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77 results for “common garden”
Functional traits measured in a greenhouse common garden: Investigating patterns of habitat specialization in fifteen co-occurring willow and poplar species.
Thirteen willow (Salix) species occur in southeastern Minnesota and often co-occur within the same wetlands. This high local diversity is challenging to explain since closely related species are often functionally similar and density-dependent interactions such as competition and susceptibility to pests and pathogens should limit their co-occurrence. However, if willow species are partitioning resources, or if they are phylogenetically structured so that closely related species rarely co-occur, then the impact of these density-dependent processes could be reduced. In this study, I examined the role of niche partitioning in maintaining local willow diversity by documenting species distributions in plots across a water availability gradient and comparing species physiology in the field and greenhouse. By taking a phylogenetic approach, I also investigated whether willow communities exhibit phylogenetic community structure and whether there is evidence for environmental filtering.
Acclimation common garden microclimate at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory from 1999 to 2002
These microclimate data are being collected at two common garden locations to quantify the natural ambient temperatures for air and soil. This project will support other physiological projects that have been or will be collected.
No evidence for early fitness penalty in glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Conyza canadensis: common garden experiments in the absence of glyphosate
<p>Strong selection from herbicides has led to the rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds, greatly complicating weed management efforts worldwide. In particular, overreliance on glyphosate, the active ingredient in RoundUp®, has spurred the evolution of resistance to this herbicide in ≥40 species. Previously, we reported that <i>Conyza canadensis</i> (horseweed) has evolved extreme resistance to glyphosate, surviving at 40x the original 1x effective dosage. Here, we tested for underlying fitness effects of glyphosate resistance to better understand whether resistance could persist indefinitely in this self-pollinating, annual weed. We sampled seeds from a single maternal plant ("biotype") at each of 26 horseweed populations in Iowa, representing 9 susceptible biotypes (S), 8 with low-level resistance (LR), and 9 with extreme resistance (ER). In 2016 and 2017, we compared early growth rates and bolting dates of these biotypes in common garden experiments at two sites near Ames, Iowa. Nested ANOVAs showed that, as a group, ER biotypes attained similar or larger rosette size after 6 weeks compared to S or LR biotypes, which were similar to each other in size. Also, ER biotypes bolted 1-2 weeks earlier than S or LR biotypes. These fitness-related traits also varied among biotypes within the same resistance category, and time to bolting was inversely correlated with rosette size across all biotypes. Disease symptoms affected 40% of all plants in 2016 and 78% in 2017, so we did not attempt to measure lifetime fecundity. In both years, the frequency of disease symptoms was greatest in S biotypes and similar in LR vs. ER biotypes. Overall, our findings indicate there is no early growth penalty and possibly no lifetime fitness penalty associated with glyphosate resistance, including extremely strong resistance. We conclude that glyphosate resistance is likely to persist in horseweed populations, with or without continued selection pressure from exposure to glyphosate.</p>
Polyploidization contributes to evolution of competitive ability: a long term common garden study on the invasive Solidago canadensis in China
<p>Plant invasion initiates with the establishment of an alien species population that begins interacting with the existing community in the invaded habitat. Competitive ability may confer advantage to invasive species during establishment. Autopolyploidy has been shown to significantly contribute to successful invasion of China by Solidago canadensis that is native to North America. But how polyploidization improves competitive ability and determines the dominance of invasive species when competing with a plant community in the introduced range remains unclear. Here, we manipulated the initial plant composition of plowed land and subsequently allowed natural colonization by S. canadensis in a five-year common garden experiment. Diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid populations collected in North America (native range) and East Asia (introduced range) were separately planted and allowed to compete with associated weeds in individual plots. The diversity and compositional variation of the plant communities and the growth characteristics of S. canadensis were investigated in summer and autumn each year. Based on how the community assembled, three outcomes were found: 1) S. canadensis outcompeted local vegetation: tetraploids and hexaploids from the introduced range outcompeted associated weeds and were dominant at equilibrium; 2) S. canadensis coexisted with local vegetation: hexaploids from the native range were competitive but ultimately could not outcompete the local vegetation; and 3) S. canadensis became extinct: diploids from both the native and introduced ranges and tetraploids from the native range went extinct. Concomitantly, diversity was low in the first group and high in the second and third. Therefore, polyploidization contributes to the pre differentiation of competitive ability among native S. canadensis populations, facilitatating the invasion of China by this species. The competitive ability of polyploids was enhanced through possible rapid post introduction evolution after their introduction into China, which could be the crucial factor for successful invasion by S. canadensis.</p>
Data from: Differences in the regulation of growth and biomineralization genes revealed through long-term common garden acclimation and experimental genomics in the purple sea urchin
Across heterogeneous landscapes, populations may have adaptive differences in gene regulation that adjust their physiologies to match local environments. Such differences could have origins in acclimation or in genetically fixed variation between habitats. Here we use common garden experiments to evaluate differences in gene expression between populations of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, spanning 1700 km and average temperature differences of 5 °C to 8 °C. Across expression profiles from 18,883 genes after three years of common conditions, we find highly correlated expression patterns (Pearson's r = 0.992) among most genes. However, sixty-six genes were differentially expressed, including many ribosomal protein and biomineralization genes, all of which had higher expression in urchins originally from the southern population. Gene function analyses revealed slight but pervasive expression differences in genes related to ribosomal function, metabolism, transport, "bone" development, and response to stimuli. In accord with gene expression patterns, a post-hoc spine re-growth experiment revealed that urchins of southern origin re-grew spines at a faster rate than northern urchins. These results suggest that there may be genetically controlled, potentially adaptive differences in gene regulation across habitats and that gene expression differences may be under strong enough selection to overcome high dispersal-mediated gene flow in this marine species.
