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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2023View details →

Figure 13 in Population ecology of Ctenolepisma (C.) udumalpetense (Insecta: Zygentoma: Lepismatidae) in a deciduous forest floor of the Trimurti Dam, Tamil Nadu, India

Figure 13. Showing the monthly fluctuations of male, female and nymph population, temperature and humidity in Row II.

opencc-by-4.0May 2024View details →

Phosphorous fertilization and soil pH affect the growth of deciduous trees in a temperate hardwood forest

<p>To better understand how a forest’s response to P limitation and acidic deposition can change over time, we added P, limestone to raise pH, and a cross-treatment where both P and limestone were added to 3 different northeastern Ohio forest stands over a 12-year period. Internally, we call this experiment APEX, which stands for Acid Precipitation EXperiment. We tracked diameter at breast height (DBH) of the trees annually, conducted foliar nutrient analyses, and collected tree roots to assess treatment impacts on mycorrhizal colonization. We analyzed our dataset in three sections: the first 6 years after manipulation, the latter 6 years, and the entire 12-year period. These sections allowed us to compare differences between early responses to manipulation and later responses. The R code included here shows how these sections of data were analyzed using linear mixed effect models and Tukey post hoc tests (with the R packages lme4 and multcomp, respectively) and graphed (with the package ggplot2). The three R code files include analyses of 1) litter biomass and chemistry (APEX_leaf_litter_R_code.R), 2) ectomycorrhizal (EM) and arbscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal colonization and root biomass estimates from trees associated with these mycorrhizal types (APEX_mycorrhizal_roots_R_code.R), and 3) relative basal area increment that was calculated for different tree species and mycorrhizal association types using DBH measurements (APEX_RBAI_R_code.R). All input csv files are included here.</p>

Fig. 7 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 7. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal and lingual enamel from distinct regions of the dental axis in upper (dP4, A–D) and lower (dp4, E, F) deciduous premolars of Toxodon sp. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) up to theouter enamel surface. Microstructural features are obtained from longitudinal (A, B) and transversal sections (C–E). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005).

Fig. 2 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 2. Enamel microstructure in upper molar of Toxodon sp. from the upper Pleistocene of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil (southern Coastal Plain, Santa Vitória Formation). Scanning electron micrographs of transversal sections of the ectoloph (A1) and paracone, including the anterior fold (A2–A4). MCN-PV 30077.PHIS-055, M3, general view of enamel exhibiting Schmelzmuster with three enamel types (A1), Hunter-Schreger bands in the enamel of loop from anterior fold on the protocone and modified radial enamel below the dashed line (A2), enamel of outermost loop from anterior fold on the metacone, in opposite position to that observed in A2 (A3, A4). Arrows indicate difference in depth between Hunter-Schreger bands. Dashed line in A1 indicates the morphology of enamel-dentine junction.

Fig. 6 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 6. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of enamel in upper permanent molar (A, B) and lower permanent premolar (C) and molar (D–K) of Toxodon sp. A, B. M3. C. p4. D–K. m1–2. Symbols represent different percentages of enamel zones from the enamel-dentine junction EDJ) up to the outer enamel surface. A. Ectoloph (mesial distal). B. Anterior fold (distal). C. Buccal enamel. D. Hypoconulid. E. Meta-entoconid fold mesial loop close to internal portion of fold). F. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop close to internal portion of fold). G. Ento-hypoconulid fold (mesial loop). Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). H. Ento-hypoconulid fold (distal loop). I. Meta-entoconid fold (distal loop). J. Meta-entoconid fold (innermost area of the distal loop). K. Meta-entoconid fold (internal portion).

Fig. 5 in Enamel microstructure of permanent and deciduous teeth of a species of notoungulate Toxodon: Development, functional, and evolutionary implications

Fig. 5. Diagrammatic representation indicating microstructural variation of buccal enamel in upper (A, B) and lower (C–E) incisors of Toxodon sp. A. I1. B. I2. C, D. i1. E. i3. Areas close to mesial (C) and distal (D) portions of the dental axis. Illustration based on Lindenau (2005). Abbreviation: EDJ, enamel-dentine junction.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Occurrence Of Phytophthora Spp. In Deciduous Trees In Lithuania: First Results

Fig. 1. The number of Phytophthora spp. disturbed trees in different districts and climate regions of Lithuania, 2010–2014. I – Western, II – Northern, III – Southern, and IV – Eastern. The white colour indicates the districts, which were not surveyed.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2018View details →

Figure 3 in Influence of tree thinning on abundance and survival probability of small rodents in a natural deciduous forest

