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Fig. 1 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 1. Adult female paratype of the cuckoo wasp Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (Germany, Rhineland-Palatinate, Bellheim, 10 June 2012; voucher ID: ZFMK-TIS-36479), Photograph: O. Niehuis.

Fig. 4 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 4. Exemplar chromatograms showing diagnostic differences (specified inTables 1 and 2) between the cuticular hydrocarbon profiles of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis in the female (A) and male (B) sex. The x-axis represents the retention time shown in form of Kovats retention indices (Kováts 1958), the y-axis shows the total intensity of ions (TIC). Diagnostic alkenes are indicated with their Kovats retention index (Kováts 1958) in parentheses to differentiate them from alkenes with the same chain length but differing in the location of their double bond.

Fig. 3 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination of Bray-Curtis dissimilarities between cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) profiles of males and females of the cuckoo wasps Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (6 ♂♂, 25 ♀♀) and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (6 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀) as well as of three vespid wasps known to serve as hosts of these two cuckoo wasps, Ancistrocerus antilope (23 ♂♂, 17 ♀♀), Euodynerus notatus (13 ♂♂, 11 ♀♀), and Euodynerus quadrifasciatus (14 ♂♂, 14 ♀♀). Note that the plot includes the CHC profile data of the holotype of C. parabrevitarsis n. sp. and CHC profile data of the lectotype of C. pseudobrevitarsis.

Fig. 2 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining tree inferred from Kimura-2-parameter nucleotide sequence distances between COI haplotypes of Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (blue branches), Chrysis brevitarsis and Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (yellow branches). Support values are based on 10 000 bootstrap replicates. Acronyms in capital letters after the species names specify the country of origin: Belorussia (BLR), Estonia (EST), Finland (FIN), Germany (GER), Lithuania (LIT), Norway (NOR), Russia (RUS), and Sweden (SWE). Sample IDs are given in parentheses.

Fig. 7 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of antennal flagellomeres (F) 4–6 in females of Chrysis pseudobrevitarsis (top, voucher ID: TUZ117252) and Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (bottom, voucher ID:TUZ102387).

Fig. 6 in Cuticular Hydrocarbon Profile Analyses Help Clarify the Species Identity of Dry-Mounted Cuckoo Wasps (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae), Including Type Material, and Reveal Evidence for a Cryptic Species

Fig. 6. Shape of the internal metasomal segments (T4–T7 and S4–S6) of female Chrysis parabrevitarsis n. sp. (voucher ID:TUZ102402). Scale bar: 1.0 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: The evolution of a complex trait: cuticular hydrocarbons in ants evolve independent from phylogenetic constraints

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHC) are ubiquitous and highly diverse in insects, serving as communication signal and waterproofing agent. Despite their vital function, the causes, mechanisms and constraints on CHC diversification are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated phylogenetic constraints on the evolution of CHC profiles, using a global dataset of the species-rich and chemically diverse ant genus Crematogaster. We decomposed CHC profiles into quantitative (relative abundances, chain length) and qualitative traits (presence/absence of CHC classes). A species-level phylogeny was estimated using newly generated and previously published sequences from five nuclear markers. Moreover, we reconstructed a phylogeny for the chemically diverse C. levior species group using cytochrome oxidase I. Phylogenetic signal was measured for these traits on genus and clade level and within the chemically diverse C. levior group. For most quantitative CHC traits, phylogenetic signal was low and did not differ from random expectation. This was true on the level of genus, clade and species-group, indicating that CHC traits are evolutionary labile. In contrast, the presence or absence of alkenes and alkadienes was highly conserved within the C. levior group. Hence, the presence or absence of biosynthetic pathways may be phylogenetically constrained, especially at lower taxonomic levels. Our study shows that CHC composition can evolve rapidly, allowing insects to quickly adapt their chemical profiles to external selection pressures, while the presence of biosynthetic pathways appears more constrained. However, our results stress the importance to consider the taxonomic level when investigating phylogenetic constraints.

opennotspecifiedJun 2017View details →

Figure 1 in Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles as a chemotaxonomic tool for three blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of forensic interest

Figure 1. Gas chromatograph profiles from adults (female and male) of Cochliomyia macellaria, Hemilucilia segmentaria and Lucilia cuprina.

