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opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

Fig. 3 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 3. Geographical repartition of the fifty accessions of wild hop (Humulus lupulus L.) collected on the 11 locations A to K in the North of France.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 8. Untargeted metabolomic analysis A. Principle component analysis of the 63 chemotypes of hop studied. Each symbol represents a single plant from the different accessions. Commercial varieties (10 accessions), heirloom varieties (3 accessions), wild hops collected on different locations (50 accessions, Fig. 3). B. Principle component analysis of the chemical markers.

opennotspecifiedJan 2023View details →

Fig. 7 in Multivariate analysis of chemical and genetic diversity of wild Humulus lupulus L. (hop) collected in situ in northern France

Fig. 7. Results of the statistical treatment of data for the quantitation of xanthohumol, co-, n-, ad-humulone and co-, n-, ad-lupulone. This quantitation has been performed on the 63 crude hydro-ethanolic extracts of hop cone powder from Northern France, including 10 commercial varieties, 3 heirloom varieties and 50 wild hops (Fig. 1, Table 2). A. PCA biplot of quantitation data with score plot and loading plot of variables. Individuals were colored by collection site for a given observation. Variable contribution to component was represented by arrows length. B. Dendrogram of the hierarchical cluster analysis among the 63 hops based on the quantitation similarity (Ward's method, distance scale) (N = 3).

opennotspecifiedApr 2022View details →

Fig. 1 in Chemical diversity of k¯anuka: Inter- and intraspecific variation of foliage terpenes and flavanones of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Fig. 1. Structures of key Kunzea compounds, showing reported 1H NMR chemical shifts of low field intramolecular hydrogen bonded OH in red (δ ppm). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opennotspecifiedApr 2022View details →

Fig. 4. A in Chemical diversity of k¯anuka: Inter- and intraspecific variation of foliage terpenes and flavanones of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Fig. 4. A: PCA score plot for digitized 1 H NMR data (8.5–20 ppm) of solvent extracts from AK herbarium voucher leaf extracts from ten New Zealand Kunzea species; B: PC1 loading plot.

opennotspecifiedApr 2022View details →

Fig. 3. A in Chemical diversity of k¯anuka: Inter- and intraspecific variation of foliage terpenes and flavanones of Kunzea (Myrtaceae) in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Fig. 3. A: PCA score plot for digitized GC data of solvent extracts from AK herbarium voucher leaf extracts from ten New Zealand Kunzea species; B PC1 loading plot.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

Fig. 3 in Diterpenoids from Gutierrezia sarothrae and G. microcephala: Chemical diversity, chemophenetics and implications to toxicity in grazing livestock

Fig. 3. Chemical structures of isolated diterpenoids. Previously unreported compounds are marked with an asterisk. Key NOESY correlations depicted with double arrow.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

Fig. 2 in Diterpenoids from Gutierrezia sarothrae and G. microcephala: Chemical diversity, chemophenetics and implications to toxicity in grazing livestock

Fig. 2. Representative GC-MS chromatograms of the 8 different chemotypes with GC retention times (min) and corresponding chemical structure number (bold number). *This is not the TMSi derivative but the free alcohol of 15. ** Compound 5 and 17 are susceptible to injection port conditions and were only observed by injection of pure compound.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Diterpenoids from Gutierrezia sarothrae and G. microcephala: Chemical diversity, chemophenetics and implications to toxicity in grazing livestock

Fig. 1. Graphical map of snakeweed collection sites marked as to species identified (A) and assigned chemotypes (B) from the states of Utah, Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas and New Mexico. Chemotype 0 ¼ unidentified.

Fig. 6 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 6. The chemical dendrogram obtained by HCA (Euclidean distance and Ward's linkage method) on the LC–MS feature table. TCA: T. campylodes; TCO: T. coreanum; TE: T. erythrospermum; TU: T. ussuriense; TP: T. platycarpum.

Fig. 5 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 5. Bar plots showing the ion intensities of selected defensive metabolites (3, 5, 7, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, and 19) in analyzed Taraxacum samples. TCA: T. campylodes; TCO: T. coreanum; TE: T. erythrospermum; TU: T. ussuriense; TP: T. platycarpum.

Fig. 3 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 3. LC–MS base peak ion (BPI) chromatograms of 13 Taraxacum extracts. The selected major chromatographic peaks are annotated with peak numbers. T. campylodes, T. coreanum, and T. platycarpum were triplicated, while T. erythrospermum and T. ussuriense were duplicated. Gaps between the chromatograms were added to help visualize the differences, so the y-axis values do not equal the absolute intensities.

