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Figure 5 in Comparative larval morphology of Madagascan toadlets of the genus Scaphiophryne: phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences

Figure 5. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of a tadpole of Scaphiophryne brevis (ZSM 632/2004) showing the typical morphology of the relatively small tadpoles of the Scaphiophryne (Pseudohemisus) type.

Figure 1 in Comparative larval morphology of Madagascan toadlets of the genus Scaphiophryne: phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences

Figure 1. Dorsal and lateral views of tadpoles of Scaphiophryne madagascariensis (stage 35, ZSM 595/2004) (A, B), S. menabensis (stage 35, ZSM 413/2004) (C, D), S. spinosa (stage 29, ZSM 604/2004) (E, F), S. brevis (stage 31, ZSM 618/ 2004) (G, H) and S. calcarata (stage 31, ZSM 410/2004) (I, J). Scale bars represent 5 mm.

Figure 2 in Comparative larval morphology of Madagascan toadlets of the genus Scaphiophryne: phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences

Figure 2. Oral disc (OD), buccal floor (BF) and buccal roof (BR) of tadpoles of Scaphiophryne madagascariensis (OD: ZSM 600/2004; BF, BR: stage 38, ZSM 599/2004) (A–C), S. menabensis (OD: stage 36 BF, BR: stage 36); all from specimens in batch ZSM 413/2004) (D–F), S. spinosa (OD: stage 28, ZSM 616/2004; BF, BR: stage 29, ZSM 612/2004) (G–I), S. brevis (OD: stage 34; BF, BR: stage 31, ZSM 619/2004) (J–L) and S. calcarata (OD: stage 34; BF, BR: stage 32; both from specimens in batch ZSM 410/2004) (M–O). Scale bars are indicated on the images.

Figure 3 in Comparative larval morphology of Madagascan toadlets of the genus Scaphiophryne: phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences

Figure 3. Dorsal and lateral views of tadpoles of Dyscophus insularis (A, B) (stage 34, ZSM 402/2004) and Paradoxophyla palmata (C, D) (stage 37, ZSM 647/2004). Oral disc of D. insularis (E) (stage 36, specimen from batch ZSM 402/2004) and P. palmata (H) (stage 35, ZSM 645/2004). Buccal floor (BF) and buccal roof (BR) of tadpoles of D. insularis (F, G) (stage 38, specimen from batch ZSM 402/2004) and P. palmata (I, J) (stage 37, ZSM 645/2004). Scale bars in A–D represent 5 mm, scale bars for E–J are indicated on the images.

Figure 4 in Comparative larval morphology of Madagascan toadlets of the genus Scaphiophryne: phylogenetic and taxonomic inferences

Figure 4. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of a tadpole of Scaphiophryne spinosa (ZSM 606/2004) showing the typical morphology of the relatively large tadpoles of the Scaphiophryne (Scaphiophryne) type.

Fig. 38 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 38. Lateral view of posteroventral region of suspensorium and opercular series of (A) Ituglanis proops, MZUSP 60255 (77.0 mm SL), right side, image flipped horizontally to facilitate comparisons; (B) Trichomycterus stawiarski, LIRP 5088 (50.1 mm SL), left side.

Fig. 39 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 39. Ventral view of parurohyal of (A) Trichomycterus davisi, LIRP 2798 (56.7 mm SL); (B) Trichomycterus cf. itatiayae, LIRP 5086 (43.3 mm SL) and (C) Ituglanis sp. 1, MCP 15930 (53.3 mm SL).

Fig. 37 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 37. Diagram comparing phylogenetic relationships of subfamilies of Trichomycteridae according to the present analysis of dorsolateral head muscles (left) and to the literature based on other morphological and behavioral characters (right). Tree from literature is compilation of hypotheses of Baskin (1973); Britski & Ortega (1983); Arratia (1990); de Pinna & Britski (1991); de Pinna (1992, 1998); Costa & Bockmann (1993, 1994); Bockmann et al. (2004); and Bichuette et al. (2008). Gray area represents subfamily Trichomycterinae.

Fig. 35 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 35. Schematic representation of a transverse section through posterior region of opercle and attached opercular muscles of various catfishes.

Fig. 16 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 16. Dorsal view of head of Microcambeva ribeirae (Sarcoglanidinae), MZUSP 65764 (41.8 mm SL). Core of nasal barbels and core of right maxillary barbel, rictal barbel, lower jaw, interopercle, adductor mandibulae, dilatator operculi, levator operculi, and protractor operculi removed.

Fig. 12 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 12. Medial view of left adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Trichomycterus brasiliensis (Trichomycterinae), LIRP 1968 (95.1 mm SL). Arrows indicates space occupied by levator arcus palatini.

Fig. 19 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 19. Medial view of right adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Listrura tetraradiata (Glanapteryginae), MNRJ 31534 (paratype; 39.0 mm SL). Image flipped horizontally to facilitate comparisons.

Fig. 23 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 23. Dorsal view of head of Haemomaster venezuelae (Stegophilinae), LIRP 7438 (36.9 mm SL). Left eye removed. Arrow indicates anterior projection of eyeball capsule anchoring to tip of mesethmoid cornu.

Fig. 8 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 8. Medial view of left adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Trichogenes longipinnis (Trichogeninae), LIRP 1059 (60.8 mmSL).

Fig. 31 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 31. Most parsimonious cladogram of relationships of Trichomycteridae derived from character matrix in Table 2. Letters above nodes are conform to those used in text; numbers below nodes are their respective Bremer supports. Representative images for each subfamily modified from following (from top to bottom): Copionodon pecten (de Pinna, 1992), Trichogenes longipinnis (Sazima, 2004), Trichomycterus reinhardti (Eigenmann, 1918), Sarcoglanis simplex (Myers & Weitzman, 1966), Typhlobelus ternetzi (Myers, 1944), Tridens melanops (Eigenmann, 1918), Ochmacanthus alterus (Myers, 1944), and Vandellia sanguinea (Eigenmann, 1918).

Fig. 10 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 10. Dorsal view of head of Trichomycterus cf. iheringi (Trichomycterinae), LIRP 3182 (72.2 mm SL). Right core of nasal barbel, interopercle, buccopalatal membane, dilatator operculi, levator operculi, protractor operculi, supracarinalis anterior, and superficial portions of epaxialis removed; right A2 and A3' sections of adductor mandibulae transversely sectioned.

Fig. 4 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 4. Dorsal view of left adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw and maxilla of Copionodon pecten (Copionodontinae), LIRP 1012 (51.7 mm SL). Arrow indicates space occupied by levator arcus palatini.

Fig. 34 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 34. Longitudinal section of right rictal region of Trichomycterus davisi, LIRP 2798 (37.5 mm SL). (A) 20× magnification; (B) magnification of rectangle of (A).

Fig. 3 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 3. Left lateral view of head of Copionodon pecten (Copionodontinae), LIRP 1012 (49.5 mm SL). Antorbital and core of nasal barbels removed.

Fig. 2 in Dorsolateral head muscles of the catfish families Nematogenyidae and Trichomycteridae (Siluriformes: Loricarioidei): comparative anatomy and phylogenetic analysis

Fig. 2. Medial view of left adductor mandibulae and attached lower jaw of Nematogenys inermis (Nematogenyidae), LBP 1002 (76.4 mmSL).