opennotspecifiedJun 2017View details →

Figure 2 in Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles as a chemotaxonomic tool for three blowfly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) of forensic interest

Figure 2. Hierarchical tree made by clustering Bray–Curtis similarity index showing a relationship in composition and abundance of cuticular hydrocarbons among adults (female and male) of Cochliomyia macellaria, Hemilucilia segmentaria and Lucilia cuprina.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Colony-age-dependent variation in cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in subterranean termite colonies

Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) have, in insects, important physiological and ecological functions, such as protection against desiccation and as semiochemicals in eusocial taxa, including termites. CHCs are, in termites, known to vary qualitatively and/or quantitatively among species, populations, or seasons. Changes to hydrocarbon profile composition have been linked to varying degrees of aggression between termite colonies, although the variability of results among studies suggests that additional factors might have been involved. One source of variability may be colony age; however, this factor has never been investigated. We studied caste-specific patterns of CHC profiles in Coptotermes gestroi colonies of four different age classes (6, 18, 30, and 42 months). The CHC profiles were variable among castes in the youngest colonies, but progressively converged with increasing colony age. Young colonies had a less-defined CHC identity compared to older ones, which likely obscures the colony's ability to detect non-nestmates. Our data suggest that there is no selective pressure on an early-defined colony CHC profile, potentially allowing incipient colonies to merge non-agonistically with competing conspecifics as an indirect result.

opennotspecifiedDec 2015View details →

Figure 3 in Identification of Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) (Diptera: Phoridae) in mummified human body from Itacambira (MG), Brazil, using scanning electron microscopy and cuticular hydrocarbons

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscopy of the puparium of Megaselia scalaris from a male mummy from Itacambira, Minas Gerais, Brazil: (A, B) Detailed view of the posterior spiracle, containing four openings arranged in parallel; (C, D) detail of the small tubercles located on the dorsal surface of the puparium.

opennotspecifiedDec 2015View details →

Figure 2 in Identification of Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) (Diptera: Phoridae) in mummified human body from Itacambira (MG), Brazil, using scanning electron microscopy and cuticular hydrocarbons

Figure 2. Scanning electron microscopy of the puparium of Megaselia scalaris from a male mummy from Itacambira, Minas Gerais, Brazil. (A) Overview (dorsal) of the puparium of Megaselia scalaris with the opening for adult emergence; (B) posterior spiracles (one pair), located at the posterior end of the puparium.

opennotspecifiedDec 2015View details →

Figure 1 in Identification of Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866) (Diptera: Phoridae) in mummified human body from Itacambira (MG), Brazil, using scanning electron microscopy and cuticular hydrocarbons

Figure 1. Male mummy from Itacambira, Minas Gerais, Brazil. (A) Opening of the abdominal cavity of the mummy; (B) puparia of Megaselia scalaris (arrow) adhered to a rib (photographs by S. Novo).

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Post-eclosion temperature effects on insect cuticular hydrocarbon profiles

The insect cuticle is the interface between internal homeostasis and the often harsh external environment. Cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) are key constituents of this hard cuticle and are associated with a variety of functions including stress response and communication. CHC production and deposition on the insect cuticle vary among natural populations and are affected by developmental temperature; however, little is known about CHC plasticity in response to the environment experienced following eclosion, during which time the insect cuticle undergoes several crucial changes. We targeted this crucial phase and studied post-eclosion temperature effects on CHC profiles in two natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster. A forty-eight hour post-eclosion exposure to three different temperatures (18, 25, & 30 °C) significantly affected CHCs in both ancestral African and more recently derived North American populations of D. melanogaster. A clear shift from shorter to longer CHCs chain-length was observed with increasing temperature, and the effects of post-eclosion temperature varied across populations and between sexes. The quantitative differences in CHCs were associated with variation in desiccation tolerance among populations. Surprisingly, we did not detect any significant differences in water loss rate between African and North American populations. Overall, our results demonstrate strong genetic and plasticity effects in CHC profiles in response to environmental temperatures experienced at the adult stage as well as associations with desiccation tolerance, which is crucial in understanding holometabolan responses to stress.