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106 results for “community stability”
Population asynchrony within and between trophic levels have contrasting effects on consumer community stability in a subtropical lake
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Complex landscapes stabilize farm bird communities and their expected ecosystem services
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Datasets for: Primary production and habitat stability organize marine communities
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Data from: Environmental DNA metabarcoding reveals temporal dynamics but functional stability of arthropod communities in cattle dung
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Data from: Mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus addition influence the stability of plant community composition and function in a temperate steppe
<p>Nutrient enrichment can reduce ecosystem stability, typically measured as the temporal stability of productivity that has multiple underlying mechanism including species resistance and resilience to nutrient pulses and the resulting compositional change. Moreover, nutrient enrichment can alter plant-soil interactions (e.g. mycorrhizal symbiosis) that determine plant productivity and diversity. Thus, it is likely that nutrient enrichment and interactions between plants and their soil communities co-determine the stability in plant community composition and productivity. Yet our understanding as to how nutrient enrichment affects the multiple facets of ecological stability and the role of above-belowground interactions are still lacking.</p> <p>We tested how mycorrhizal suppression and phosphorus (P) addition influenced functional and compositional stability of plant community in a three-year field study. Here functional stability is the temporal community variance in primary productivity; compositional stability is represented by compositional resistance, turnover, species extinction and invasion.</p> <p>Compared with mycorrhizal suppression, the intact AM fungal communities reduced community variance in primary productivity by reducing species synchrony at high levels of P addition. Species synchrony and population variance were linearly associated with community variance when mycorrhiza were not suppressed, while these relationships were decoupled or weakened by mycorrhizal suppression. The intact AM fungal communities promoted the compositional resistance of plant communities by reducing compositional turnover, but this effect was suppressed by P addition. P addition increased the number of species extinctions and thus promoted compositional turnover.</p> <p>Our study shows P addition and AM fungal communities can jointly and independently modify the various components of ecosystem stability in terms of plant community productivity and composition.</p>
Data from: Temporal stability versus community matrix measures of stability and the role of weak interactions
<p>Relationships between different measures of stability are not well understood in part because empiricists and theoreticians tend to measure different aspects and most studies only explore a single form of stability. Using time-series data from experimental plankton communities, we compared temporal stability typically measured by empiricists (coefficient of variation of biomass) to stability measures typically measured by theoreticians derived from the community matrix (asymptotic resilience, initial resilience, and intrinsic stochastic invariability) using first-order multivariate autoregressive models (MAR). Community matrices were also used to derive estimates of interaction strengths between plankton groups. We found no relationship between temporal stability and stability measures derived from the community matrix. Weaker interaction strengths were generally associated with higher stability for community matrix measures of stability but were not consistently associated with higher temporal stability. Temporal stability and stability measures derived from the community matrix stability appear to represent different aspects of stability reflecting the multi-dimensionality of stability.</p>
What drives temporal stability of biomass production? Testing the roles of species diversity, dominance, asynchrony and spatial scale in annual plant communities