Data on germination of seeds obtained from Frangula alnus mother plants in a common garden that were treated with water limitation
<p>Data on germination of seeds derived from Frangula alnus mother plants in a common garden that were treated with water limitation in 2020: countings of emerged seedlings on a regular basis in the spring of 2021.</p>
Data on after effects and transgenerational effects of a drought treatment of F. alnus mother plants in a common garden
<p>Three datasets are present:</p> <p>- dataset 1 consists of measurements and observations in 2020 and 2021 on mother plants (Frangula alnus) in a common garden that experienced severe drought stress in 2018.</p> <p>- dataset 2 consists of measurements on seeds that were collected in 2020 on the F. alnus mother plants in the common garden</p> <p>- dataset 3 consists of measurements in 2021 on the germination of the seeds that were collected in 2020 on the F. alnus mother plants in the common garden.</p>
Selection and evolution at the community level using common garden data
<p class="MsoNormal"><a name="_Hlk79260774"></a>A key issue in evolutionary biology is whether selection acting at levels higher than the individual can cause evolutionary change. If it can, then conceptual and empirical studies must consider how selection operates at multiple levels of biological organization. <a name="_Hlk79260821"></a>Here, we test the hypothesis that estimates of broad-sense community heritability, <em>H</em><sup>2</sup><sub>C</sub>, can be used to predict the evolutionary response by community-level phenotypes when community-level selection is imposed. <a name="_Hlk79260873"></a>Using an approach informed by classic quantitative genetics, we made three predictions. First, when we imposed community-level selection, we expected a significant change in the average phenotype of arthropod communities associated with individual tree genotypes [we imposed selection by favoring high and low NMDS (nonmetric multidimensional scaling) scores that reflected differences in arthropod species richness, abundance and composition]. Second, we expected <em>H</em><sup>2</sup><sub>C</sub> to predict the magnitude of the community-level response. Third, we expected no significant change in average NMDS scores with community-level selection imposed at random. We tested these hypotheses using three years of common garden data for 102 species comprising the arthropod communities, associated with nine clonally replicated <em>Populus angustifolia </em>genotypes. Each of our predictions were met. We conclude that estimates of <em>H</em><sup>2</sup><sub>C</sub> account for the resemblance among communities sharing common ancestry, the persistence of community composition over time, and the outcome of selection when it occurs at the community level. Our results provide a means for exploring how this process leads to large-scale community evolutionary change, and they identify the circumstances in which selection may routinely act at the community level.</p>
Data from: Does density influence relative growth performance of farm, wild, and F1 hybrid Atlantic salmon in semi-natural and hatchery common garden conditions?
