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FIGURE 31 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 31. The distribution of distal interstriae distances along a semivalve transect for Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. yarrensis, P. zalatii (subset "aegyptiaca" only) and the Port Elizabeth samples based on all interstriae distances within taxa considered independently. The regression line for each taxon is solid; 98% confidence intervals for the regression lines are indicated by dashed lines. A traditional striae density scale is provided along the right side of the plot.
FIGURE 21 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 21. Discriminant analysis of Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. zalatii, P. yarrensis and the Port Elizabeth samples using relative warp scores describing mantle shape. The "aegyptiaca" and "elliptica" subsets of P. zalatii were treated as separate groups. Two very close centroids are labeled: P. edkuensis as "edku" and the "aegyptiaca" subset of P. zalatii as "aegypt". The black lines define a Voronoi tesselation of the two-dimensional shape space. The percentage of the total variation in mantle shape variation explained by each discriminant function is indicted in the chart axis titles.
FIGURE 28 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 28. Plot of relative warp scores of axial area shape descriptors for 7 groups: P. edkuensis, the two subsets of P. zalatii, the Yarra Yarra and South Yarra subgroups of P. yarrensis, and Port Elizabeth samples I and II. The insets display thin-plate spline representations of axial area shape for selected specimens. The consensus specimen (coordinates 0, 0) is displayed in the uppper center of the plot.
FIGURE 25. A in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 25. A classical view of mantle shape among the four taxa. Each taxon is represented only by its linear regression line of valve breadth versus length (thick colored lines); these are the same lines as shown in Fig. 20. This morphospace has been contoured (light blue lines emanating from the origin) by two sets of standard shape descriptors based on length:breadth ratios: those of the Systematics Association (Stearn 1973) and Cox (1991); these ratios are shown at the ends of the contours furthest from the origin. The intersection of the regression lines and the black dashed vertical line indicates the length-to-breadth ratio of each taxon at valve length = 100 µm. The light brown dashed line passing through the origin has a slope of 3.3:1 and thus represents a constant shape from the classical perspective. The 95% prediction intervals are the same as for valve breadth (Fig. 20).
FIGURE 24 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 24. Linear regressions (solid lines) of relative warp 1 scores for valve mantle shape in 3 Pinnunavis taxa versus valve length.
FIGURE 17 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 17. Grunow's drawings of Navicula yarrensis extracted from Schmidt's Atlas, pl. 46, figs 1–6. The lectotype notations and the numbered list of localities have been added by the authors. The drawing of the lectotype (Atlas fig. 2) represents a specimen 141 µm long. Image courtesy of Botany Libraries, Harvard University.
FIGURE 12 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 12. Measurement of distal and proximal interstriae distances and striae orientation. The thinner vertical line is parallel to the transapical axis; the thicker black line connecting striae end points defines the striae slope, which is measured by the angle (a) it forms with a transapical axis passing through the proximal end of the stria.
FIGURE 8. A in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 8. A semivalve of Pinnunavis yarrensis showing a semivalve transect (large arrow) proceeding distally from the valve center to the valve apex. Two striae inflection points are indicated (smaller vertical arrows).
FIGURE 11 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 11. Valve of Pinnunavis yarrensis showing the location of the landmarks used to define the distal (adjacent to the mantle) and proximal (adjacent to the axial area) ends of the striae; those landmarks at the proximal ends of the striae on the lower portion of the valve are not shown. The proximal set of landmarks on each side of the apical axis was resampled to produce 21 semilandmarks for axial area shape analysis. Landmarks 3 and 4 were placed on the central pores of the raphe
FIGURE 32 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 32. The distribution of distal interstriae distances within valves as a function of the absolute distance of the semivalve transect location from mid-valve. Solid lines represent the best fit (linear, quadratic, or cubic polynomial) regressions for each valve based on 50–140 distal interstriae distances. At transect locations x = 0, 10 and 20 µm triangles mark the mean distal interstriae distance for each taxon based on y-intercepts for each valve. Insets (a–c) represent the distal interstriae distances for each taxon regressed against valve length at transect locations 0, 10 and 20 µm, respectively; the Port Elizabeth sample was excluded from this part of the analysis. Within the insets regression slopes significantly different (p <0.05) from zero are solid, not-significantly different lines are dashed. In inset (a), the regression lines for P. yarrensis and P. zalatii are effectively identical. A traditional striae density scale is provided along the right side of the plot. The length of each curve (x-axis range) is roughly 80–90% the length of the semivalve. The inset y-axis is the same as for the larger plot; the x-axis is valve length (µm).
FIGURE 27 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 27. Discriminant analysis of Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. zalatii, P. yarrensis and the Port Elizabeth samples using relative warp scores describing axial area shape. Subsets of all taxa were treated as independent groups, except for P. edkuensis, as there were no subgroups. The centroids (+) of the "aegyptiaca" and "elliptica" subsets of P. zalatii are labeled. The black lines define a Voronoi tesselation of the two-dimensional shape space. The percentage of the total variation in mantle shape variation explained by each discriminant function is indicted in the chart axis titles.
