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Figure 5. Final Ranking-Data Conflict Resolution among Same Entities in Web of Data

Finally, the last score with regard to the equation 4 has been calculated and is shown in figure 5. As it shows Geonames gains the highest score. Considering the proposed idea, Geonames' data is the most accurate. So when we are faced with data conflicts, Geonames' data must be chosen. The WordFactbook is also illustrated in the above table. We can see if WordFactbook is not removed from the synonyms list it would have more accurate data compared with DBpedia data.

Figure 3. Result of first fraction-Data Conflict Resolution among Same Entities in Web of Data

Finally we count the entities that contain any words in the synonyms list. The result of first the fraction in equation 4 is shown in figure 3.

Figure 2. Ranking datasets by Page Rank-Data Conflict Resolution among Same Entities in Web of Data

As depicted in Figure 2 DBpedia is the top ranked data set while GeoLinked Data and Eurostat are the low ranked data sets. In this stage the data sets whose rank scores are less than half of the rank scores belonging to the top ranked data set are removed from the assessment.

Figure 1. General Workflow of Algorithm-.Data Conflict Resolution among Same Entities in Web of Data

The Page Rank algorithm which is widely used in most search engines such as Google could be easily used to rank linked data. By starting from a point and random surfing, this algorithm evaluates the probability of finding any given page. The algorithm assumes a link between a page i to a page j demonstrates the importance of page j. In addition, the importance of page j is associated to the importance of page i itself and inversely proportional to the number of pages i point to. To adapt this algorithm to web of data, any page considered as a dataset and links between pages considered as links between datasets.

Figure 4. Result of Second Fraction-Data Conflict Resolution among Same Entities in Web of Data

In the last stage the size of the data set is examined. The number of instances of specialized entities and total entities are calculated. For example "London" is an instance of a specialized entity. In table 2 one of the properties of "London" is displayed in form of a triple. As is shown, the object of the triple is dbpedia-owl:Place that contains "place" as a member of the specialized entity. And 'A Trip to the Moon' is an instance of non-specialized entity because neither the subject nor the object is in the specialized entities list. After calculating the number of specialized instances and total instances the result of the second fraction of equation 4 is shown in figure 4.

Figure 9 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey

Figure 9. Responses by occupation for the question "Does the wild animal you see harm you?" as part of a human opinion survey conducted in 2010 and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey. Results are pooled across years.

Figure 12 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey

Figure 12. Previous knowledge of wildlife ecotourism and desire to participate in future opportunities of survey respondents to a human opinion survey conducted in 2010 and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey. Results are pooled across the two survey years.

Figure 6 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey

Figure 6. Responses by survey year for the question "Does the wild animal you see harm you?" as part of a human opinion survey conducted in 2006, 2010, and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey.

Figure 7 in Human-wildlife conflict as a barrier to large carnivore management and conservation in Turkey

Figure 7. Property damage from wildlife experienced by survey respondents to a human opinion survey conducted in 2006, 2010, and 2014 in villages surrounding the Sarıkamış-Allahuekber Mountains National Park in eastern Turkey. Results are pooled across years.

opencc-by-4.0May 2022View details →

Figure 3. A in The emigration of peoples from the area of Western Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Balkans civil conflict and implications for the Avifauna (Case study Pašića polje at Bosansko Grahovo)

Figure 3. A) The settlements located between arable land and pastures. B) Pastures – landscapes in which livestock grazing co-occurs with scattered trees and shrubs

Fig. 7. A in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 7. A. Strict consensus trees from analysis of Verzi et al. (2014). B. Strict consensus of 27 MPTs of 139 steps resulting from the cladistic analysis of data matrix given in SOM 1. C. Strict consensus of 45 MPTs of 142 steps that resulted from cladistic analysis of data matrix given in SOM 2. D. Strict consensus of 42 MPTs of 146 steps that resulted from cladistic analysis of data matrix given in SOM 3.

Fig. 5 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 5. Common mapping (union of the optimizations over MPT) of the character 68 on the consenus (according to outcome of cladistics analysis of Verzi et al. 2014), showing the occlusal patterns of terminals. Character states: 68-0 (green), 68-1 (blue), and ambiguity (red). Nodes P, Q, and N show clades as in Fig. 3. Node J clusters the traditionally recognized Octodontinae and Ctenomyinae with genera previously included in other taxa of Octodontoidea. Occlusal figures of terminals represent left m1 or m2 and were essentially modified from Verzi et al. (2014: fig. 8).

Fig. 6 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 6. Common mapping (union of the optimizations over MPT) of the character 69 on the consensus (according to outcome of cladistic analysis of Verzi et al. 2014), showing the occlusal patterns of terminals. Character states: 69-0 (green), 69-1 (blue), 69-2 (black). Occlusal pattern of Acaremys ( including Sciamys), showing adult m2 with transverse or slightly oblique lophids (see text), remarks the need to consider a polymorphic condition, character 69 [01], for this taxon. Occlusal figures of terminals represent left m1 or m2 and were essentially modified from Verzi et al. (2014: fig. 8).

