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117 results for “competitive interactions”
Predicting the competitive interactions and trophic niche consequences of a globally invasive fish with threatened native species
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How female × male and male × male interactions influence competitive fertilization in Drosophila melanogaster
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Understanding parapatry: How do environment and competitive interactions shape Iberian vipers’ distributions?
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FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P in Taxonomy and diversity of coelobite bryozoans from drift coral cobbles on Co To Island, northern Vietnam
FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P. larvata forming stand-off with Scorpiodinipora costulata (upper part) and overgrowing the latter (lower part), VNMN-0254. B. P. larvata overgrowing Antropora minor, VNMN-0218. C. P. larvata overgrowing Torquatella imperforata, VNMN-0252. D. Founding chamber of P. larvata settled on margin of Parasmittina parsevalioidea colony, VNMN-0231. E. Stand-off between P. larvata and Scorpiodinipora costulata, VNMN-0254. F. P. larvata settled on Disporella phaohoa n. sp. colony, VNMN-0256. G. P. larvata settled on Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme, VNMN-0256. H. Metroperiella cotoensis n. sp. beginning to overgrow P. larvata, VNMN-0238. Scale bars: D, 150 µm; all others, 1 mm.
Data from: Food and habitat provisions jointly determine competitive and facilitative interactions among distantly related herbivores
1. Interactions between distantly related herbivores exert powerful influences on ecosystems, but most studies to date have only considered unidirectional effects. Few have simultaneously examined the mutual effects that vertebrate herbivores and insect herbivores have on one another. 2. We conducted a set of manipulative experiments to evaluate the potential competition and facilitation between two pairs of distantly related herbivore taxa: an insect caterpillar (Gynaephora alpherakii) and two large vertebrate herbivores, yak (Bos grunniens) and Tibetan sheep (Ovis aries tibetica). 3. We found that these large herbivores consistently increased the density of caterpillars likely by improving the habitat for caterpillars. The caterpillars, in turn, decreased yak but increased Tibetan sheep foraging time and intake bites by differently changing available food resources of the two large herbivores. Diet preferences of herbivores modified the habitat and food resources, thereby causing a diet-mediated competition between yak and caterpillars, and facilitation between sheep and caterpillars. The vertebrate herbivores non-feeding upon Lamiophlomis rotata and Gentiana straminea, the caterpillars preferred habitat, increased densities of the two plant species, thus favoring the caterpillars. In turn, the caterpillar preference for Kobresia pygmaea, significantly reduced food resources for yak, while promoted food resources (multiple forbs) for sheep. 4. Synthesis. Our study indicates that two different mechanisms (the changes in habitat and food availability) induced by herbivore foraging jointly determine competitive and facilitative interactions between distantly related herbivore species. We also suggest that examining the bidirectional effects between herbivores offers a better understanding of competition and facilitation in terrestrial animal communities.
Data from: Consumer interaction strength may limit the diversifying effect of intraspecific competition: a test in alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus).
Intraspecific competition is considered a principal driver of dietary variation, however, empirical studies provide mixed support for this mechanism. Here we link comparative and experimental work testing the effects of competition and resource availability on the dietary variation of alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus). Alewife, a consumer with extreme effects on its resources, are specifically utilized to additionally test the idea that that the strength of the interaction between a consumer and its resources may diminish the diversifying effect of competition. First, we compared the short- and long-term diet measures of from wild populations across a range of densities. Second, in a series of large-scale field mesocosm experiments we explored the influence of competition and interaction strength on alewife dietary variation. Results from the whole lake comparison and field experiments indicated that increasing competition was negatively correlated with population dietary variation. Further, altering the strength of the interaction between alewife and their prey via prey supplementation eliminated this negative relationship. Collectively, our results suggest that competitive interactions may not drive dietary diversification in highly effective consumers. Our results also suggest that further consideration of the strength of species interactions (and the consumer traits that underlie them) would improve our understanding of the link between intraspecific competition and variation
Data from: Asymmetric competitive effects during species range expansion: an experimental assessment of interaction strength between 'equivalent' grazer species at their range overlap