<p><span><b><span>Aims:</span></b><span> Primary biomass production is a fundamental process for ecosystem functioning. Yet, little is known on the mechanisms driving temporal stability of biomass production in annual plant communities, particularly in communities </span>subjected to highly variable environments and undergoing temporal changes in species composition.<span> We aimed to disentangle </span>the relative importance of biomass production, species <span>diversity, dominance and asynchrony of species fluctuations as drivers of biomass stability in Mediterranean and semiarid annual plant communities. </span></span></p> <p><span><b><span>Location:</span></b><span> Mediterranean (</span><span>N31<sup>o</sup>42'; E35<sup>o</sup>03') and Semiarid (N31<sup>o</sup>23'; E34<sup>o</sup>54') sites, Israel.</span></span></p> <p><span><b><span>Methods:</span></b><span> Aboveground biomass and species abundance were monitored in 15 plots of 250m<sup>2</sup> per site during eight consecutive years. Relationships between stability drivers and community stability were studied at the regional (between-sites) and local (within-sites) spatial scales.</span></span></p> <p><span><b><span>Results:</span></b><span> Community biomass stability (temporal mean/SD) increased from the Semiarid to the Mediterranean site concomitantly with higher </span>biomass production, richness, and evenness, but was not associated with changes in species synchrony. Differences in stability between sites were due to opposite effects of site conditions on the mean and SD of community biomass, leading to higher stability in the Mediterranean site. Within sites, species asynchrony was the key driver of stability at the local spatial-scale. Richness and biomass production affected stability indirectly through asynchrony, but in different ways at each site. At the Mediterranean site, these factors had indirect negative effects on stability by reducing asynchrony, but did not rescind a positive effect of asynchrony on community stability. At the Semiarid site, biomass production had indirect positive effects on stability through asynchrony, while richness had no effect on asynchrony and stability. Stability was not driven by species evenness in either site. </span></p> <p><span><b><span>Conclusions: </span></b>Our study provides new insights into the complex control of biomass stability in the dynamics of <span>Mediterranean and semiarid annual plant communities, with d</span>ifferent mechanisms driving stability across the regional <i>vs.</i> local spatial scales. </span></p>
Data from: Linking diversity, synchrony and stability in soil microbial communities
1. It is becoming well established that plant diversity is instrumental in stabilizing the temporal functioning of ecosystems through population dynamics and the so-called insurance or portfolio effect. However, it is unclear whether diversity-stability relationships and the role of population dynamics in soil microbial communities parallel those in plant communities. 2. Our study took place in a long-term land management experiment with and without perturbation to the soil ecosystem by tilling. We assessed the impacts of the soil perturbation on the diversity, synchrony and stability relationships in soil fungal and bacterial communities. 3. We found that the perturbation to the soil ecosystem not only reduced the abundance and richness of the fungal community, but it also reduced the temporal stability in both bacterial and fungal abundance. The fungal community abundance was destabilized by soil tilling due to reduced richness and increased temporal variation of individual taxa. In contrast, soil tilling destabilized the bacterial community abundance by reducing the temporal variation of individual taxa. Both bacterial and fungal community abundances were more temporally variable when taxa fluctuated more synchronously through time. 4. Our results show that land management practices, such as tilling, can destabilize soil microbial abundance by reducing the richness and disrupting the temporal dynamics belowground. However, the differences in the mechanisms that underlie the temporal variations in fungal and bacterial net abundances suggests that the mechanisms that drive the stability can differ among guilds of organisms within the same system. The different temporal responses between the fungal and bacterial communities are likely linked to changes in edaphic properties resulting from the physical alteration of the soil structure.
Data from: Multicontinental community phylogenetics of avian mixed-species flocks reveal the role of the stability of associations and of kleptoparasitism
If understood as a way to forage socially without incurring intra-specific competition for mates or other resources, mixed-species foraging flocks are predicted to be composed of functionally similar species. In the most intensively studied mixed-species foraging system, understory forest birds, relevant functional traits are however extremely difficult to measure and best replaced by phylogenetic relatedness. A multicontinental analysis of flock phylogenetic structure revealed departures from the expected phylogenetic clustering. Long-lasting associations (> one day) were phylogenetically overdispersed, indicating that these associations are affected by competitive exclusion or by mutualistic interactions. However, where kleptoparasites occurred, this effect disappeared completely, as expected if the dilution of kleptoparasitism risk compensated competition between related species. Mixed-species flocks should not be analyzed as a homogeneous phenomenon.
