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Fig. 24. A–D in Early Ordovician Conodonts from Far Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 24. A–D, Protoprioniodus yapu Cooper, 1981: A, M element, AMF120448, M/A7, posterior view; B,C, Pb element, AMF 120449, Y4–2, B, outer lateral view, C, inner lateral view; D, Pb element, AMF120450, M/A7, outer lateral view. E,F, Oneotodus sp.: E, AMF120451, M/A11-3, posterolateral view; F, AMF 124226, C1612, inner lateral view. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 16. Erraticodon patu Cooper, 1981 in Early Ordovician Conodonts from Far Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 16. Erraticodon patu Cooper, 1981: A,B, Pa element, AMF120370, M/A11-3, A, posterobasal view, B, posterior view; C, Pa element, AMF120371, Y4–6, posterior view; D, Pb element, AMF120372, M/A4, postero-upper view; E, Pb element, AMF120373, Y4–5, antero-outer lateral view; F, Pb element, AMF120374, Y4–7, upper, anterior view; G, Pb element, AMF120375, Y4–7, upper, posterior view; H, Pb element, AMF120376, M/A4, upper, posterior view; I, Pa element, AMF120296, Y4–6, anterior view; J,K, Pb element, AMF124209, M/A7, J, antero-upper view, K, postero-upper view. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 28 in Early Ordovician Conodonts from Far Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 28. Triangulodus larapintinensis (Crespin, 1943): A,B, Pa element, AMF120476, TAB1/85.7, A, inner lateral view, B, outer lateral view; C,D, Pb element, AMF120477, Y4–6, C, inner lateral view, D, outer lateral view; E, M element, AMF120478, Y4–6, anterior view; F, M element, AMF120479, M/A7, posterior view; G, Sa element, AMF120480, M/A7, anterior view; H, Sa element, AMF120481, Y4–6, posterolateral view; I, Sa element, AMF120482, M/A4, lateral view; J,K, Sa element, AMF124214, Y4–8, lateral views; L,M, Sb element, AMF120484, Y4–7, L, inner lateral view, M, outer lateral view; N,O, Sb element, AMF124215, Y4–8, N, inner lateral view, O, basal view; P,Q, Sc element, AMF124216, Y4–8, P, basal view, Q, inner lateral view; R,S, Sc element, AMF124217, Y4–7, R, outer lateral view, S, inner lateral view; T, Sd element, AMF124218, M/A11-3, outer lateral view; U,V, Sd element, AMF124219, Y4–8, U, posterior view, V, outer lateral view. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 25 in Early Ordovician Conodonts from Far Western New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 25. Scalpellodus latus (van Wamel, 1974): A,B, Sa element, AMF120452, Y4–2, A, inner lateral view of the basal part showing the fine striae, B, lateral view; C, Sb element, AMF120453, Y4–2, inner lateral view; D, Sb element, AMF120454, M/A11-1, inner lateral view; E,H, Sd element, AMF120455, M/A7, E, inner lateral view, H, close up showing fine striae; F, Sd element, AMF120456, M/A7, posterior view; G, P element, AMF120457, TAB1/39.5, inner lateral view; I, Sd element, AMF120458, M/A7, inner lateral view; J, Sc element, AMF120459, Y4–2, lateral view. Scale bars 100 µm, unless otherwise indicated.

Fig. 4 in The Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale

Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary (based on Map 48 from Scotese, 2014): Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary location of allochthonous occurrences in Japanese Islands and Far East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Kçira, Albania; 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania; 7 - Gebze, Turkey; 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan; 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet; 15 - South China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 - Western Thailand; 19 - Kamura and Taho-attol carbonates; 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin; 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye; 25 - Mount Lilu, Timor-Leste; 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Nevada; 29 - Great Valley, California; 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho; 31 - Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska; 35 - Svalbard.

