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192 results for “dispersal distance”
Environmentally associated variation in dispersal distance affects inbreeding risk in a stream salamander
<p>Avoiding inbreeding is considered a key driver of dispersal evolution, and dispersal distances should be especially important in mediating inbreeding risk because the likelihood of mating with relatives decreases with dispersal distance. However, a lack of direct data on dispersal distances has limited empirical tests of this prediction, particularly in the context of the multiple selective forces that can influence dispersal. Using a headwater salamander system, we tested whether spatial variation in environmental conditions leads to differences in dispersal distances, resulting in spatial variation in the effect of dispersal on inbreeding risk. Using capture-recapture and population genomic data from 5 streams, we found that dispersal distances were greater in downstream reaches than upstream reaches. Inbreeding risk was lower for dispersers than non-dispersers in downstream reaches, but not in upstream reaches. Furthermore, stream reaches did not differ in spatial patterns of individual relatedness, indicating that variation in inbreeding risk was in fact due to differences in dispersal distances. These results demonstrate that environmentally associated variation in dispersal distances can cause the inbreeding consequences of dispersal to vary at fine spatial scales. They also show that selective pressures other than inbreeding avoidance maintain phenotypic variation in dispersal, underscoring the importance of addressing alternative hypotheses in dispersal research.</p>
Data from: Resolving the Northern Hemisphere source region for the long-distance dispersal event that gave rise to the South American endemic dung moss Tetraplodon fuegianus
Premise of the study—American bipolar plant distributions characterize taxa at various taxonomic ranks but are most common in the bryophytes at infraspecific and infrageneric levels. A previous study on the bipolar disjunction in the dung moss genus Tetraplodon found that direct long-distance dispersal from North to South in the Miocene - Pleistocene accounted for the origin of the Southern American endemic Tetraplodon fuegianus, congruent with other molecular studies on bipolar bryophytes. The previous study, however, remained inconclusive regarding a specific Northern Hemisphere source region for the trans-equatorial dispersal event that gave rise to T. fuegianus. Methods—To estimate spatial genetic structure and phylogeographic relationships within the bipolar lineage of Tetraplodon, which includes T. fuegianus, we analyzed thousands of Restriction-site Associated DNA (RADseq) loci and single nucleotide polymorphisms using Bayesian individual assignment and maximum likelihood and coalescent model based phylogenetic approaches. Key results—Northwestern North America is the most likely source of the recent ancestor to T. fuegianus. Conclusions—Tetraplodon fuegianus, which marks the southernmost populations in the bipolar lineage of Tetraplodon, arose following a single long-distance dispersal event involving a T. mnioides lineage that is now rare in the Northern Hemisphere and potentially restricted to the Pacific Northwest region of North America. Furthermore, gene flow between sympatric lineages of Tetraplodon mnioides in the Northern Hemisphere is limited, possibly due to high rates of selfing or reproductive isolation.
Dispersal distances of radio-tracked cane toads in French Guiana
<p>Like most invasive species, cane toads have attracted less research in their native range than in invaded areas. We radio-tracked 34 free-ranging toads in French Guiana, a source region for most invasive populations, across two coastal and two rainforest sites. Coastal toads generally sheltered in pools of fresh or brackish water but nocturnally foraged on beaches, whereas rainforest toads sheltered in forested habitats, moving into open areas at night. Over five days of monitoring, native toads frequently re-used shelters and moved little between days (means = 10–63 m/site) compared to invasion-front toads from Australia (~250 m). Larger toads moved less between days, but displaced in more consistent directions. At night, foraging toads travelled up to 200 m before returning to shelters. Foraging distance was related to body condition at coastal sites, with toads in poorer body condition travelling farther. Rain increased the probability of coastal toads sheltering in the dry habitats where they foraged. Dispersal and rainfall were lower at coastal sites, and the strategies utilized by coastal toads to minimize water loss resembled those of invasive toads in semi-desert habitats. This global invader already exhibits a broad environmental niche and substantial behavioural flexibility within its native range.</p>
Population assignment tests uncover rare long-distance larval dispersal events
<p>Long-distance dispersal (LDD) is consequential to metapopulation ecology and evolution. In systems where dispersal is undertaken by small propagules, such as larvae in the ocean, documenting LDD is especially challenging. Genetic parentage analysis has gained traction as a method for measuring larval dispersal, but such studies are generally spatially limited, leaving LDD understudied in marine species. We addressed this knowledge gap by uncovering LDD with population assignment tests in the coral reef fish <i>Elacatinus lori</i>—a species whose short-distance dispersal has been well-characterized by parentage analysis. When adults (<i>n</i> = 931) collected throughout the species' range were categorized into three source populations, assignment accuracy exceeded 99%, demonstrating low rates of connectivity between populations in the adult generation. After establishing high assignment confidence, we assigned settlers (<i>n</i> = 3,828) to source populations. Within the settler cohort, < 0.1% of individuals were identified as long-distance dispersers from other populations. These results demonstrate an exceptionally low level of connectivity between <i>E. lori</i> populations, despite the potential for ocean currents to facilitate LDD. More broadly, these findings illustrate the value of combining genetic parentage analysis and population assignment tests to uncover short- and long-distance dispersal, respectively.</p>
Global expansion of a solitary-social tropical spitting spider shaped by multiple long-distance dispersals