Data from: Effects of vicariant barriers, habitat stability, population isolation and environmental features on species divergence in the south-western Australian coastal reptile community
Identifying explicit hypotheses regarding the factors determining genetic structuring within species can be difficult, especially in species distributed in historically dynamic regions. To contend with these challenges, we use a framework that combines species distribution models, environmental data and multi-locus genetic data to generate and explore phylogeographic hypotheses for reptile species occupying the coastal sand-dune and sand-plain habitats of the south-western Australian biodiversity hotspot; a community which has both a high diversity of endemics and has varied dramatically in spatial extent over time. We use hierarchical AMOVA, summary statistic and distance-based analyses to explicitly test specific phylogeographic hypotheses. Namely, we test if biogeographic vicariance across barriers, habitat stability, population isolation along a linear habitat or fragmentation across different environments can explain genetic divergence within five co-distributed squamate reptile species. Our results show that patterns of genetic variation reflect complex and species-specific interactions related to the spatial distribution of habitats present currently and during repeated glacial minima, as opposed to being associated with historical factors such as habitat stability between glacial and inter-glacial periods or vicariant barriers. We suggest that the large impact of habitat characteristics over time (i.e., relative levels of habitat connectivity, climatic gradients and spatial heterogeneity of soil types) reflects the ecological restrictions of the sand-dune and sandplain reptile communities and may explain the lack of concordance across taxa. The study demonstrates the general utility of the approach for assemblage-level, as well as single species, phylogeographic study, including its usefulness for exploring biologically-informed hypotheses about what factors have influenced patterns of genetic variation.
Population asynchrony alone does not explain stability in species rich soil animal assemblages: the stabilising role of forest age on oribatid mite communities
<p>1. The importance of microbial and plant communities in the control of the diversity and structure of soil animal communities has been clarified over the last decade. Previous research focused on abiotic factors, niche separation and spatial patterns. Significant gaps still exist in our knowledge of the factors that control the stability of these communities over time.</p> <p>2. We analysed a nine-year data set form the national Long-term Ecological Research Network of Latvia. We focused on 117 oribatid species from three Scots pine forests of different age (<40 yrs, 65 yrs, and >150 yrs) and structure. For each forest type, 100 samples were collected each year, providing very high replication and long of time series for a soil community. We assessed different aspects of stability: we used a dynamic null model, parametrised on observed growth rates, to test the hypothesis that asynchrony in species populations stabilises total community size; we also analysed alpha and beta diversity over time to test the hypothesis that temporal variation in species composition and relative abundances is controlled by forest attributes.</p> <p>3. Real communities can be more stable than their stochastic counterparts if species are asynchronous, confirming for the first time the role of asynchrony in stabilising soil communities. Yet, while some real communities were more stable and had higher abundance and growth rates than others, they were not necessarily more asynchronous than the less stable communities. Species composition and relative abundances were also less variable in the more stable communities.</p> <p>4. Species asynchrony generally stabilises species rich communities but is not sufficient to explain different levels of stability between forests. Forest age is a key factor explaining different levels of overyielding and so stability. Data suggests that both asynchrony and high diversity of microhabitat structure of Scots pine forests promote stability of soil animal communities.</p>
Data from: Direct evidence that density-dependent regulation underpins the temporal stability of abundant species in a diverse animal community
To understand how ecosystems are structured and stabilized, and to identify when communities are at risk of damage or collapse, we need to know how the abundances of the taxa in the entire assemblage vary over ecologically meaningful timescales. Here, we present an analysis of species temporal variability within a single large vertebrate community. Using an exceptionally complete 33-year monthly time series following the dynamics of 81 species of fishes, we show that the most abundant species are least variable in terms of temporal biomass, because they are under density-dependent (negative feedback) regulation. At the other extreme, a relatively large number of low abundance transient species exhibit the greatest population variability. The high stability of the consistently common high abundance species—a result of density-dependence—is reflected in the observation that they consistently represent over 98% of total fish biomass. This leads to steady ecosystem nutrient and energy flux irrespective of the changes in species number and abundance among the large number of low abundance transient species. While the density-dependence of the core species ensures stability under the existing environmental regime, the pool of transient species may support long-term stability by replacing core species should environmental conditions change.