Fig. 3 in The Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale

Fig. 3 - Present-day geographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis occurrences and basic references. A – Tethys-originating occurrences (1-18, 25-27); B – Panthalassa-originating occurrences (19-24, 28-33; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain (34-35). Europe: 1 - Chios, Greece (Nicora, 1977; Assereto et al., 1980); 2 - Perşani Mountains, Romania (Mirăuţă & Gheorghian, 1978); 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines, Italy (Mietto et al., 1991); 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia, Italy (Kozur et al.,1995); 5 - Kçira, Albania (Muttoni et al., 1996, 2019); 6 - Deşli Caira, Romania (Grădinaru et al., 2007; Orchard et al., 2007a); Southwest Asia: 7 - Gebze, Turkey (Kiliç, 2021); 8 - Wadi Alwa, Oman (Orchard, 1994a); Himalayas: 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan (Sweet 1970a, 1973); 10 - Dolpo, west Nepal (Kovács & Kozur, 1980); 11 - Spiti, India (Krystyn et al., 2007; Sue et al., 2021); Garzanti et al., 1995); 12 - Kashmir, India (Chhabra, 1981; Matsuda, 1983); Central Asia: 13 - Southeastern Pamirs, Tajikistan (Bragin et al., 2016); Eastern Asia: 14 – Tulong and Dibucuo, Tibet (Tian 1982; Chen A-F et al., 2021; Wu G C. et al., 2007); 15 - South China, Guandao (Orchard et al., 2007b), Ganheqiao and Qingyan (Yao et al., 2011); 16 - South China, Wantou and Youping (Chen Y et al., 2020); Southeast Asia: 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia (Koike, 1973, 1982); 18 - Western Thailand (Kemper et al., 1976); Japanese Islands: 19 - Kamura and Taho attol carbonates, Kyushu Island and Shikoku Island (Hirsch & Ishida, 2002; Zhang L et al., 2019a; Ha et al., 2021); 20 - Honshu Island-pelagic chert (Muto et al., 2018; Muto, 2021); Far East Russia: 21 - Koryak Upland (Bragin, 1991); 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; Klets (1998); 23 – Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin (Buryi, 1989, 1997; Klets, 1995); 24 - Chernaya River, South Primorye (Buryi, 1979); Timor-Leste: 25 - Mount Lilu (Nogami, 1968); West Timor: 26 - Nifukoko (Orchard, 1994a); Western Australia: 27 - Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins (McTavish, 1973; Nicoll et al., 2007; Gorter et al., 2019); Western United States: 28 - Northwestern Nevada (Collinson & Hasenmueller, 1978; Orchard, 1994a; Paull & Paull, 1998; Goudemand et al., 2012); 29 - Great Valley, California (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980); 30 - Sheep Creek, Idaho (Paull, 1988); Western Canada: 31 - Ursula Creek, British Columbia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Subsurface British Columbia (Golding, 2014, 2021b); 32 - Quesnellia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); 33 - Stikinia (Orchard & Tozer, 1997a); Arctic North America: 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska (Wardlaw & Jones, 1980). Arctic Europe: 35 - Svalbard (Nakrem et al., 2008).

Fig. 2 in The Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale

Fig. 2 - Suggested Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic chronostratigraphy and the presumed OAB, marked in blue, are added to the Chinese Wantou section (Chen Y et al., 2020, fig. 3), based on the re-interpretation of conodont events.

Fig. 5 in The Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale

Fig. 5 - Chronostratigraphic calibration and the Spathian-Aegean/Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary in the Deşli Caira section, Romania. Conodont biochronology - (A) after Orchard et al. (2007a), and (B) after Golding (2021). The boundary is constrained by the ammonoid biochronology – (C) after Grădinaru, in Grădinaru & Gaetani (2019). Legend: 1 - thick-bedded limestone; 2 - ammonoid occurrence.

Fig. 4 in The Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale

Fig. 4 - Paleogeographic distribution of the conodont Chiosella timorensis around the Olenekian-Anisian/ Numbers of figured occurrences are those from Fig. 3. A – Tethys occurrences; B – Panthalassa occurrences; C – Arctic occurrences, uncertain; D and E – primary East Russia, and their tectonic transport pathways. 1 - Chios, Greece; 2 - Perşani Mountains; 3 - Capelluzzo, Southern Apennines; 4 - Sosio Valley, Sicilia; 5 - Alwa, Oman; 9 - Salt Range, Pakistan; 10 - Dolpo, Nepal; 11- Spiti, India; 12 - Kashmir, India; 13 - Southeastern China, Guandao, Ganheqiao, Qingyan; 16 -South China, Wantou and Youping; 17 - Kodiang, Malaysia; 18 shu Island-pelagic chert; 21 - Koryak Upland; 22 - Zyryanka, Kolyma river; 23 - Dalnegorsk, Sikhote-Alin 26 - Nifukoko, West Timor; 27 - Western Australia, Carnarvon, Perth & Canning basins; 28 - Northwestern Ursula Creek and Subsurface British Columbia; 32 - Quesnellia; 33 - Stikinia; 34 - Brooks Range, Alaska;

