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Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated "Stamen fragment with Clavatipollenites-type pollen sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen with pollen in situ; b) Detail from stamen fragment showing distal and proximal surfaces of in situ pollen grains and tiny orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall (arrows); c) Pollen grains in distal view showing short colpi with irregular margins and aperture membrane with irregular verrucae; d) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered columellae supporting the narrow muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation. Specimen, Catefica 50-S170387 (a–d). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 20 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing two pairs of pollen sacs along the margins of the stamen with a broad connective that separates the thecae, except near the apex where the thecae meet; b) Detail of surface of pollen sacs showing larger cells (arrows), interpreted as ethereal oil cells; c) Pollen in situ from specimen in (a); d) Stamen fragment with apical and basal portion missing and surface slightly abraded and compressed obscuring cellular details; note remains of another stamen attached to the underside of the stamen; e–h) Pollen in situ from specimen in (d) showing long aperture (e) and pollen wall with heterobrochate reticulum (e–h); note narrow muri with flatten and smooth surface and short columellae (h). Specimens, Catefica 49-S115859 (a–c), Catefica 151-S105281 (holotype, d–h). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 50 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, e–g), 1.5 Μm (h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 25. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen grains of Elasmostemon paisii gen. et sp. nov.; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing two pairs of pollen sacs along the margins of the stamen with a broad connective that separates the thecae, except near the apex where the thecae meet; b) Detail of surface of pollen sacs showing larger cells (arrows), interpreted as ethereal oil cells; c) Pollen in situ from specimen in (a); d) Stamen fragment with apical and basal portion missing and surface slightly abraded and compressed obscuring cellular details; note remains of another stamen attached to the underside of the stamen; e–h) Pollen in situ from specimen in (d) showing long aperture (e) and pollen wall with heterobrochate reticulum (e–h); note narrow muri with flatten and smooth surface and short columellae (h). Specimens, Catefica 49-S115859 (a–c), Catefica 151-S105281 (holotype, d–h). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d), 50 Μm (b), 6 Μm (c, e–g), 1.5 Μm (h).
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with zona-aperturate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of elongated anther showing the broad connective and very narrow pollen sacs; b) Lateral view of elongated anther showing the broad dorsal and ventral surfaces of the connectives and very narrow pollen sacs; c) Apex of elongated anther showing dorsal and ventral surfaces and very narrow pollen sacs; d) Lateral view of narrow pollen sac showing in situ pollen; e) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); f) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); g) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows); h) Detail of pollen grain showing the aperture extending over the ends of the grain (asterisks); i) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 49-S171527 (a–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 20 Μm (d), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 24. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen with zona-aperturate pollen"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Dorsal view of elongated anther showing the broad connective and very narrow pollen sacs; b) Lateral view of elongated anther showing the broad dorsal and ventral surfaces of the connectives and very narrow pollen sacs; c) Apex of elongated anther showing dorsal and ventral surfaces and very narrow pollen sacs; d) Lateral view of narrow pollen sac showing in situ pollen; e) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); f) Detail of pollen grain showing the solid band of exine above the aperture (asterisk); g) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows); h) Detail of pollen grain showing the aperture extending over the ends of the grain (asterisks); i) Detail of tectum showing heterobrochate reticulum with lumina of two different sizes supported by long columellae (arrows). Specimen, Catefica 49-S171527 (a–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 20 Μm (d), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g), 1.5 Μm (i).
Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov. (a–g) and Proencistemon sp. (h–j); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing almost sessile anthers; note short bracts at the base of the stamen whorl (arrow) and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; b) Fragment of stamen whorl showing almost sessile anthers and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; c) Pollen in situ from stamen whorl in (b) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d–g) Distal views of pollen in situ from pollen clump showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture, semitectate-reticulate tectum (d–f), and fractured pollen wall with long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (g); h) Fragment of staminate inflorescence with narrow, almost sessile, stamens; i, j) Pollen from fragment of staminate inflorescence in (h) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture (i), semitectate-reticulate tectum (i, j) and long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (j). Specimens, Catefica 49-S266015 (a), Catefica 342-S122086 (b, c), Catefica 50-S170394 (d–g), Catefica 49-S107783 (h–j). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b, h), 6 Μm (c–f, i), 1.5 Μm (g, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 9. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens and pollen of Proencistemon portugallicus gen. et sp. nov. (a–g) and Proencistemon sp. (h–j); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Fragment of stamen whorl from staminate inflorescence showing almost sessile anthers; note short bracts at the base of the stamen whorl (arrow) and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; b) Fragment of stamen whorl showing almost sessile anthers and apparent paired arrangement of the stamens; c) Pollen in situ from stamen whorl in (b) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture and semitectate-reticulate tectum; d–g) Distal views of pollen in situ from pollen clump showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture, semitectate-reticulate tectum (d–f), and fractured pollen wall with long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (g); h) Fragment of staminate inflorescence with narrow, almost sessile, stamens; i, j) Pollen from fragment of staminate inflorescence in (h) showing poorly defined trichotomocolpate aperture (i), semitectate-reticulate tectum (i, j) and long, scattered columellae supporting narrow muri (j). Specimens, Catefica 49-S266015 (a), Catefica 342-S122086 (b, c), Catefica 50-S170394 (d–g), Catefica 49-S107783 (h–j). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, b, h), 6 Μm (c–f, i), 1.5 Μm (g, j).