1. Biotic interactions are central to the development of theory and concepts in community ecology; experimental evidence has shown their strong effects on patterns of population and community organization and dynamics over local spatial scales. The role of competition in determining range limits and preventing invasions at biogeographic scales is more controversial, partly because of the complexity of processes involved in species colonization of novel habitats and the difficulties in performing appropriate manipulations and controls. 2. We examined experimentally whether competition is likely to affect poleward range expansion hindering or facilitating the establishment of the limpet Scurria viridula along the southeastern Pacific rocky shore (30°S, Chile) in the region occupied by the congeneric S. zebrina. We also assessed whether competition with the "invader" or range expanding species could reduce individual performance of the 'native' S. zebrina and depress local populations 3. Geographic field surveys were conducted to characterize the abundance and identity of limpets along the south-eastern Pacific coast from 18°S to 41°S, and the micro-scale (few cm) spatial distribution across the range overlap of the two species. Field-based competition experiments were conducted at the southern leading edge of the range of S. viridula (33°S) and at the northern limit of S. zebrina (30°S). 4. Field surveys showed poleward range expansion of S. viridula of ca. 210 km since year 2000, with an expansion rate of 13.1 km year -1. No range shift was detected for S. zebrina. The resident S. zebrina had significant negative effects on the growth rate of the invading juvenile S. viridula, while no effect of the latter was found on S. zebrina. Spatial segregation between species was found at the scale of cms. 5. Our results provide novel evidence of an asymmetric competitive effect of a resident species on an invader, which may hamper further range expansion. No negative effect of the invader on the resident species was detected. This study highlights the complexities of evaluating the role of species interactions in setting range limits of species, but showed how interspecific competition might slow the advance of an invader by reducing individual performance and overall population size at the advancing front.
Data from: Interspecific interactions through 2 million years: are competitive outcomes predictable?
Ecological interactions affect the survival and reproduction of individuals. However, ecological interactions are notoriously difficult to measure in extinct populations, hindering our understanding of how the outcomes of interactions such as competition vary in time and influence long-term evolutionary changes. Here, the outcomes of spatial competition in a temporally continuous community over evolutionary timescales are presented for the first time. Our research domain is encrusting cheilostome bryozoans from the Wanganui Basin of New Zealand over a ca 2 Myr time period (Pleistocene to Recent). We find that a subset of species can be identified as consistent winners, and others as consistent losers, in the sense that they win or lose interspecific competitive encounters statistically more often than the null hypothesis of 50%. Most species do not improve or worsen in their competitive abilities through the 2 Myr period, but a minority of species are winners in some intervals and losers in others. We found that conspecifics tend to cluster spatially and interact more often than expected under a null hypothesis: most of these are stand-off interactions where the two colonies involved stopped growing at edges of encounter. Counterintuitively, competitive ability has no bearing on ecological dominance.
Data from: Does competitive interaction drive species recognition in a house mouse secondary contact zone?
Miscommunication may induce a high risk of unnecessary escalated fights between competitors (populations to species), resulting in selection favoring signal divergence through agonistic character displacement (ACD). When signals allowing discrimination between competitors are also involved in mate recognition, ACD could explain reproductive character displacement (RCD). We tested interference competition between males as a potential driver of RCD (here, subspecies recognition) in a secondary contact zone between two mouse subspecies (Mus musculus musculus and Mus musculus domesticus) displaying asymmetric dominance. Since such asymmetry could create a conflict between subspecies (compatibility) and quality (dominance) recognition in the contact zone, we tested for geographic variation in female preference for dominant males in the subordinate subspecies, musculus. We assessed competition between males and tested ACD during dyadic encounters comparing behavior displayed during trials between heterosubspecifics originating from populations close to the secondary contact ("contact") and further away ("allopatric"). We also compared behavior of contact versus allopatric males during homosubspecific versus heterosubspecific trials to test whether subspecies discrimination evolved under competitive interference. Although domesticus dominated most heterosubspecific trials regardless of geographic origin, agonistic behavior was more marked (i.e., lower attack latencies) during contact than allopatric encounters, suggesting that ACD occurred. Comparing behavior during homosubspecific and heterosubspecific encounters, only allopatric musculus displayed differences, that is, higher attack latencies toward heterosubspecifics, indicating that discrimination between competitors did not evolve with ACD. Finally, although allopatric musculus females seemed to prefer dominant males, their contact counterparts did not, suggesting that "compatibility" may have outweighed "quality" under a risk of hybridization.
Data from: The interactive effects of competition and predation risk on dispersal in an insect.