Data from: Stoichiometric constraints modulate the effects of temperature and nutrients on biomass distribution and community stability
<p>Temperature and nutrients are two of the most important drivers of global change. Both can modify the elemental composition (i.e. stoichiometry) of primary producers and consumers. Yet their combined effect on the stoichiometry, dynamics, and stability of ecological communities remains largely unexplored. To fill this gap, we extended the Rosenzweig-MacArthur consumer-resource model by including thermal dependencies, nutrient dynamics, and stoichiometric constraints on both the primary producer and the consumer. We found that stoichiometric constraints dampen the paradox of enrichment and increased persistence at high nutrient levels. Nevertheless, they also reduced consumer persistence at extreme temperatures. Finally, we also found that stoichiometric constraints can strongly influence biomass distribution across trophic levels by modulating consumer assimilation efficiency and resource growth rates along the environmental gradients. In the Rosenzweig-MacArthur model, consumer biomass exceeded resource biomass for most parameter values whereas, in the stoichiometric model, consumer biomass was strongly reduced and sometimes lower than resource biomass. Our findings highlight the importance of accounting for stoichiometric constraints as they can mediate the temperature and nutrient impact on the dynamics and functioning of ecological communities.</p>
Amber fossils demonstrate deep-time stability of Caribbean lizard communities
<p>This is the dataset for the paper Sherratt et al. 2015 (PNAS, doi: ). Included are the X-ray microtomography (micro-CT) TIFF stacks for the amber encased anole lizard fossils studied. Also included are the morphometric data for the fossil and 100 modern specimens, and the phylogenetic character matrix for the fossils and 181 species (91 morphological characters, 4873 DNA bases).</p> <p>Abstract</p> <p>Whether the structure of ecological communities can exhibit stability over macroevolutionary timescales has long been debated. The similarity of independently evolved <em>Anolis</em> lizard communities on environmentally similar Greater Antillean islands supports the notion that community evolution is deterministic. However, a dearth of Caribbean <em>Anolis</em> fossils—only three have been described to date—has precluded direct investigation of the stability of anole communities through time. Here we report on an additional 17 fossil anoles in Dominican amber dating to 15–20 My before the present. Using data collected primarily by X-ray micro computed tomography (X-ray micro-CT), we demonstrate that the main elements of Hispaniolan anole ecomorphological diversity were in place in the Miocene. Phylogenetic analysis yields results consistent with the hypothesis that the ecomorphs that evolved in the Miocene are members of the same ecomorph clades extant today. The primary axes of ecomorphological diversity in the Hispaniolan anole fauna appear to have changed little between the Miocene and the present, providing evidence for the stability of ecological communities over macroevolutionary timescales.</p>
Data, Metadata, R-codes and R data files for publication "Comparative ungulate diversity and biomass change with human use and drought: implications for community stability and protected area prioritization in African savannas" by Bartzke et al. in Ecology and Evolution
<p>These files contain data and metadata for modeling ungulate diversity and biomass in the Maasai Mara ecosystem in Kenya in the drought year of 1999 and a year with normal rainfall, 2002. The files also contain R codes and R data files.</p> <p>Metadata.pdf: Metadata for files "mc_333m.csv" and "mc_1km.csv"</p> <p>mc_333m.csv: A data file for 333-meter-by-333-meter sub-blocks.</p> <p>prepare_data.r: R code to impute missing vegetation records in 333-meter-by-333-meter subblocks and summarize the data over 1-kilometer-by-1-kilometer blocks for analysis.</p> <p>krige_vegetation.RData: An R data file containing the imputed vegetation records.</p> <p>mc_1km.csv: A data file for 1-kilometer-by-1-kilometer blocks for analysis.</p> <p>mc_1km.r: R code for modeling ungulate diversity and biomass; mc_1km_mod.RData: An R data file for loading the ungulate diversity and biomass models.</p> <p>mc_1km.RData: An R data file containing model predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p> <p>mc_1km_plots.r: R code for plotting model predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p> <p>MMNR_boundary.shp: A shapefile of the Maasai Mara National Reserve boundary in Kenya and associated files. These files are used for plotting the predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p> <p>MMNR_border.zip: A shapefile and associated files for the Maasai Mara National Reserve border with Tanzania. These files are also used for plotting predictions of ungulate diversity and biomass.</p>
Is the age of plant communities predicted by the age, stability and soil composition of the underlying landscapes? An investigation of OCBILs
