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73 results for “crypsis”
FIGURE 2 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953
FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic tree obtained from the analysis of the COI marker, including the geographic region of each specimen (MED=Mediterranean, EATL= East Atlantic, WATL=West Atlantic), the ABGD and bPTP delimitation analyses results and schematic chromatic patterns of each species.
FIGURE 1 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953
FIGURE 1. Bayesian phylogenetic tree obtained from the analysis of the COI+16S+H3 dataset. Posterior probabilities are indicated above the nodes and maximum likelihood bootstrap values below the nodes. Specimens of Dendrodoris sp. were previously misidentified as specimens of the species in the clades with a blue star.
FIGURE 3 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953
FIGURE 3. Chromatic variation in Dendrodoris temarana. A. Neotype MNCN-15.05/200177 (Temara). B. Egg mass. C–D. Specimen CRBA-92721 (Cubelles) with detail of the gill leaves. E–F. Specimen CRBA-92737 (Cubelles) with detail of the gill leaves. G–H. Specimen CRBA-92738 (Cubelles) with detail of the rhinophores.
FIGURE 5 in Attack on crypsis: Molecular and morphological study of Dendrodoris Ehrenberg 1831 (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) from the Mediterranean Sea and Northern Atlantic Ocean reinstates Dendrodoris temarana Pruvot-Fol, 1953
FIGURE 5. Anterior region of a 27 mm preserved Dendrodoris temarana (CRBA-92728). Digestive system. A. Dorsal view. B. Ventral view. Reproductive system. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. Abbreviations: a: ampulla; b: pharyngeal bulb; bc: bursa copulatrix; c: central nervous system; dd: deferent duct dt: digestive tube; f: female gland; hd: hermaphroditic duct; o: esophagus; p: penis; pr: prostate; sr: seminal receptacle; tc: ptyalin duct; tl: left ptyalin gland; tr: right ptyalin gland; v: vagina.
Ecological and metabolic traits of non-aposematic species challenge the crypsis-aposematic duality of Neotropical poison frogs
<p>Within the context of animal defence strategies, most species are believed to be either cryptic or aposematic. In this sense, dendrobatid frogs are among the best-studied vertebrate systems in terms of colouration, behaviour, and chemical defence. Though a dual criterium, cryptic-palatable and conspicuous-toxic, was used to classify species within this clade, there are notorious exceptions that do not fit into this duality. In particular, some species assigned to the cryptic-palatable category possess colourful spots that markedly contrast the rest of the body's dark coloration and contain toxic substances. Here, we investigate whether two pairs of syntopic dendrobatids, in which one of the members within each pair has colour spots and the other a homogeneous dark colour, differ in the activity pattern, dietary specialization, foraging activity, and metabolic rate. In agreement with our prediction, we found that the coloured species in one of the pairs is more active and has a higher dietary selectivity and prey accumulation capacity. However, no association was not found for the other species pair. Furthermore, contrary to our prediction, species with coloured spots have a lower metabolic rate than their syntopic homogenous peers. Overall, our findings suggest that species with coloured spots could be classified in a different category based on ecological and metabolic traits while opening exciting perspectives for understanding the evolution of aposematism in amphibians.</p>
Data to accompany: Rapid body color change provides lizards with facultative crypsis in the eyes of their avian predators
<p>Color change serves many antipredator functions and may allow animals to better match environments or disrupt outlines to prevent detection. Rapid color change could potentially provide camouflage to animals that frequently move among microhabitats. Determining the adaptiveness of whole-animal rapid color changes in natural habitats with respect to predator visual systems would greatly broaden our fundamental understanding of the evolution of rapid color change. We tested whether whole-body color change provides water anoles (<i>Anolis aquaticus</i>) with camouflage against avian predators, and whether these rapid changes allow them to shift between environment matching and edge disruption. We manipulated <i>A. aquaticus</i> placement in natural microhabitats and used digital image analysis to quantify color matching, pattern matching, and edge disruption produced by microhabitat-induced color change. Color change reduced lizard detectability to predators in microhabitat-specific ways. Environment matching was favored when lizards were in solid-colored microhabitats, regardless of exposure to predators. Edge disruption was instead induced by high exposure and varied by body region. We provide the first evidence that rapid color change permits a tetrapod to flexibly employ the most optimal camouflaging strategy by form (e.g., color matching vs. edge disruption) to minimize detection in the eyes of its predators.</p>