Dispersal dynamics have significant consequences for ecological and evolutionary processes. Previous work has demonstrated that dispersal can be context-dependent. However, factors affecting dispersal are typically considered in isolation, despite the probability that individuals make dispersal decisions in response to multiple, possibly interacting factors. We examined whether two ecological factors, predation risk and intraspecific competition, have interactive effects on dispersal dynamics. We performed a factorial experiment in mesocosms using backswimmers (Notonecta undulata), flight-capable, semi-aquatic insects. Emigration rates increased with density, and increased with predation risk at intermediate densities; however, predation had minimal effects on emigration at high and low densities. Our results indicate that factorial experiments may be required to understand dispersal dynamics under realistic ecological conditions.
The effect of inter-and intraspecific competition on individual and population niche widths – a four-decade study on two interacting salmonids
<p>Competition is assumed to shape niche widths, affecting species survival and coexistence. Expectedly, high interspecific competition will reduce population niche widths, whereas high intraspecific competition will do the opposite. Here we test in situ how intra- and interspecific competition affects trophic resource use and the individual and population niche widths of two lacustrine fish species, Arctic charr and brown trout, covering a 40 year study period with highly contrasting competitive impacts prior to and following a large-scale fish culling experiment. Initially, an overcrowded Arctic charr population dominated the study system, with brown trout being nearly absent. The culling experiment reduced the littoral Arctic charr density by 80%, whereupon brown trout gradually increased its density in the system. Thus, over the study period, the Arctic charr population went from high to low intraspecific competition, followed by increasing interspecific competition with brown trout. As hypothesized, the relaxed intraspecific competition following the experimental culling reduced individual diet specialization and compressed population niche width of Arctic charr. During the initial increase of the brown trout population, there was a large dietary overlap between the two species. Over the subsequent intensified interspecific competition from the population build-up of brown trout, their trophic niche overlap chiefly declined due to a dietary shift of Arctic charr towards enhanced zooplankton consumption. Contrary to theoretical expectations, the individual and population niche widths of Arctic charr increased with intensified interspecific competition. In contrast, the diet and niche width of brown trout remained stable over time, confirming its competitive superiority. The large-scale culling experiment and associated long-term research revealed pronounced temporal dynamics in trophic niche and resource use of the inferior competitor, substantiating that intra- and interspecific competition have large and contrasting impacts on individual and population niches.</p>
Supporting Information - An experimental assessment of competitive interactions between sexual and apomictic fern gametophytes using Easy Leaf Area
<p>Supporting Information for the paper titled <strong>An experimental assessment of competitive interactions between sexual and apomictic fern gametophytes using Easy Leaf Area</strong> published in Applications in Plant Sciences.</p>
Changes in temperature alter competitive interactions and overall structure of fig wasp communities
<p>1. Organisms exist within ecological networks, connected through interactions such as parasitism, predation and mutualism which can modify their abundance and distribution within habitat patches. Differential species responses make it hard to predict the influence of climate change at the community scale. Understanding the interplay between climate and biotic interactions can improve our predictions of how ecosystems will respond to current global warming.</p> <p>2. We aim to understand how climate affects the multi-trophic biotic interactions as well as the community structure using the enclosed communities of wasps associated with figs as a study system.</p> <p>3. To examine the presence and strength of multi-trophic species interactions, we first characterized the multi-trophic community of fig wasps associated with <em>Ficus racemosa</em> and then applied hierarchical joint species distribution models, fitted to community monitoring data. We further evaluated the effect of climate on individual species trends as well as inter-specific interactions.</p> <p>4. We found that the competitive balance shifted to favour non-pollinating galling wasps and disadvantage the dominant pollinator in sub-optimal conditions. Further, sub-optimal conditions for galling wasps facilitated the occurrence of their specialized parasitoid, as changes cascaded across trophic levels and led to alternative community structures. Our results highlight the role of how species interactions can be modified across multiple trophic levels in a fig wasp community according to climate.</p>