Fig. 1 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 1. Maps of the complete chloroplast genomes and 45S rDNA units of six Taraxacum species and the locations of polymorphic regions. The number of variable regions for each species is in Table 2 for the chloroplast genomes and Table 3 for the 45S rDNA. (A) The chloroplast genome map of the six Taraxacum species. Polymorphic regions among the species are indicated inside the circle in black and red bars for SNP and InDel, respectively. The innermost graph is Pi value representing nucleotide diversity. (B) The 45S rDNA coding region of the six Taraxacum species. SNPs and IndeLs among the six Taraxacum species are represented in blue and red, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Assessing the genetic and chemical diversity of Taraxacum species in the Korean Peninsula

Fig. 2. The phylogenomic relationship of Taraxacum species based on chloroplast (CP) and 45S rDNA. The phylogenetic position of each species was analyzed using 74 protein coding sequences from the CP genomes and 45S rDNA transcription unit sequences, along with previously reported CP sequences and 45S rDNA (Genbank accession number: MT003979) of Artemisia fukudo (Asteraceae) (Whitehead and Bowers, 2013).

Fig. 5 in Genetic and chemical diversity of the toxic herb Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. (syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) in Northern Germany

Fig. 5. Principal co-ordinate analysis (PCoA) ordination of the genetic similarity of 75 individuals of J. vulgaris from Northern Germany. Coordinate 1 explains 29.47% of the shown variability and coordinate 2 explains 10.00% of the shown variability. Colours indicate membership to the different populations.

Fig. 3 in Genetic and chemical diversity of the toxic herb Jacobaea vulgaris Gaertn. (syn. Senecio jacobaea L.) in Northern Germany

Fig. 3. PA content and composition of J. vulgaris. A) Averaged PA content in mg/kg dry weight of the individuals per population (± SEM). At first total PA content of every individual was calculated and afterwards the mean content of all individuals per population. Significant differences to the total averaged PA content (dotted line) are indicated by *. B) PA diversity of the populations shown by mean numbers of different PAs detected in populations (± SEM). Significant differences to the total averaged number of PA (dotted line) are indicated by *. C) Categorisation of J. vulgaris chemotypes: Difference in relative abundance of erucifoline and jacobine per population. Bars below 0 indicate jacobine type and bars over 0 indicate erucifoline type populations. *p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.

Fig. 4 in Specialized diterpenoid metabolism in monocot crops: Biosynthesis and chemical diversity

Fig. 4. Diterpenoid metabolism in wheat. Overview of the established modular diterpenoid-metabolic network in wheat (Triticum aestivum), involving the conversion of the central precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) through the combined activity of class II diterpene synthases (green boxes) and class I diterpene synthases (blue boxes). Representative pathway intermediates are highlighted. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Specialized diterpenoid metabolism in monocot crops: Biosynthesis and chemical diversity

Fig. 2. Diterpenoid metabolism in rice. Overview of the established modular diterpenoid-metabolic network in rice (Oryza sativa), involving the conversion of the central precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) through the combined activity of class II diterpene synthases (green boxes), class I diterpene synthases (blue boxes), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (orange) and select other enzyme classes (pink). Representative pathway intermediates and end products are highlighted. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Specialized diterpenoid metabolism in monocot crops: Biosynthesis and chemical diversity

Fig. 1. Size and functional diversity of diterpene synthase families in Poaceous crops. (A) Genome size (grey) and number of demonstrated or predicted diterpene synthases (diTPSs; black) in selected Poaceous crop species. Genome sizes were retrieved from public repositories (https://phytozome.jgi.doe.gov/; https://www.maizegdb.org/; http://www.gramene.org/). (B) Presence of functionally characterized Poaceous class II diTPSs involved in general (black circles), specialized (white circles), and general and/or specialized (grey circles) metabolism. Triangles represent class I diTPSs shown to function in combination with individual class II diTPSs in in vitro or in vivo activity assays.

Fig. 3 in Specialized diterpenoid metabolism in monocot crops: Biosynthesis and chemical diversity

Fig. 3. Diterpenoid metabolism in maize. Overview of the established modular diterpenoid-metabolic network in maize (Zea mays), involving the conversion of the central precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) through the combined activity of class II diterpene synthases (green boxes), class I diterpene synthases (blue boxes), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (orange) and select other enzyme classes (pink). Representative pathway intermediates and end products are highlighted. KA, A-series kauralexins 1-4; KB, B-series kauralexins 1-4. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)