<p></p><p>Old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs) have been hypothesized to harbour an elevated number of persistent plant lineages and are predicted to occur across different parts of the globe, interspersed with other types of landscapes. We tested whether the mean age of a plant community is associated with occurrence on OCBILs, as predicted by climatic stability and poor soil environments. Using digitized occurrence data for seed plants occurring in Australia (7033 species), sub-Saharan Africa (3990 species) and South America (44 482 species), regions that comprise commonly investigated OCBILs (Southwestern Australian Floristic Region, Greater Cape Floristic Region and campos rupestres), and phylogenies pruned to match the species occurrences, we tested for associations between environmental data (current climate, soil composition, elevation and climatic stability) and two novel metrics developed here that capture the age of a community (mean tip length and mean node height). Our results indicate that plant community ages are influenced by a combination of multiple environmental predictors that vary globally; we did not find statistically strong associations between the environments of OCBIL areas and community age, in contrast to the prediction for these landscapes. The Cape Floristic Region was the only OCBIL that showed a significant, although not strong, overlap with old communities.</p><p></p>
Data for: Implications of plant N/P stoichiometry influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for stability of plant species and community in response to nutrient limitation
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence plant nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) by modifying plant N and P uptake, which further affects plant stoichiometric N/P homeostasis. Plant species and community stoichiometric N/P homeostasis can impact plant species and community stability, respectively, in response to variations of soil N and P availabilities. We investigated interspecific plant interactions via AMF in regard to plant and soil microbial N/P stoichiometry across different soil N and P availabilities induced by N and P addition (0 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 25 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 50 mg N kg<sup>-1</sup>, 30 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>, and 100 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>). We selected one dominant (<em>Bothriochloa ischaemum</em>; C4 grass) and one subordinate (<em>Lespedeza davurica</em>; legume) species in a natural grassland climax community. We examined how AMF influences stoichiometric N/P homeostasis in monoculture and mixed culture systems, and the resulting consequences for temporal stability of plant species and community in response to variations in soil N and P availability.</p> <p>The AMF mitigated the P limitation of soil microbial communities and decreased the degree of stoichiometric N/P homeostasis of host plants in monoculture. Through their resource-scavenging and soil organic matter mineralisation functions, AMF enhances plant 'luxury consumption', promoting species stability in monoculture in response to soil N and P availability variations. Compared with plants in monoculture, the interaction between <em>B. ischaemum</em> and <em>L. davurica</em> via AMF increased shoot N/P under soil N-poor conditions, leading to an enhanced degree of stoichiometric N/P homeostasis in both plant species, especially the legume.</p> <p>Our results suggest that interspecific plant interaction between C4 grass and legume mediated by AMF confers an advantage in complementarity in plant N acquisition under N-poor conditions, leading to increased stability of plant communities and better maintenance of subordinate species (legume) in response to soil N deficiency.</p>
Seasonal community stability increased with water addition and shrub removal but reduced with nitrogen addition in semi-arid grassland
<p>1. Stability is a useful indicator of the functioning and sustainability of an ecosystem, and many studies have explored the effects of anthropogenic disturbance on the inter-annual stability of plant communities. However, the effects of multiple anthropogenic stressors on seasonal community stability have not been clearly elucidated, especially for vulnerable semi-arid grasslands.</p> <p>2. During the growing season in the 5th year of the experiment, we determined how nitrogen (N) addition, water addition, and shrub removal altered seasonal community stability in a semi-arid grassland dominated by the shrub <em>Caragana</em> <em>microphylla</em> on the Mongolian Plateau.</p> <p>3. We found that shrub removal, N addition, and water addition had different effects on the stability of the community and plant functional groups (PFGs). Shrub removal increased seasonal community stability mostly via increases in the stability of perennial forbs and C4 plants, and shrub removal did not alter the effects of N addition or water addition on seasonal community stability or PFG stability.