Data related to article: Shrubs exhibit competitive interactions with herbaceous plants and shape community assemblage and functional composition in alpine western Himalaya
<p>To understand the interaction between dominant shrubs and herbacous communities in the alpine region of western Himalaya, a field study was conducted along the elevation gradient (3500-5000 masl). During the field survey, we have collected population data, plant functional trait data and soil physico-chemical data from shrub undercanopy and adjacent open habitats. Relative Interaction Index and L0g ratio were calculated using the population data. Further, plant functional traits data and soil physicochemical data were utilised to understand the functional comoposition and resource availability occuring in the contrasting habitats.</p>
Interaction of one-dimensional trivial and non-trivial travelling waves in a three-species competition-diffusion system
<p>We consider the situation where an exotic species <em>w</em> invades an ecosystem inhabited by two native species <em>u</em> and <em>v</em>. All species are competing for the same limited resource. Supposing that <em>u</em> and <em>v</em> are not able to coexist in the absence of the invader, we want to determine whether a successful invasion by <em>w</em> may allow all species to coexist (competitor-mediated coexistence). Mathematically, this problem can be modelled by the following three-species competition-diffusion system<br> <span class="math-tex">\( \left\{ \begin{alignedat}{6} u_t &= d_1 \, \Delta u &&+ (r_1 &&- u &&- b_{12} \, v &&- b_{13} \, w &&)\,u, \\ v_t &= d_2 \, \Delta v &&+ (r_2 &&- v &&- b_{21} \, u &&- b_{23} \, w &&)\,v, \\ w_t &= d_3 \, \Delta w &&+ (r_3 &&- w &&- b_{31} \, u &&- b_{32} \, v &&)\,w, \end{alignedat} \right.\)</span><br> where all parameters are positive constants.</p> <p>We are interested in the case in which the invading species is weaker than the native ones, i.e., it is not able to survive in the diffusion-free system obtained by setting <em>d</em><sub>1</sub> = <em>d</em><sub>2</sub> = <em>d</em><sub>3</sub> = 0.<br> We fix all parameters as<br> <span class="math-tex">\( \begin{aligned} & d_1 = d_2 = d_3 = 1, \\ & r_1 = r_2 = 28, \\ & \begin{aligned} b_{12} &= 22/21, & b_{13} &= 4, \\ b_{21} &= 1.87, & b_{23} &= 3/4, \\ b_{31} &= 26/21, & b_{32} &= 22/21, \\ \end{aligned} \end{aligned}\)</span><br> and leave <em>r</em><sub>3</sub>, which measures the strength of the exotic species, as a free parameter. Depending on the value of <em>r</em><sub>3</sub>, the invasion can be either successful or not and competitor-mediated coexistence may or may not occur.</p> <p>It turns out that if <em>r</em><sub>3</sub> lies in a certain range of values, the three-species competition-diffusion system admits two planarly stable travelling wave solutions. In the movies here presented, the result of the interaction of these two waves in one spatial dimension is reported for several value of <em>r</em><sub>3</sub>. For relatively higher values of the free parameter, the relative velocity of the interacting waves is small and they merge into a single travelling pulse. As <em>r</em><sub>3</sub> decreases, the relative velocity of the two waves becomes larger and they merge into a breathing wave (a travelling pulse whose width is oscillating). If <em>r</em><sub>3</sub> is even smaller, the trivial wave is reflected as a leftward-moving non-trivial wave.</p>
Interaction of planarly stable trivial and non-trivial travelling waves in a three-species competition-diffusion system
<p>We consider the situation where an exotic species <em>w</em> invades an ecosystem inhabited by two native species <em>u</em> and <em>v</em>. All species are competing for the same limited resource. Supposing that <em>u</em> and <em>v</em> are not able to coexist in the absence of the invader, we want to determine whether a successful invasion by <em>w</em> may allow all species to coexist (competitor-mediated coexistence). Mathematically, this problem can be modelled by the following three-species competition-diffusion system<br> <span class="math-tex">\( \left\{ \begin{alignedat}{6} u_t &= d_1 \, \Delta u &&+ (r_1 &&- u &&- b_{12} \, v &&- b_{13} \, w &&)\,u, \\ v_t &= d_2 \, \Delta v &&+ (r_2 &&- v &&- b_{21} \, u &&- b_{23} \, w &&)\,v, \\ w_t &= d_3 \, \Delta w &&+ (r_3 &&- w &&- b_{31} \, u &&- b_{32} \, v &&)\,w, \end{alignedat} \right.\)</span><br> where all parameters are positive constants.</p> <p>We are interested in the case in which the invading species is weaker than the native ones, i.e., it is not able to survive in the diffusion-free system obtained by setting <em>d</em><sub>1</sub> = <em>d</em><sub>2</sub> = <em>d</em><sub>3</sub> = 0.<br> We fix all parameters as<br> <span class="math-tex">\( \begin{aligned} & d_1 = d_2 = d_3 = 1, \\ & r_1 = r_2 = 28, \\ & \begin{aligned} b_{12} &= 22/21, & b_{13} &= 4, \\ b_{21} &= 1.87, & b_{23} &= 3/4, \\ b_{31} &= 26/21, & b_{32} &= 22/21, \\ \end{aligned} \end{aligned}\)</span><br> and leave <em>r</em><sub>3</sub>, which measures the strength of the exotic species, as a free parameter. Depending on the value of <em>r</em><sub>3</sub>, the invasion can be either successful or not and competitor-mediated coexistence may or may not occur.