Fig. 1 in The Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic Boundary, And Assessment Of The Potential Of Conodonts For Chronostratigraphic Calibration Of The Triassic Timescale

Fig. 1 - Revised Lower-Middle Triassic chronostratigraphy in the Albanian Kçira-A section, marked ord. 1 – ammonoid record in fig. 5 of Muttoni et al. (2019); 2 – conodont record in fig. 4 of Muttoni et fig. 8 of Muttoni et al. (2019). Line A - The Olenekian-Anisian/Early-Middle Triassic boundary in Muttoni et al. (2019), based on proxy for the nominated boundary; Line B - the herein assumed base of the Aegean Substage (AEG), Procarnites kokeni (Arthaber, 1908), with the FO of Ch. timorensis positioned well below the Line B; indicated by Germani et al. (1997); Line D - Bithynian-Pelsonian boundary, as indicated by Germani

Figure 9 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 9. Model of masticatory motion of icriodontid I elements. A, oblique lateral view; B, 'anterior' view.

Figure 8 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 8. Motion of P1 elements of ozarkodinid apparatuses summarized from the literature. A, Idiognathodus (Pennsylvanian); B, Novispathodus (Early Triassic); C, Wurmiella excavata (Silurian); D, Pseudofurnishius murcianus (Middle–Late Triassic); E, Polygnathus xylus xylus (Middle Devonian). Grey dots mark the pivot point; black arrows indicate the direction of occlusion and interlocking of P1 elements, grey arrows its reversal.

Figure 7. Hypothetical apparatus reconstruction deduced from the element arrangement within the Caudicriodus woschmidti conodont cluster. A, Model 1 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 7. Hypothetical apparatus reconstruction deduced from the element arrangement within the Caudicriodus woschmidti conodont cluster. A, Model 1 with tips of coniform elements pointing dorsally and 'posterior' part of icriodontan elements oriented ventrally. B, Model 2 with tips of coniform elements and 'posterior' part of icriodontan elements oriented ventrally. C, Model 3 with tips of coniform elements pointing ventrally and 'posterior' part of icriodontan elements oriented dorsally. D, Model 4 with tips of coniform elements and 'posterior' part of icriodontan elements oriented ventrally. Coniform elements are arranged in multiple rows.

Figure 5 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 5. Denticle tip wear of icriodontid I elements. A–C, Icriodus aff. michiganus, dextral I element, lateral and oral view; Middle Devonian, Eifel, Germany; sample BL-12-29c-9. D–F, Icriodus sp., dextral I element, lateral and oral view; Middle Devonian, Eifel, Germany; sample BL-12-29c-3. Extent and orientation of tip wear are indicated by dotted lines and arrowheads.

Figure 6 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 6. Diagrams illustrating orientation and direction of denticle tip wear. A, Icriodus aff. michiganus; left-side illustration shows the orientation of the inclined facet plane, right-side illustration the direction of vertically inclined facet; Middle Devonian, Eifel, Germany; sample BL-12-29c-9. B, Icriodus sp. left-side illustration shows the orientation of the inclined facet plane, middle the direction of the vertically inclined facet, and right the orientation and direction of the facet plane of median row denticles; Middle Devonian, Eifel, Germany; sample BL-12-29c-3).

Figure 4. A in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 4. A, denticle tip wear of the dextral I element of Caudicriodus woschmidti; Early Devonian, southern Burgenland, Austria; Ki/ 4/2a-1, NHMW 2011/0374/0001. B, detailed view of oral surface of the dextral I element with extent and orientation of tip wear indicated by dotted line and arrow head.

Figure 3 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 3. Chronological listing of notation history for icriodontid apparatus elements. Morphologically similar coniform element types and the icriodontan element evaluated for this study are highlighted in different colours or shades.

Figure 2 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 2. Conodont cluster of Caudicriodus woschmidti, Early Devonian, southern Burgenland, Austria; Ki/4/2a-1, NHMW 2011/0374/ 0001. A, SEM scan of the conodont cluster. B, detailed view of the coniform elements (C1–C5) close to the dextral I element. C, D, computer microtomography-based three-dimensional reconstruction with identification of all elements. E, hypothetical arrangement of all elements preserved within the fused conodont cluster.

Figure 1 in A new icriodontid conodont cluster with specific mesowear supports an alternative apparatus motion model for Icriodontidae

Figure 1. Locality map and section log from the 'Kottwitz' quarry (southern Burgenland, Austria), where the Caudicriodus woschmidti conodont cluster was found.