</p> <p>4. N addition decreased seasonal community stability mostly via decreases in the stability of perennial rhizome grasses and C<sub>4</sub> plants. Water addition increased seasonal community stability mostly via increases in the stability of annuals and biennials, perennial forbs, perennial rhizome grasses, dominant species, and C<sub>4</sub> plants. Species asynchrony and PFG stability but not species richness or soil abiotic or biotic variables helped to maintain seasonal community stability under N addition or water addition.</p> <p>5. Our findings indicate that future scenarios of increases in N deposition and shrub encroachment will strongly reduce community stability in drylands, and that future scenarios of increases in precipitation together with shrub removal might help to maintain the stability of this and other dryland ecosystems.</p>
Tree community composition stabilizes ecosystem functions in response to drought
In summer 2018, Central Europe was hit by an extreme drought event that widely impacted ecosystems and markedly increased tree mortality in forest ecosystems across the continent. As climate models predict an increase in frequency and severity of such events, there is an urgent need to adapt forests in order to maintain the diverse benefits they provide. Soil processes play an essential role in this context and are key for a plethora of terrestrial ecosystem functions but are strongly dependent on water availability. Here we investigated how tree species richness, composition, and identity in a 13-year-old temperate tree diversity experiment influenced selected ecosystem functions (as important representatives of different ecosystem processes) during the 2018 summer drought. We focused on the stability of soil microbial biomass and standard litter decomposition, as well as tree species-specific mortality rates. Contrary to our expectations, tree species richness did not generally increase the resistance of soil functions and decrease tree mortality rates. However, the resistance of these functions was determined by tree species identity and community composition. For the resistance of both soil functions (microbial biomass and litter decomposition), we found that tree species richness effects depended on the presence of certain tree species. Moreover, we found that the performance of a specific tree species in monoculture, Norway Spruce, was a poor predictor of its response to drought in tree species mixtures. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate that the species composition of tree stands determines tree mortality and the resistance of soil functions under drought. This indicates that enhancing multiple ecosystem functions under environmental disturbance requires maintaining diverse forests.
Increasing synchrony opposes stabilizing effects of species richness on terrestrial communities
<p><span><strong>Aim</strong>: Ecological theory has predicted that species richness should stabilize communities, with mechanisms including species synchrony and population variability determining the net impacts. While these theories have been supported empirically, results can be sensitive to taxonomic bias as studies are often focused on plants. Trophic differences between consumers and primary producers can lead to varying stabilizing effects of species richness. </span><span>Here, we compared the impact of species richness on community variability in four taxonomic groups: terrestrial birds, mammals, invertebrates, and plants.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Location</strong>: Global</span></p> <p><span><strong>Method</strong>: Using data from 6,763 time series globally (BioTIME) for four terrestrial taxa, we quantified community and population variability and species synchrony based on abundance fluctuations over time.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: Species richness destabilized communities through increasing synchrony and stabilized communities through reducing population variability in all taxa. Such opposing effects weakened net impacts of species richness on communities. Population variability had higher importance relative to synchrony in plant communities. In contrast, synchrony had more comparable (or even higher) importance compared to population variability in animal communities. When synchrony and population variability were not controlled, stabilizing impacts of species richness were detected in plant communities only.</span></p> <p><strong><span>M</span></strong><span><strong>ain conclusions</strong>: </span><span>Our results highlight how species richness drives stabilizing and destabilizing mechanisms simultaneously across all taxa, with strong taxonomic variation in the relative importance of these mechanisms in regulating community variability. This </span><span>questions the generality of previous findings on stabilizing impacts of species richness based on limited taxonomic coverage. Additionally, our results indicate the need to understand how the importance of stabilizing and destabilizing mechanisms differ in determining community variability across organisms and environments.</span></p>
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