FIGURES 15–16 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURES 15–16. Comparable specimens of the taxa (columns) in this study arrayed by size groups (rows). Column (a) Pinnunavis edkuensis, (b) P. yarrensis (c), P. zalatii and (d) the Port Elizabeth sample. Rows: size range 110–104 µm (Fig, 16), 99–92 µm (Fig. 17), 89–83 µm (Fig. 18) and 78–64 µm (Fig. 19). All scale bars are 10 µm. Images of P. zalatii reproduced with permission of Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte.
FIGURE 20 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 20. The relationship of valve breadth and length in Pinnunavis edkuensis, P. yarrensis, P. zalatii, the Port Elizabeth sample and protologue drawings of Navicula yarrensis. Solid lines are ordinary least squares (OLS) regression lines. Shaded areas delimit the 95% confidence intervals (dark) of the regression line and 95% prediction belts (light; k = 1) of an estimated mean breadth for a given length (See Table 2 for prediction model parameters and Discussion). The prediction interval subsumes the confidence interval. The dashed rectangles denote the ranges of valve length and breadth reported for Navicula aegyptiaca var. aegyptiaca (lengths 110–65 µm) and var. elliptica (lengths 52–38 µm) (Zalat 2000). The crosses (+) mark the locations of specimens in protologue drawings of N. yarrensis from plate 46 of Schmidt's (1876) Atlas labelled with the plate figure number (1–5) and the specimen locality, e. g., +2 Yarra Yarra; 3 drawings from Grunow's Bilder-sammlung are labelled with as G1061.58 and G1061.59 (Yarra Yarra) and G1489.59 (South Yarra) (see Fig. 14). The x-axis has been "reversed" relative to conventional plots to emphasize the changes in breadth over of the life cycle of the diatom, that is, with decreasing size.
FIGURE 26 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 26. Regression of axial area breadth against valve length in 3 species of Pinnunavis and the Port Elizabeth sample. The regression equations and 95% prediction belt equations for each taxon are in Appendix Table 2.
FIGURE 10 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 10. Valve reflections and the measurement of semilandmark mean coordinates. An initial orientation of a valve after centering and rotation is presented in the upper left panel. The valve face was divided into 4 Cartesian quadrants (I–IV) based on the intersection of the apical and transapical axes. Landmarks and semilandmarks were numbered 1–40 starting at the center of the valve apex (y = 0) on the left and proceeding clockwise, independently of rotations, i.e. landmark 9's (yellow dot) position was preserved. Three combinations of reflections are shown: transapical axis only (lower left), apical axis only (upper right), and both transapical and apical axes (lower right). Point (semilandmark) 9 in the original configuration was about 40% of the distance along the mantle's upper margin between the valve ends; this position was always the 9th point digitized when starting at the left end and proceeding clockwise. If the valve had been reflected about the transapical axis, then point 13 would have been in the semilandmark 9 position; if it had been apically reflected, then point 33 would have been in the semilandmark 9 position; and, if it had been reflected about both axes, then point 29 would have been in the semilandmark 9 position. The mean coordinates (mean x and y) of semilandmark 9 was the average of the 4 points which could possibly occupy semilandmark position 9 after reflection. The same process was applied to the calculation of the mean coordinates of all other semilandmarks. The mean x,y coordinates of the landmarks and semilandmarks for each specimen were used in the geometric morphometric analysis. Blue arrows indicate reflections about axes; yellow arrows show translocation of a semilandmark to digitizing position 9.
FIGURE 9 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 9. The location of two landmarks (points 1 and 21) and 19 semilandmarks along the upper margin of the valve mantle of Pinnunavis yarrensis. A similar set of equally spaced semilandmarks was placed along the lower margin, but they are not shown in this figure.
FIGURE 19 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 19. Grunow's description of Navicula yarrensis from his Bildersammlung, p. 59. Image courtesy of the Naturhistorisches Museum-Wien.
FIGURE 7 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 7. Northeastern Egypt sampling localities of Pinnunavis edkuensis in this study: Lakes Edku and Mariut near Alexandria on the Mediterranean coast, The Great Bitter Lake adjacent to the Sinai and Lake Quran southwest of Cairo.
FIGURE 22 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURE 22. Relative warp analysis of Pinnunavis edkuensis and subsets of P. yarrensis, P. zalatii, and the Port Elizabeth samples using mantle shape descriptors. The insets display thin-plate spline representations of mantle shape deformation in selected specimens (dashed lines link specimen and representation) relative to a consensus specimen in this shape space to facilitate interpretation of the axes of the plot. The inset in the upper right of the plot is the consensus configuration (n = 146), which has the coordinates 0, 0.
FIGURES 13–14 in A morphometric diagnosis using continuous characters of Pinnunavis edkuensis, sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta: Bacillariophyceae), a brackish-marine species from Egypt
FIGURES 13–14. Comparable specimens of the taxa (columns) in this study arrayed by size groups (rows). Column (a) Pinnunavis edkuensis, (b) P. yarrensis (c), P. zalatii and (d) the Port Elizabeth sample. Rows: size range 110–104 µm (Fig, 16), 99–92 µm (Fig. 17), 89–83 µm (Fig. 18) and 78–64 µm (Fig. 19). All scale bars are 10 µm. Images of P. zalatii reproduced with permission of Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie-Monatshefte.
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