Figure 3. Survival probability (mean ± SE) of small rodents in the prethinning and postthinning periods in a natural deciduous forest, Mt. Maehwa, Hongcheon, South Korea. *: P <0.05, **: P <0.001 according to a Mann–Whitney U test.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2018View details →

Figure 1 in Influence of tree thinning on abundance and survival probability of small rodents in a natural deciduous forest

Figure 1. Mean numbers of small rodents captured per month (individuals/ha; mean ± SE) in the prethinning and postthinning periods in a natural deciduous forest, Mt. Maehwa, Hongcheon, South Korea. Asterisk indicates a significant difference (P <0.05) according to a Mann–Whitney U test.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2018View details →

Figure 2 in Influence of tree thinning on abundance and survival probability of small rodents in a natural deciduous forest

Figure 2. Estimated mean (n = 2) abundance of small rodents in the prethinning (2014) and postthinning (2015) periods in a natural deciduous forest, Mt. Maehwa, Hongcheon, South Korea.

Figs 81-89 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 81-89. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 81-82, Rudgea parquioides; 83, Xylosma pseudosalzmanii; 84-85, Allophylus edulis; 86, Serjania sp.; 87, Smilax sp.; 88, Cestrum strigillatum; 89, Cissus striata. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 21-40 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 21-40. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 21, Cordia ecalyculata; 22, Cordia americana; 23-24, Celtis iguanaea; 25, Trema micrantha; 26-27, Citronella gongonha: 28-31, Dioscorea scabra; 32, Sloanea monosperma; 33, Sebastiania sp.; 34, Bauhinia forficata; 35-39, Inga marginata; 40, Machaerium paraguariense. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 61-80 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 61-80. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 61-64, Guapira opposita; 65, Seguieria aculeata; 66-73, Piper aduncum; 74-76, Piper mikanianum; 77-78, Myrsine coriacea; 79-80, Psychotria carthagenensis. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 1-20 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 1-20. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 1, Justicia brasiliana; 2-6, Calea serrata; 7, Dasyphyllum spinescens; 8-13, Mikania glomerata; 14-17, Mikania micrantha; 18, Moquiniastrum polymorphum; 19, Trixis praestans; 20, Dolichandra unguis-cati. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Figs 41-60 in Gall-inducing insects of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil

Figs 41-60. Insects galls of deciduous and semideciduous forests in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: 41, Ocotea puberula; 42-45, Nectandra megapotamica; 46-48, Luehea divaricata; 49-50, Leandra regnellii; 51, Trichilia claussenii; 52, Mollinedia elegans; 53, Mollinedia schottiana; 54, Sorocea bonplandii; 55, Campomanesia xanthocarpa; 56-57, Eugenia uniflora; 58-59, Myrcianthes pungens; 60, Psidium cattleyanum. Scale bar: 1 cm.

Fig. 6 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 6. Lophid homologies for lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of Erethizontidae according to this study. The arrows point in the direction of the change from pentalophodonty (A) towards tetra− (B), and hexalophodonty (C). All drawn as if from the right side.

Fig. 3 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 3. Nomenclature for cusps and lophids of lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of the Erethizontidae. A. Steiromys detentus MLP15−339, left dp4. B. Gen. and sp. nov. MPEF 7592b, right dp4. Scale bars 1 mm. Below each photomicrographs (A1, B1), enlarged interpretive drawings (A2, B2) are shown.

Fig. 5 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 5. Lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of: A. Baluchimys ganeshapher (left dp4). B. Phiomys andrewsi (right dp4). C. Gaudeamus aegyptius (right dp4). Afrom Flynn et al. (1986: fig. 17J); B, C from Wood (1968: figs. 1G, 15E).

Fig. 1 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 1. Lophid homologies for lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of "caviomorphs" according to Patterson and Wood (1982). The arrow points in the direction of the change from tetralophodonty (A) towards pentalophodonty (B). All drawn as if from the right side.

Fig. 4 in Lower deciduous tooth homologies in Erethizontidae (Rodentia, Hystricognathi): Evolutionary significance

Fig. 4. Lower deciduous teeth (dp4) of Erethizontidae. A. Steiromys detentus MLP15−293, right dp4. B. Eosteiromys? sp. nov. MPEF 5090a, left dp4. C. Hypsosteiromys nectus MACNA 52−177 (type specimen), right dp4. D. Eosteiromys homogenidens MLP 85−VII−3−33f, right dp4. E. Eosteiromys homogenidens MNHN col. 99a, left dp4. F. Eosteiromys? sp. nov. MPEF 5811d, right dp4. Not to scale.