Columella of Marine Gastropod (Fragment)
**MESH PARAMETERS** **Object Description:** Digitized fragment of Columella of Marine Gastropod; Real-life approximate dimensions 1.5"x1.0"x6.25" **Watertight:** Yes <br> **TEXTURE PARAMETERS** **Count:** 1 **Size:** 8,192 x 8,192 **Delighting:** Yes Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Columella Shell Bead (1948a44-1)
**Large columella shell bead** Location: Sellers site (31Cy42), Clay County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, Qualla phase (AD 1400-1600). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 16.8 mm; width, 14.8 mm; thickness, 13 mm. Notes: Catalog no. 1948a44 (specimen 1 of 2). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Chris LaMack. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Columella Shell Beads (71a907)
**Columella Shell Beads (n=20)** Location: Town Creek site (31Mg2-3), Montgomery County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, Pee Dee phase (AD 1150-1350). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 14.3 cm; width, 13.6 cm (background size). Notes: Catalog no. 71a907 (n=20). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Sebastian Farris and Elizabeth McGuire. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Columella Shell Beads (80a1025)
**Columella Shell Beads** Location: Wall site (31Or11), Orange County, North Carolina. Period: Late Woodland (AD 1500-1600). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 23.1 cm; width, 18.2 cm (background size). Notes: Catalog no. 80a1025, North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Sebastian Farris. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Columella Shell Beads (70a1194)
**Shell Beads (n=17)** Location: Town Creek site (31Mg2-3), Montgomery County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, Pee Dee phase (AD 1150-1350). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 13.2 cm; width, 11.3 cm (background size). Notes: Catalog no. 70a1194 (n=17). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Sebastian Farris. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Columella Shell Beads (1040a3272)
**Columella Shell Beads (n=15)** Location: Town Creek site (31Mg2-3), Montgomery County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, Pee Dee phase (AD 1150-1400). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 20.1 cm; width, 15.9 cm (background size). Notes: Catalog no. 1040a3272 (n=15). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Sebastian Farris. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Columella Shell Beads (70a1192)
**Shell Beads (n=22)** Location: Town Creek site (31Mg2-3), Montgomery County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, Pee Dee phase (AD 1150-1350). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 15.0 cm; width, 14.2 cm (background size). Notes: Catalog no. 70a1192 (n=22). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Sebastian Farris. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Columella Shell Beads (70a1188)
**Columella Shell Beads** Location: Town Creek site (31Mg2-3), Montgomery County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, Pee Dee phase (AD 1150-1350). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 14.5 cm; width, 11.7 cm (background size). Notes: Catalog no. 70a1188 (14 beads). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Steve Davis. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
PLATE 5. Notothylas orbicularis. a. Transverse section through the columella. b. Capsule epidermal cells illustrating the elongated thickwalled cells. c–d in Rare and peculiar hornworts: Notothylas orbicularis and N. javanica (Notothyladaceae), new genus and species records for Australia
PLATE 5. Notothylas orbicularis. a. Transverse section through the columella. b. Capsule epidermal cells illustrating the elongated thickwalled cells. c–d. SEM images of proximal and distal views of spores. e. Light microscope image of a spore. f. Pseudoelaters. Images by D. C. Cargill.
FIGURE 2. Tayloria rudolphiana. A. Young sporophyte. B. Calyptra. C–D. Capsules. E. Columella with spore sac. F. Peristome teeth. G. Stomata. H. Axillary hairs. I in Revisit of European-Asiatic connections in Tayloria rudolphiana (Splachnaceae, Bryophyta) based on molecular data and new morphological evidence
FIGURE 2. Tayloria rudolphiana. A. Young sporophyte. B. Calyptra. C–D. Capsules. E. Columella with spore sac. F. Peristome teeth. G. Stomata. H. Axillary hairs. I. Cross sections of stem. J. Cross sections of leaves at midleaf. (All photo images prepared from He & Yi 49798, MO).
Figure 7 in Developmental patterns of the crocodilian and avian columella auris: reappraisal of interpretations of the derivation of the dorsal hyoid arch in archosaurian tetrapods
Figure 7. Development of the columella auris and surrounding tissues in Struthio camelus. A–F, day-13 embryo, transverse sections through the external and middle ear region. G, day-15 embryo, postero-left lateral view. H, day-16 embryo, right lateral view. For abbreviations see the Appendix. A–F, histological sections; G and H, whole mounts.
Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment, containing one kind of pollen; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in polar (b, d) and equatorial (e) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes; note the semitectate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpium regions and foveolate-punctate tectum in the polar regions and along the aperture margins; c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri and short, densely-spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107785 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1.5 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 39. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Pollen clump with tricolpate pollen sp. 3"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Pollen clump, probably an anther fragment, containing one kind of pollen; b, d, e) Pollen grains from stamen fragment in polar (b, d) and equatorial (e) views showing the long colpi with coarsely verrucate aperture membranes; note the semitectate-reticulate tectum in the mesocolpium regions and foveolate-punctate tectum in the polar regions and along the aperture margins; c) Detail of pollen wall showing smooth muri and short, densely-spaced columellae. Specimen, Catefica 49-S107785 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 1.5 Μm (c).
Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen fragments with in situ Clavatipollenites- or Asteropollis-type pollen" (sp. 1: a–c; sp. 2: d–f; sp. 3: g–i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing pollen sacs; b) Distal view of pollen grain from (a) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; c) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered, columellae supporting muri with fine pits and rounded supratectal ornamentation; note orbiculae with a finely spiny surface (arrows); d) Stamen showing very short filament, lateral pollen sacs and short apical extension of the narrow connective; e) Folded pollen grain from (d) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall from (d) showing the semitectatereticulate tectum and muri with fine rounded ornamentation; g) Stamen fragment; h, i) Detail of pollen grains from (g) showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum with smooth muri, long scattered columellae and tiny scattered orbicules (arrow). Specimens, Catefica 50-S170395 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172561 (d–f), Catefica 50-S170390 (g–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d, g), 6 Μm (b, e, h), 1.5 Μm (c, f, i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 16. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Stamen fragments with in situ Clavatipollenites- or Asteropollis-type pollen" (sp. 1: a–c; sp. 2: d–f; sp. 3: g–i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen fragment showing pollen sacs; b) Distal view of pollen grain from (a) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; c) Detail of pollen wall showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum and long, scattered, columellae supporting muri with fine pits and rounded supratectal ornamentation; note orbiculae with a finely spiny surface (arrows); d) Stamen showing very short filament, lateral pollen sacs and short apical extension of the narrow connective; e) Folded pollen grain from (d) showing semitectate-reticulate tectum; f) Detail of pollen wall from (d) showing the semitectatereticulate tectum and muri with fine rounded ornamentation; g) Stamen fragment; h, i) Detail of pollen grains from (g) showing the semitectate-reticulate tectum with smooth muri, long scattered columellae and tiny scattered orbicules (arrow). Specimens, Catefica 50-S170395 (a–c), Catefica 49-S172561 (d–f), Catefica 50-S170390 (g–i). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a, d, g), 6 Μm (b, e, h), 1.5 Μm (c, f, i).
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen with "Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ showing the dome-shaped extension of the connective with hairs; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined pentachotomocolpate (b, d) and possibly tetrachotomocolpate (c) apertures and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of broken pollen grains showing the loosely attached reticulum, long scattered columellae and thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101209 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamen with "Asteropollis-type pollen sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Stamen with pollen in situ showing the dome-shaped extension of the connective with hairs; b–d) Pollen in situ in stamen in (a) showing poorly defined pentachotomocolpate (b, d) and possibly tetrachotomocolpate (c) apertures and semitectate-reticulate tectum; e) Detail of broken pollen grains showing the loosely attached reticulum, long scattered columellae and thick foot layer. Specimen, Catefica 49-S101209 (a–e). Scale bars = 600 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b–e).
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 31. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of isolated pollen of Piercipollis sp. (a, b) and Teebacia sp. (c–e); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Isolated pollen grain (arrow) adhering to the much larger pollen of Araucariacites sp. in fragment of a conifer cone; note the size difference between the angiosperm and conifer pollen that is typical in Early Cretaceous floras; b) Pollen grain in (a) enlarged showing the extended aperture and homobrochate reticulum with smooth muri supported by long, scattered, columellae; c) Isolated pollen grains adhering to the outer surface of a Saportanthus parvus flower; d) Pollen grain in (c) enlarged showing the open reticulum and muri ornamented by fine transverse ribs; e) Detail of pollen grain in (d) showing the muri supported by long, scattered columellae; note the fine transverse ribs on the muri. Specimens, Catefica 49-S170139-01 (a, b), Catefica 361-S174322-01 (c–e). Scale bars = 50 Μm (a), 20 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d), 1.5 Μm (e).
Columella Shell Bead (1948a44-2)
**Large columella shell bead** Location: Sellers site (31Cy42), Clay County, North Carolina. Period: Mississippian, Qualla phase (AD 1400-1600). Material: marine shell. Dimensions: length, 20.0 mm; width, 15.0 mm; thickness, 16.7 mm. Notes: Catalog no. 1948a44 (specimen 2 of 2). North Carolina Archaeological Collection, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Model by Chris LaMack. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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