Fig. 2 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 2. Character state coding of character 67 of Verzi et al. (2014), "Mesolophid of m1–2 or the corresponding spur" as scored by these authors for several octodontoid taxa. A. Myocastor, scored as 67-0 (i.e., present, at least during early ontogenetic stages). B. Acaremys (including Sciamys), scored as 67-0 (i.e., present, at least during early ontogenetic stages). C. Proechimys, scored as 67 [02], showing a specimen corresponding to character state 67-2 (i.e., fused to metalophulid II forming a complex crest). D. Neophanomys, scored as 67-1 (i.e., absent). E. Thrichomys, scored as "?". F. The tetralophodont Spaniomys, scored as "?". G. Sciamys, showing persistence of transverse lophids in an adult specimen (MLP 15- 218). Vertical and horizontal lines indicate essentially the same occlusal patterns that were differently scored.

Fig. 3 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 3. Common mapping (union of the optimizations over MPT) of the character 67 on the consensus (according to outcome of cladistic analysis of Verzi et al. 2014), showing the occlusal patterns of terminals. Character states: 67-0 (green), 67-1 (blue), 67-2 (black), and ambiguity (red). Node Q shows the clade comprising traditional octodontines and the optimization at this node (character state 67-0). Node P indicates clade that clusters Acaremys and traditional octodontines. Node K (supported by the character-state 67-1; see Verzi et al. 2014: som 1d) indicates the grouping of Protadelphomys– Willidewu–Sallamys, Chasicomys, Chasichimys, and traditional ctenomyines (node N). Occlusal figures of terminals represent left m1 or m2 and were essentially modified from Verzi et al. (2014: fig. 8).

Fig. 1 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 1. Hypotheses of correspondences for most anterior lophids of tetralophodont lower molars of octodontoids, after Candela and Rasia (2012: fig. 6E, F) (A, B) and Verzi et al. (2014) (C, D). A. Second lophid homologued to the metalophulid II. B. Second lophid homologued to the metalophulid II, and connected to the metalophulid I. C. Second lophid homologued to the mesolophid, identified in certain octodontoid taxa (see text). D. Second lophid corresponding to the mesolophid + metalophulid II, forming a complex crest (see text).Yellow and red colors indicate different homologies proposed for the second lophid in Octodontoid lower molars.

Fig. 4 in Analyzing the impact of conflictive dental characters on the phylogeny of octodontoid rodents

Fig. 4. Character state coding of character 68 of Verzi et al. (2014). "Metalophulid II in non-laminar m1–2", as scored by these authors for several octodontoid taxa. A. Acarechimys minutissimus, scored as 68-1 (i.e., metalophulid II, "reduced, proximal portion forming a spur or absent, distal portion fused to metalophulid I so that the lingual end of the latter is usually expanded"). B. Euryzygomatomys, scored as "?". C. Eumysops, scored as "?", see also Thrichomys among others taxa scored as "?".

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

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Data supporting Fear of sex: Sexual conflict exposed as avoidance in a parthenogenetic invertebrate

Males and females often have divergent evolutionary interests, generating sexual conflicts. This is particularly true in organisms that exhibit facultative sexuality, whereby females are capable of reproducing without fitness costs of mating. Here we provide the first documented evidence with quantitative tracking showing that sex interacts with social context to determine space-use of females, in a pattern resembling predator avoidance. To achieve this, we labeled Daphnia magna with fluorescent nanoparticles and utilized a 3-D tracking platform to record pairs of individuals swimming. The recordings comprised either same-sex or opposite-sex pairings. We found that females swam faster, deeper, more horizontally and more linearly when exposed to males than when exposed to females. Simultaneously, we found that male behavior did not differ depending on swimming partner and, importantly, we observed no sexual dimorphism in swimming behaviors when swimming with the same sex. Our results suggest that the presence of males in a population has the potential to influence the distribution of individuals, similarly to known threats, such as predation. This highlights that sexual conflict has clear spatial consequences and should be considered in such ecological frameworks, like the Landscape of Fear (LOF) concept. In a broader context, the connection of the evolutionary and social concept of sexual conflict and the ecological concept of LOF may improve our understanding of population dynamics and the spatial and temporal distribution of individuals in natural ecosystems.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Meta-study water and mining conflicts

This dataset comprises the raw data and R Script for the following published article: Schoderer, M., & Ott, M. (2022). Contested water-and miningscapes–Explaining the high intensity of water and mining conflicts in a meta-study. World Development, 154, 105888. The article seeks to better understand the dynamics of mining and water conflicts, specifically under which (combinations of) conditions environmental defenders step outside the legal framework in their contestation of mining projects, according to existing case study-based research. More information on the methodology is available in the paper. The file Water and mining conflicts full dataset includes the qualitative information extracted from published articles, the scoring scheme and the normalized scores used in the R analysis. The R Script QCA_Preventive water and mining conflicts describes the fuzzy-set, two-step Qualitative Comparative Analysis conduct to understand under which conditions environmental defenders choose non-legal means in conflicts that occur in the planning or licensing stage of a mining project The CSV file Normalized scores_preventive is the raw data used in the R Script QCA_Preventive water and mining conflicts The R Script QCA_Reactive water and mining conflicts describes the fuzzy-set, two-step Qualitative Comparative Analysis conduct to understand under which conditions environmental defenders choose non-legal means in conflicts that occur when the mining project is already in operation The CSV file Normalized scores_reactive is the raw data used in the R Script QCA_Reactive water and mining conflicts