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Polyploidization contributes to evolution of competitive ability: a long term common garden study on the invasive Solidago canadensis in China
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Selection and evolution at the community level using common garden data
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Data from: A common garden experiment to evaluate the morphological distinction between two species of shooting star (Primula section Dodecatheon) native to Pennsylvania
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Data from: Differences in the regulation of growth and biomineralization genes revealed through long-term common garden acclimation and experimental genomics in the purple sea urchin
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Data from: Bolstering species delimitation in difficult species complexes by analyzing herbarium and common garden morphological data: a case study using the New Zealand native Myosotis pygmaea species group (Boraginaceae)
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A common garden of <em>Halichondria</em> sponges: taxonomic revision of Northeast Pacific Halichondriidae reveals many cryptic introduced species
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No evidence for early fitness penalty in glyphosate-resistant biotypes of Conyza canadensis: common garden experiments in the absence of glyphosate
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Genomic and common garden approaches yield complementary results for quantifying environmental drivers of local adaptation in rubber rabbitbrush, a foundational Great Basin shrub
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Genetic Diversity, Ecological Niches, and Climate Change Vulnerability of Aspens in the Upper Midwest:Common garden plant collection
Quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) is the most cosmopolitan tree species in North America and an important native at Cedar Creek and across the Midwest. Aspen stands are quite common through eastern, central, and northern Minnesota, and occur sporadically in cool, wet microclimates across the Great Plains. Currently, these stands are in decline, are poorly reproducing in the wild, and are suffering from a range of stresses. Climate change associated phenomena, drought and altered freeze-thaw cycles, have contributed to massive aspen dieback, especially in the American West. We have received funding from the National Park Service to assess the genetic diversity and hybrid status, age structure and health, ecological niche and historical rate of range contraction, and drought and freezing tolerance physiology of an aspen stand of interest at the Niobrara National Scenic River (NNSR) in northern Nebraska. As part of this project, we are also studying genetic diversity and physiological vulnerability to climate change in quaking and bigtooth (P. grandidentata) aspen populations in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, South Dakota, and Nebraska. We will use genetic markers to identify genetically unique stands and compare growth and survival of these to populations of the parent species under different drought and freeze-thaw conditions. This study will allow us to better pinpoint the causes of decline in the NNSR aspen stands and aspen stands across the upper Midwest, and potentially provide guidance to managers on the prioritization of particular stands for conservation or in identifying genetic sources for any ex situ conservation or assisted migration.
2012 growing season water table depth in common gardens:Specialization, maintenance of diversity and ecosystem consequences of growth defense trade-offs in a model system, the hyper-diverse willow communities of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek includes a diversity of habitats, which support an astonishing number of species (15) from a single evolutionary lineage: the willow family (Salicaceae). The physiological tolerances and abiotic mechanisms that maintain natural diversity in this hyper-diverse system are beginning to be understood; the role of biotic interactions, however, remains a major gap in understanding. We hypothesize that insect herbivory plays a critical role in niche partitioning, providing an important explanation for high willow diversity. Using a replicated series of common gardens and insect herbivore manipulations in resource rich and resource poor habitats, we are testing for evolved trade-offs between defense investment and growth rate. We expect specialized plant syndromes to emerge along the continuum from ???herbivore escape??? via fast growth in high resource environments to ???anti-herbivore protection??? via heavy investment in defense in low resource environments. Evolved growth/defense strategies that promote diversity are also likely to have ecosystem consequences due to foliar chemical influences on decomposition and the composition and diversity of the insect communities they support. The proposed research takes advantage of natural diversity, providing an important model system at Cedar Creek.
Data from: Climate outweighs native vs. non-native range-effects for genetics and common garden performance of a cosmopolitan weed
Comparing genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and performance between native and non-native populations has advanced our knowledge of contemporary evolution and its ecological consequences. However, such between-range comparisons can be complicated by high among-population variation within native and non-native ranges. For example, native vs. non-native comparisons between small and non-representative subsets of populations for species with very large distributions have the potential to mislead because they may not sufficiently account for within-range adaptation to climatic conditions, and demographic history that may lead to non-adaptive evolution. We used the cosmopolitan weed Conyza canadensis to study the interplay of adaptive and demographic processes across, to our knowledge, the broadest climatic gradient yet investigated in this context. To examine the distribution of genetic diversity, we genotyped 26 native and 26 non-native populations at 12 microsatellite loci. Furthermore, we recorded performance traits for 12 native and 13 non-native populations in the field and in the common garden. To analyze how performance was related to range and/or climate, we fit pedigree mixed-effects models. These models weighed the population random effect for co-ancestry to account for the influence of demographic history on phenotypic among-population differentiation. Genetic diversity was very low, selfing rates were very high, and both were comparable between native and non-native ranges. Non-native populations out-performed native populations in the field. However, our most salient result was that both neutral genetic differentiation and common garden performance were far more correlated with the climatic conditions from which populations originated than native vs. non-native range-affiliation. Including co-ancestry of our populations in our models greatly increased explained variance and our ability to detect significant main effects for among-population variation in performance. High propagule pressure and high selfing rates, in concert with the ability to adapt rapidly to climatic gradients, may have facilitated the global success of this weed. Neither native nor non-native populations were homogeneous groups but responded comparably to similar environments in each range. We suggest that studies of contemporary evolution should consider widely distributed and genotyped populations to disentangle native vs. non-native range-effects from varying adaptive processes within ranges and from potentially confounding effects of demographic history.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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