Humpback whale adult females and calves balance acoustic contact with vocal crypsis during periods of increased separation
<ol> <li>Acoustic communication is important for animals with dependent young, particularly when they are spatially separated. Maternal humpback whales (<i>Megaptera novaeangliae</i>) use acoustic calling to help minimise the risk of separation from their young calves during migration.</li> <li>These pairs also use acoustic crypsis to minimise detection by males. How they balance a restricted active space with the need to maintain acoustic contact during periods of separation is not yet understood.</li> <li>Here, we analysed movement metrics of tagged adult female-calf pairs during migration to identify two behavioural states, 'resting/milling' and 'travelling'. When travelling, these pairs dived synchronously and exhibited little to no spatial separation. Alternatively, adult females had significantly longer dive durations (p < 0.01) when resting, and while they spent prolonged times at depth, calves would surface several times independently. This demonstrated that these pairs are frequently separated during periods of rest.</li> <li>We then determined if the call rates and acoustic levels of these pairs increased with more frequent separation, finding that both adult females and calves significantly increased their call rates, but not levels, when resting.</li> <li>We also found that adult female-calf pairs have a restricted active space, with less than 15% of calls estimated to be detectable beyond 2 km. However, as with call level, detection distance did not differ significantly between the two behavioural states.</li> <li>In summary, adult female-calf pairs maintain successful communication during periods of separation by calling more frequently rather than by producing louder calls. This strategy aids in maintaining acoustic contact while simultaneously limiting detectability by conspecifics.</li> </ol>
Data from: Active background choice facilitates crypsis in a tropical crab
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Delayed color maturation of a sexual ornament in males of a damselfly: crypsis, female mimicry or both?
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Data from: Heaviside's dolphins (Cephalorhynchus heavisidii) relax acoustic crypsis to increase communication range
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Data from: You are what you eat: diet-induced chemical crypsis in a coral-feeding reef fish
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Humpback whale adult females and calves balance acoustic contact with vocal crypsis during periods of increased separation
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Data from: Adaptation for crypsis versus conspicuous social signalling following transitions across an extreme ecotone
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Data to accompany: Rapid body color change provides lizards with facultative crypsis in the eyes of their avian predators
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Data from: Long-term balancing selection on chromosomal variants associated with crypsis in a stick insect
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Data from: Not as ubiquitous as we thought: taxonomic crypsis, hidden diversity and cryptic speciation in the cosmopolitan fungus Thelonectria discophora (Nectriaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota)
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Data from: Coarse dark patterning functionally constrains adaptive shifts from aposematism to crypsis in strawberry poison frogs
Ecological specialization often requires tight co-evolution of several traits, which may constrain future evolutionary pathways and make species more prone to extinction. Aposematism and crypsis represent two specialized adaptations to avoid predation. We tested whether the combined effects of color and pattern on prey conspicuousness functionally constrain or facilitate shifts between these two adaptations. We combined data from 17 natural populations of Strawberry poison frogs, Oophaga pumilio with an experimental approach using digitalized images of frogs and chickens as predators. We show that bright coloration often co-occurs with coarse patterning among the natural populations. Dull green frogs with coarse patterning are rare in nature but in the experiment they were as easily detected as bright red frogs suggesting that this trait combination represent a transient evolutionary state towards aposematism. Hence, a gain of either bright color or coarse patterning leads to conspicuousness but a transition back to crypsis would be functionally constrained in populations with both bright color and coarse patterning by requiring simultaneous changes in two traits. Thus, populations (or species) signaling aposematism by conspicuous color should be less likely to face an evolutionary dead-end and more likely to radiate than populations with both conspicuous color and coarse patterning.