<p>The spitting spider Scytodes fusca is well known species complex for its unusual hunting technique which involves spitting a venomous sticky silken substance over its prey. Previous studies supposed that S. fusca was native to Central and Southern America but had been expanded to the tropics of almost every continent. We aimed to test the hypothesis of a Neotropical origin for this spider followed by a secondary dispersal to other regions, and to discuss how population expansion occurred in the tropics was driven. We investigated the population structure and spatiotemporal biogeography of the species complex through a culmination of a 22-year comprehensive global sampling using the mitochondrial and nuclear loci (COI, 16S, 18S, 28S, H3 and ITS2). The S. fusca species complex is divided into two clades. One clade comprises the haplotypes from Australasian regions and a haplotype from Baja Peninsula, Mexico. The other is composed of the haplotypes from all analyzed regions including Asia, Australia, the Americas and Madagascar. The Americas and Madagascar populations exhibit a lower genetic diversity compared with the Australasian population, and both have different population demographic histories. The initial divergence within the species complex started during the early Miocene. Diversifications of both clades occurred during the late Miocene. One haplotype was recently and widely dispersed into Southeast Asia, South Asia, Australia, the Americas and Madagascar. Our results elucidate the global spread history of the S. fusca species complex, suggesting a Malay Archipelago origin, two expansion routes, and its multiple dispersals into the Americas that stem from a common native source population, as well as from Australia, Fiji, French Polynesia, or Turks and Caicos bridgeheads. Our data support that the expansion of the S. fusca species complex from Australasia to America and Madagascar was facilitated by long-distance jump dispersal events.</p>
Data for: Determinants of natal dispersal distances in North American birds
<p>Natal dispersal—the movement from birth site to first breeding site—determines demographic and population genetic dynamics and has important consequences for ecological and evolutionary processes. Recent work suggested that one of the main factors determining natal dispersal distances is the cost of locomotion. We evaluated this hypothesis using band-recovery data to estimate natal dispersal distances for 50 North American bird species. We then analysed the relationships between dispersal distances and a suite of morphological and ecological predictors, including proxies for the cost of locomotion (flight efficiency), using phylogenetic regression models. We found that flight efficiency, population size and habitat influence natal dispersal distances. We discuss how the effects of population size and habitat can also be related to mobility and locomotion. Our findings are consistent with a predominant effect of adaptations for mobility on dispersal distances.</p>
Long-distance dispersal drives the genetic variation and historical demography of Quercus magnoliifolia and Quercus resinosa (Fagaceae) in the Mexican highlands
<p>Genotypes of chloroplast microsatellites used in Albarrán-Lara et al. Data comprises six loci from 61 localities sampling in Mexico</p>
Evidence that long-distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by ducks increases with propagule size
<ol> <li> <span>Migratory ducks are key dispersal agents for aquatic organisms, yet </span><span>differences in their potential for short- and long-distance dispersal are still poorly understood, particularly differences among </span><span>aquatic invertebrate taxa</span><span>. </span> </li> <li> <span>Using seven species of </span><span>aquatic invertebrates and </span><span>a duck species known to feed on them in the wild (the northern shoveler) </span><span>as a model system, we evaluated whether their potential for endozoochorous dispersal varies among 5 of the species and scales with propagule size for the 7 species. We also tested the expectation of a lower dispersal potential for invertebrate propagules, as compared to plant seeds; and evaluated whether intra-specific variation (in particular, sexual dimorphism) influences the potential of waterbirds as dispersal vectors. </span> </li> <li><span>An experiment with 5 invertebrate species demonstrated that most resting eggs (68–95%) were retrieved by 4 h after ingestion, with maximum gut passage times ranging from 16 h for <em>Daphnia</em> <em>magna</em> to 36 h for <em>Artemia</em> <em>salina</em> and <em>Thamnocephalus</em> <em>platyurus</em>. Using models that combine migratory duck movements with gut passage times, we show that aquatic invertebrates may disperse frequently over distances of 15–16 km (median dispersal distance) and regularly over distances up to 110–166 km (Q99 distance). </span></li> <li> <span>I</span><span>ncreasing propagule size resulted in increasing gut passage times, decreasing survival of gut passage and decreasing hatching success. While propagule size had no effects on 'regular' dispersal distances (mean, median, Q95 and Q99), the frequency of long-distance dispersal (LDD) increased with it. </span> </li> <li><span>Increasing propagule size therefore had two contrasting effects on invertebrate dispersal potential, decreasing the frequency of dispersal (less seeds dispersed) but increasing the potential for long-distance dispersal. </span></li> <li><span><em>Conclusions</em>: We provide evidence that endozoochory of invertebrate propagules by waterbirds results in frequent dispersal among wetlands (tens of km) and regular dispersal at regional scale (over a hundred km).</span></li> </ol>
Data for: Determinants of natal dispersal distances in North American birds
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Data from: Inferring the timing of long-distance dispersal between Rail metapopulations using genetic and isotopic assignments
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Data from: Resolving the Northern Hemisphere source region for the long-distance dispersal event that gave rise to the South American endemic dung moss Tetraplodon fuegianus
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Data from: Validating dispersal distances inferred from autoregressive occupancy models with genetic parentage assignments
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Plant dispersal syndromes are unreliable as predictors of zoochory and long-distance dispersal by ungulates and waterbirds
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Data from: Geographic variation in dispersal distance facilitates range expansion of a lake shore plant in response to climate change
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Population assignment tests uncover rare long-distance larval dispersal events
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Data from: Rare long-distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean
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Data from: Long-distance dispersal is asymmetrical with respect to age, sex and breeding latitude in a long-lived monogamous bird
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Cold winters have morph-specific effects on natal dispersal distance in a wild raptor
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Environmentally associated variation in dispersal distance affects inbreeding risk in a stream salamander
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Evidence that long-distance dispersal of aquatic invertebrates by ducks increases with propagule size
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