</p> <p>It turns out that if <em>r</em><sub>3</sub> lies in a certain range of values, the three-species competition-diffusion system admits two planarly stable travelling wave solutions. In the movies here presented, the result of the interaction of these two waves in two spatial dimensions is reported for several value of <em>r</em><sub>3</sub>. The species <em>u</em>, <em>v</em> and <em>w</em> are denoted by the red, green and blue colours respectively. The yellow line marks the interface between the species <em>u</em> and <em>v</em>. As the value of the free parameter decreases, we observe a transition from a regular spiral pattern, to a breathing spiral and finally to a complex spatio-temporal pattern born from the break-up of the spiral. This complex pattern may be either periodic or chaotic in the long run, as can be seen in the movies for longer time intervals <em>T</em>.</p>
Data from: Foraging modality and plasticity in foraging traits determine the strength of competitive interactions among carnivorous plants, spiders, and toads
1. Foraging modalities (e.g., passive, sit-and-wait, active) and traits are plastic in some species, but the extent to which this plasticity affects interspecific competition remains unclear. 2. Using a long-term laboratory mesocosm experiment, we quantified competition strength and the plasticity of foraging traits in a guild of generalist predators of arthropods with a range of foraging modalities. 3. Each mesocosm contained eight passively foraging pink sundews, and we employed an experimental design where treatments were the presence or absence of a sit-and-wait foraging spider and actively foraging toad crossed with five levels of prey abundance. We hypothesized that actively foraging toads would outcompete the other species at low prey abundance, but that spiders and sundews would exhibit plasticity in foraging traits to compensate for strong competition when prey were limited. 4. Results generally supported our hypotheses. Toads had a greater effect on sundews at low prey abundances, and toad presence caused spiders to locate webs higher above the ground. Additionally, the closer large spider webs were to the ground, the greater the trichome densities produced by sundews. Also, spider webs were larger with than without toads and as sundew numbers increased, and these effects were more prominent as resources became limited. Finally, spiders negatively affected toad growth only at low prey abundance. 5. These findings highlight the long-term importance of foraging modality and plasticity of foraging traits in determining the strength of competition within and across taxonomic kingdoms. Future research should assess whether plasticity in foraging traits helps to maintain coexistence within this guild and whether foraging modality can be used as a trait to reliably predict the strength of competitive interactions.
Figure 6. Competitive interaction between one C in Food storage and morphological divergence between worker and soldier castes in a subterranean myrmicine ant, Carebara perpusilla
Figure 6. Competitive interaction between one C. perpusilla (black arrow) and two P. pygmaea (antennas pointing forwards, red arrow and asterisk). Other P. pygmaea feed on a dead mealworm.
The effects of novel leaf litter deposition on competitive, predator–prey and host–parasite interactions of American toad larvae
<p>Wetland plant communities are changing rapidly due to a wide range of human activities. The deposition of leaf litter from novel plant communities can alter both the chemical and physical habitat of aquatic ecosystems. Lesser understood are the ecological consequences of novel leaf litter inputs in aquatic communities. Towards this goal, we used two plant invasion scenarios (comparing native black huckleberry to exotic autumn olive and native swamp loosestrife to exotic purple loosestrife) to simulate a shift in wetland plant communities. In this study, we investigated the effects of novel leaf litter leachates on three aquatic ecological interactions: intraspecific competition, predation, and parasitism. We examined how leaf litter leachates influence the interactions of American toad larvae (Anaxyrus americanus) with their conspecifics, a dragonfly predator (Anax spp.) and a trematode parasite (Echinostomatidae). We found that leaf litter type influenced competitive interactions only for the huckleberry versus autumn olive comparison. We did not detect any effects of leaf litter type on predator-prey interactions. Finally, litter type strongly influenced host-parasite interactions for both leaf litter comparisons, altering host susceptibility, parasite survival and net infection rates. These results highlight the breadth of potential ecological repercussions of shifting wetland plant communities for native ecosystems.</p>
Seabirds mediate intraguild and competitive interactions in a shark community dataset
<p>R scripts with corresponding data sheets to run network, residency and temporal analyses. </p>
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