Data from: Seasonal plasticity in anti-predatory strategies: matching of color and color preference for effective crypsis
Effective anti-predatory strategies typically require matching appearance and behavior in prey, and there are many compelling examples of behavioral repertoires that enhance the effectiveness of morphological defenses. When protective adult morphology is induced by developmental environmental conditions predictive of future predation risk, adult behavior should be adjusted accordingly to maximize predator avoidance. While behavior is typically strongly affected by the adult environment, developmental plasticity in adult behavior — mediated by the same pre-adult environmental cues that affect morphology — could ensure an effective match between anti-predatory morphology and behavior. The coordination of environmentally-induced responses may be especially important in populations exposed to predictable environmental fluctuations (e.g. seasonality). Here, we studied early and late life environmental effects on a suite of traits expected to work together for effective crypsis. We focused on wing color and background color preference in Bicyclus anynana, a model of developmental plasticity that relies on crypsis as a seasonal strategy for predator avoidance. Using a full-factorial design, we disentangled effects of developmental and adult ambient temperature on both appearance and behavior. We showed that developmental conditions affect both adult color and color preference, with temperatures that simulate natural dry season conditions leading to browner butterflies with a perching preference for brown backgrounds. This effect was stronger in females, especially when butterflies were tested at lower ambient temperatures. In contrast to the expectation that motionlessness enhances crypsis, we found no support for our hypothesis that the browner dry-season butterflies would be less active. We argue that the integration of developmental plasticity for morphological and behavioral traits might improve the effectiveness of seasonal anti-predatory strategies.
Data from: Camouflaging moving objects: crypsis and masquerade
Motion is generally assumed to "break" camouflage. However, although camouflage cannot conceal a group of moving animals, it may impair a predator's ability to single one out for attack, even if that discrimination is not based on a color difference. Here, we use a computer-based task in which humans had to detect the odd one out among moving objects, with "oddity" based on shape. All objects were either patterned or plain, and either matched the background or not. We show that there are advantages of matching both group-mates and the background. However, when patterned objects are on a plain background (i.e., no background matching), the advantage of being among similarly patterned distractors is only realized when the group size is larger (10 compared to 5). In a second experiment, we present a paradigm for testing how coloration interferes with target-distractor discrimination, based on an adaptive staircase procedure for establishing the threshold. We show that when the predator only has a short time for decision-making, displaying a similar pattern to the distractors and the background affords protection even when the difference in shape between target and distractors is large. We conclude that, even though motion breaks camouflage, being camouflaged could help group-living animals reduce the risk of being singled out for attack by predators.
Data from: An ambusher's arsenal: chemical crypsis in the puff adder (Bitis arietans)
Ambush foragers use a hunting strategy that places them at risk of predation by both visual and olfaction-oriented predators. Resulting selective pressures have driven the evolution of impressive visual crypsis in many ambushing species, and may have led to the development of chemical crypsis. However, unlike visual crypsis, few studies have attempted to demonstrate chemical crypsis. Field observations of puff adders (Bitis arietans) going undetected by several scent-orientated predator and prey species lead us to investigate chemical crypsis in this ambushing species. We trained dogs (Canis familiaris) and meerkats (Suricata suricatta) to test whether a canid and a herpestid predator could detect B. arietans using olfaction. We also tested for chemical crypsis in five species of active foraging snakes, predicted to be easily detectable. Dogs and meerkats unambiguously indicated active foraging species, but failed to correctly indicate puff adder, confirming that B. arietans employs chemical crypsis. This is the first demonstration of chemical crypsis anti-predatory behavior, though the phenomenon may be widespread among ambushers, especially those that experience high mortality rates due to predation. Our study provides additional evidence for the existence of an ongoing chemically-mediated arms race between predator and prey species.
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