Detrimental effects of agriculture and urbanization emerged from landscape (3-km grain) to regional (48-km grain) scales, disproportionally affecting small butterflies and butterflies with a short flight curve. Human activities have therefore reorganized the biogeography of Italian butterflies, filtering out species with poor dispersal capacity and narrow niche breadth not only from local assemblages but also from regional species pools. </span></p> <p><span>These results suggest that global conservation efforts neglecting large-scale patterns in land use risk falling short of their goals, even for taxa typically assumed to persist in small natural areas (e.g., invertebrates). Our study also confirms that consideration of spatial scales will be crucial to implementing effective conservation actions in the Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework. In this context, applications of the proposed analytical framework have broad potential to identify which mechanisms underlie biodiversity change at different spatial scales. </span></p> <p><span><em>Funding statement: </em>FR is supported by the PROBAE project "Protect butterflies across Europe through climate refugia" funded by the European Commission through Horizon 2020, Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (MSCA) individual fellowship, reintegration panel (Grant agreement ID: 101024579). Open Access Funding provided by Universita degli Studi di Torino within the CRUI-CARE Agreement.</span></p>
Figure 57 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 57. Heads of Lerema 5th instar caterpillars from USA: Texas, 2015. a–f) Lerema ochrius sp. n. a) Starr Co., Roma 7-Aug. b–e) The type locality, 7-Sep. f) Cameron Co., River Dr., 1.4 mi S of Santa Maria, 25-Jun. g–m) Lerema accius. g–h) Dallas Co., Dallas: Norbuck Park, 7-Aug. Moss Park: i) 7-Aug, j) 11-Aug, l) 19-Jul. k, m) nr. White Rock Lake, 22-Jul. Numbered cyan arrows in 57a refer to characters discussed in text.
Figure 54 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 54. Reared specimens of Lerema from USA: Texas, Brewster Co., Big Bend National Park, Rio Grande Village campground, N. V. Grishin leg., females, ex larva, in dorsal (above) and ventral (below) views. a) L. accius NVG-22054A02 eclosed 23-Jun-2005. b) paratype of L. ochrius sp. n. NVG-22054A03 eclosed 1-Jun-2005.
Figure 53 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 53. Reared specimens of Lerema from USA: Texas, N. V. Grishin leg., in dorsal (left of the letter) and ventral (right of the letter) views. a–b) L. ochrius sp. n. from Hidalgo Co., 1.5 air mi SE of Relampago, Old Rio Rico Rd.: a) paratype ♂, eclosed 7-Jul-2015; b) holotype ♀ NVG-22031H12, eclosed 14-Jun-2015. c–d) L. accius from Denton Co., Flower Mound, nr. Grapevine Lake: c) ♂ eclosed 31-Jul-1997; d) ♀ eclosed 29-Sep-1997.
Figure 55 in Thirteen new species of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Texas
Figure 55. Two species of Lerema from the USA, iNaturalist observations. a–b) L. orchius sp. n., Texas, Hidalgo Co. a) 104144271 Mission, 1-Jan-2022 © Cin-Ty Lee. b) 130093189 Edinburg, 8-Oct-2021 © Scott. c–d) L. accius. c) 138909684 Georgia, Clarke Co., Athens, 15-Oct-2022 © Diego Huet. d) 136277302 Illinois, Johnson Co., Cypress, 22-Sep-2022 © Harlan Ratcliff. Some images are color-corrected, rotated, and/or flipped. CC BY-NC 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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